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'i^# 







THE CODE OF NOMENCLATURE 



AND 



CHECK-LIST 



OF 



North American Birds 

Adopted by the American Ornitliologists' Union 



BEING THE REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE 

UNION ON CLASSIFICATION AND 

NOMENCLATURE 



V 



Zoological Nomenclature is a means, not an end, of Zoological Science 




NEW YORK 

AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION 

1886 



Copyright, 1885, 
By American Ornithologists' Union. 



a 



John Wilson and Son, Cambridge. 



PREFACE. 



AT the first Congress of the American Ornithologists' 
Union7~helH^m New York, September 26-29, 1883, the 
following resolution was adopted : — 

^'- Resolved^ That the Chairman appoint a Committee of five, 
including himself, to whom shall be referred the question of a Re- 
vision of the Classification and Nomenclature of the Birds of North 
America." 

In pursuance of this resolution the following Committee was 
appointed : Messrs. Coues, Allen, Ridgway, Brewster, and Hen- 
shaw. 

The Committee, having held numerous sessions in Washing- 
ton and New York, presented its Report at the second Con- 
gress of the Union, held in New York, Sept. 30 to Oct. 2, 1884, 
when the following resolution was adopted : — 

^^ Resolved, That the Report of the Committee on the Revision of 
the Nomenclature and Classification of North Ameircan Birds be ac- 
cepted and adopted, and that it be recommitted to the Committee, 
with instructions to complete and submit it to the Council as soon as 
practicable ; and that the Council be empowered and instructed to 
accept and adopt the Report as finally rendered, with such modifica- 
tions as they may deem necessary, and to publish the same, copy- 
righted, in part or in whole, and in one or more forms, in the name 
and under the auspices of the American Ornithologists' Union." 

The Committee, having continued its sessions, presented its 
final report to the Council at a meeting held in Washington on 
the 2 1 St of April, 1885, when the RejDort of the Committee was 



iv PREFACE. 

accepted and adopted, and was referred again to the Committee 
for publication, the Committee to exercise such editorial revision 
as might seem necessary. 

Pursuant to the foregoing resolutions of the Union and Coun- 
cil, the Committee now offers to the public, in the name and on 
behalf of the Union, the result of its labors, consisting of a 
List of North American Birds, preceded by the Code of Rules 
adopted by the Committee for its guidance in the preparation of 
the List. 

The Committee ventures to hope that the new Code will 
find favor, not only with ornithologists, but among zoologists 
generally. 

ELLIOTT COUES. 
J. A. ALLEN. 
ROBERT RIDGWAY. 
WILLIAM BREWSTER. 
H. W. HENSHAW. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

I. INTRODUCTION i 

II. PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS . i8 

A. General Principles i8 

B. Canons of Zoological Nomenclature 22 

§ I. Of the Kinds of Names in Zoology 22 

2. Of the Binomial System as a Phase of Zoological No- 

menclature 29 

3. Of the Trinomial System as a Phase of Zoological No- 

menclature 30 

4. Of the Beginning of Zoological Nomenclature proper, 

and of the Operation of the Law of Priority ... 32 

5. Of Names Published Simultaneously 40 

6. Of the Retention of Names -41 

7. Of the Rejection of Names 47 

8. Of the Emendation of Names 51 

9. Of the Definition of Names » ... 51 

10. Of the Publication of Names 54 

11. Of the Authority for Names 56 

C. Recommendations for Zoological Nomenclature in 

THE Future 38 

§ 12. Of the Construction and Selection of Names .... 58 

13. Of the Transliteration of Names 65 

14. Of the Description of Zoological Objects d'j 

15. Of the Bibliography of Names (>"] 

16. Of the Selection of Vernacular Names 68 

III. CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS ... 71 

I. PyGopodes 73 

a. Podicipedes 73 

I. Podicipidas 73 



VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PAGE 



b. Cepphi . , 75 

2. Urinatoridae 75 

3. Alcidae 'j^ 

II. LONGIPENNES 84 

4. Stercorariidae 84 

5. Laridae %^ 

6. Rynchopidae 96 

III. TUBINARES 97 

7. Diomedeidas 97 

8. Procellariidse 98 

IV. Steganopodes 106 

9. Phaethontidse 106 

10. Sulidae 107 

11. Anhingidce 108 

12. PhalacrocoracidiE . 109 

13. Pelecanidas . 112 

14. Fregatidae 113 

V. Anseres 113 

15. Anatidae ....'.. 113 

VI. Odontogloss^ 130 

16. Phoenicopteridas 130 

VII. Herodiones 131 

a. Ibides 131 

17. Plataleid^e 131 

18. Ibididae 131 

b. Ciconias 133 

19. Ciconiidae 133 

c. Herodii 134 

20. Ardeidae 134 

VIII. Paludicol^ 138 

d. Grues 138 

21. Gruidae 138 

e. Ralli • • • i39 

22. Aramidas 139 

23. Rallidae 140 

IX. LIMICOL^ 145 

24. Phalaropodid::e 145 

25. Recurvirostridas 146 

26. Scolopacidas . . .- 147 

27. Charadriidae , 160 

28. Aphrizidae 164 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Vll 



X. 



XI. 



XII. 



PAGE 

29. Haematopodidae 165 

30. Jacanidce 166 

Galling 167 

f. Phasiani 167 

31. Tetraonidae 167 

32. Phasianidae 177 

g. Penelopes . 178 

32. Cracidse 178 

CoLUMB^ 178 

34. Columbidae 178 

Raptores 182 

h. Sarcorhamphi 182 

35. Cathartidae 182 

i. Falcones 184 

36. Falconidae 184 

/ Striges 197 

37. Strigidae 197 

38. Bubonidae 198 

XIII. PsiTTACi 205 

39. Psittacidae 205 

Coccyges 206 

k. Cuculi 206 

46. Cuculidce 206 

*/. Trogones 208 

41. Trogonid^ 208 

m. Alcyones 209 

42. Alcedinidce 209 

Pici 210 

43. Picidae 210 

Macrochires 219 

n. Caprimulgi 219 

44. Caprimulgidae 219 

o. Cypseli 221 

45. Micropodidae 221 

p. Trochili 223 

46. Trochilidae 223 

XVIII. Passeres 228 

q. Clamatores 228 

47. Tyrannidas 228 

r. Oscines 238 

48. Alaudidae 238 

49. Corvidae 240 



XIV. 



XV. 



XVII. 



VIU TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

50. Sturnidae . 247 

51. Icterid^ 247 

52. Fringillidae 254 

53. Tanagridae 290 

54. Hirundinidae 292 

55. Ampelidae 294 

56. Laniidae . 295 

57. Vireonidae 296 

^S. Coerebidae 300 

59. Mniotiltidae 300 

60. Motacillidae 319 

61. Cinclidaa 321 

62. Troglodytidae " 321 

63. Certhiidae ... 330 

64. Paridae 331 

65. Sylviidae 338 

66. Turdidae 341 

IV. HYPOTHETICAL LIST 343 

V. THE FOSSIL BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA . . 359 



INDEX 369 



THE CODE OF NOMENCLATURE 



AND 



CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 



INTRODUCTION. 

IN beginning its work the Committee found it necessary to 
examine particularly those rules, precedents, and practices 
of nomenclature respecting which leading authorities differ, it 
becoming immediately obvious that no substantial and satis- 
factory progress in the preparation of a List of North Ameri- 
can Birds could be made until various disputed points should 
be settled. This necessity led to the discussion of the general 
principles of zoological nomenclature, in their special applica- 
tion to the subject in hand ; and ultimately resulted in the for- 
mation of a Code of Rules for the guidance of the Committee in 
fixing the name of every North American bird. These rules 
were considered in their bearing upon Zoology at large, as well 
as upon Ornithology alone ; it being obvious that sound prin- 
ciples of nomenclature should be susceptible of general applica- 
tion. Furthermore, since in the nature of the case there can 
be no personal obligation, and no court of appeal with power to 
enforce its decision, canons of nomenclature should derive their 
weight wholly from their merit, and should acquire the force of 
law only by the common consent of zoologists. Since nomen- 
clature is a means, not an end, of science, the merit of a code 
of rules for naming objects rests upon its utility, its availability, 



2 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

and its efficiency in meeting all necessary and reasonable re- 
quirements of a system of classification, — in a word, upon its 
practical convenience. 

Fortunately for the interests of science, the tendency of natu- 
ralists has latterly been toward substantial agreement upon most 
of the fundamental principles involved in nomenclature, vari- 
ance of opinion coming mainly in the application of those prin- 
ciples in minor details. To prepare an acceptable and entirely 
available code of rules, the compilers of to-day have therefore to 
do little more than clearly formulate the current usages of the 
best naturalists, and consistently apply them to any given case. 

Without undertaking to give in detail the history of zoologi- 
cal and botanical nomenclature from the Linnsean period to the 
present day, the Committee deems it proper and needful to 
advert to certain moot points. While binomial nomenclature 
may be considered to have originated with Linnaeus, who pro- 
pounded and established its fundamental principles with admi- 
rable sagacity, these have in the course of time and to some 
extent been necessarily modified to meet the requirements of 
the progress of zoological science, by restriction in some direc- 
tions and extension in others. So radically, indeed, has the 
aspect of the science changed since the Linnaean period, and so 
profoundly do modern conceptions in biological science differ 
from those then held, that a strict binomial system has probably 
had its day, and may be abandoned, with great benefit to sci- 
ence, in the not distant future. But, assuming that the binomial 
nomenclature, with some modification, is still to be retained for 
a while, in its general features, the whole course of scientific 
nomenclature has shown that the law of priority — lex priorita- 
tis — is the one great underlying principle ; and the nearly uni- 
versal tendency is, to hold this principle inviolate, to adhere to 
it with the utmost possible stringency, and to tolerate the fewer 
infractions as time advances.^ But there is unfortunately no 

1 A signal exception to this is found in the just published * History of British 
Birds,' by Mr. Henry Seebohm, — an ingenious and thoughtful ornithologist,— who 
discards the lex prioritatis, substituting therefor an auctorum phtrimoriun principle, 
according to which his method is to use for every bird that specific name which has 



INTRODUCTION. 3 

unanimity in fixing the date of the beginning of the operation 
of the law of priority, naturalists being nearly evenly divided in 
opinion upon this point. The so-called ' Stricklandian Code' 
fixed the date at 1766/ — that of the twelfth edition of the 
'Systema Naturse.' This has been generally accepted by Brit- 
ish zoologists ; while many others, especially in America and of 
late years, consider 1758 as the fittest starting-point, this being 
the date of the tenth edition of the * Systema Naturae,' in which 
Linnseus first methodically and consistently applied the binomial 
nomenclature to zoology. Botanists are at variance with zoolo- 
gists, and with one another, in this particular ; some taking as 

been oftenest used before, irrespective of its original application, or of its applica- 
bility under the law of priority. But a much earlier protest against the strict law of 
priority, from an entomologist, is to be found in a tract published in 1872, the follow- 
ing title of which indicates the nature of its contents : — 

1872. Lewis, W. Arnold. A Discussion | of the | Law of Priority in Ento- 
mological I Nomenclature ; | with Strictures on its Modern Application ; | and | a 
Proposal for the Rejection of all | disused Names. | — | By | W. Arnold Lewis, | 
F. L. S., M. Entom. Soc. Lond., Barrister-at-Law. | — j Also containing | A Pa- 
per, by the same, read before the British Association | (Section D) on August 7, 
1871 ; I And a Second, by the same, intended as a Contribution to the | Discussion 
in the ' Entomologist's Monthly Magazine.' | — | London : | Williams & Norgate, 14, 
Henrietta Street, 1 Covent Garden. | — | 1872. I vol. 8vo, paper cover, title, advt., 
and pp. 1-86. 

(The first paper mentioned in the title is, ' A Proposal for a Modification of the 
strict Law of Priority in Zoological Nomenclature in Certain Cases,' pp. 69-82. 
The second is entitled, ' Synonymic Lists and Certainty in Nomenclature,' pp. 
82-86.) 

Another paper, also by an entomologist, may be consulted with profit. It is 
entitled as follows : — 

1873. Sharp, David. The | Object and Method | of | Zoological Nomencla- 
ture. I By I David Sharp. | — | " Nomina si nescis, perit et cognitio rerum." | — | 
London : | E. W. Janson, 28 Museum Street. | Williams & Norgate, Henrietta 
St. I — I November, 1873. Paper, sm. 8vo, cover-title backed by preface, and 
PP- 39- 

(Well reviewed by A. R. Wallace, 'Nature,' Feb. 5, 1874, p. 258.) 
1 "In Mr. H. E. Strickland's original draft of these Rules and Recommendations 
the edition of Linnceus was left blank, and the Xllth was inserted by the Manches- 
ter Committee. This was done not as being the first in which the binomial nomen- 
clature had been used, as it commenced with the Xth, but as being the last and 
most complete edition of Linnaeus's works, and containing many species the Xth did 
not." — Rruised Rules of the B. A., p. 28, as printed in Rep. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci., 
Birmingham Meeting, 1865. For evidence that Strickland himself was an advocate 
of Linnaeus at 1758, see ' The Auk,' I , 1884, p. 400. 



4 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

their starting-point the first edition of the ' Genera Plantarum ' 
of Linnaeus, published in 1737; others, his promulgation of 
rules in the * Philosophia Botanica,' 1751 ; others, again, his 
'Species Plantarum/ 1753. But, furthermore, as some zoolo- 
gists used the system methodically in works published prior to 
1758,^ and as generic names were employed in a strict sense by 
some writers of eminence in zoology as early as 1732,2 the law 
of priority is restricted in time by neither one of two important 
codes recently promulgated, — that of the Societe Zoologique de 
France, 1881,^ and that of the Congres Geologique International, 
1882;^ the only provisions for the inception of its operation 
being, that a given name, to be available, shall have been prop- 
erly published and clearly defined, conformably with the rules 
of binomial nomenclature. 

The Stricklandian Code was nevertheless taken by the 
International Geological Congress as its point of departure and 
basis of procedure in the formulation of the Rules it adopted. 
This code — first promulgated by the British Association for 
the Advancem.ent of Science, at Manchester, in 1842, later 
adopted by the American Association of similar name and 
character, and reaffirmed and again adopted with little modi- 
fication by the British Association, at Bath, in 1865^ — has 
until recently been the principal code of zoological nomen- 
clature ; it is still recognized as the highest authority by 
most English-speaking zoologists, and is followed with more 
or less reservation and evasion by naturalists at large. In 
most respects — excepting the rule which fixed the date of the 

1 As Artedi, Scopoli, Pallas, Clerck, etc. 

2 E. g. Breyn ; to which may perhaps be added Link, 1722, Klein, 1731 and 1734, 
Linnaeus, 1735, and Tournefort, 1742. 

3 Societe Zoologique | de France | — | De la | Nomenclature | des | etres orga- 
nises I — 1 Paris I Au Sieges de la Societe | 7, rue des Grands-Augustins, 7 | — | 
1881. Paper, 8vo, pp. 37. 

4 Regies a suivre pour etablir la nomenclature des especes. Rapport du Secre- 
taire de la Commission H. Douville. •< Congres Geologique International. Compte 
rendu de la 2"*= Session, Bologne, 1881, (pub. 1882,) pp. 592-608. 

5 See Notes on the modified Rules for Zoological Nomenclature, B. A., 1865, by 
A. E. Verrill, in Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2d Series, Vol. XLVIIL, July, 1869, PP- 
92-110. 



INTRODUCTION. 5 

starting-point of nomenclature at 1766 — this honored code was 
admirably conceived at the time. It had great influence for 
good, and did much to bring zoological nomenclature from a 
loose and almost chaotic state to a fair degree of stability and 
orderly consistency. Its principal defects are those which 
could not then have been perceived and avoided, being inherent 
in the binomial system itself, as has become obvious in the 
subsequent forty-three years of progress in zoological science, 
during which time have arisen contingencies and complications 
which, being unforeseen in 1842, could not have been then 
provided for. In fine, the Stricklandian Code could not pos- 
sibly have been made better than the radically faulty binomial 
scheme upon which it was based, and for the perpetuation 
of which in all its defects it sedulously provided. No one 
appears to have suspected, in 1842, that the Linnaean system 
was not the permanent heritage of science, or that in a few 
years a theory of evolution was to sap its very foundations, by 
radically changing men's conceptions of those things to which 
names were to be furnished. Nevertheless, the half-dozen 
emendations made to this code by the Bath Committee in 1865 
were, with one exception, ill-advised, leaving the code less 
available and efficient than it had been before. The fact, 
however, that the Stricklandian Code has been from 1842 to 
the present year the recognized basis of nearly all attempts to 
improve the formal rules for zoological nomenclature, is ample 
evidence of its usefulness and general soundness, so long as we 
must continue to base our nomenclature upon the Linnaean 
binomial system. The wide-spread recognition of its weight 
and authority in nomenclature, and the almost universal cur- 
rency of its leading provisions, which are in the main as satis- 
factory as any can well be which provide for a strictly binomial 
system, — in short, the strength of the Stricklandian Code, ren- 
ders it still the natural and proper basis of any new code which 
may seek to provide for the comparatively few contingencies 
to meet which the former one has proven inadequate.^ 

1 The Committee which drafted the original ' Stricklandian ' Code, appointed at 
a meeting of the Council of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 



6 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

It has therefore seemed to your Committee advisable to take 
the original Stricklandian Code as the initial point of departure ; 
to reaffirm and reproduce as many of its rules as may be de- 
sirable, without reference to the changes made in it in 1865, 

changes which, with one exception, do not appear to your 
Committee to be available for adoption, although, for the sake 
of historical completeness, they may be duly noted in their 

held in London, February ii, 1S42, consisted of Mr, C. Darwin, Professor Henslow, 
Rev. L, Jenyns, Mr. W. Ogilby, Mr. J. Phillips, Dr. Richardson, Mr. J. O. West- 
wood, and Mr. H. E. Strickland (reporter) ; to whom were afterward added, Vv^. J. 
Broderip, Professor Owen, W. E. Shuckard, G. R. Waterhouse, and W. Yarrell. 
The result of their labors appeared in a ' Series' of Propositions for rendering the 
Nomenclature of Zoology uniform and permanent,' first printed in the Report of 
the Twelfth Meeting of the British Association, held at Manchester, June, 1842, p. 106 
et seq. They also appeared in the ' Annals of Natural History,' and in the ' Philo- 
sophical Magazine.' C. L. Bonaparte submitted an Italian translation to the Scien- 
tific Congress held at Padua in 1843. A French translation also appeared in ' L'ln- 
stitut' (lie Ann., No. 498, pp. 248-251, 13 Juil, 1843), and a review by Dr. A. A. 
Gould of the ' Propositions' was printed in the 'American Journal of Science and 
Arts' (Vol. XLV., 1843, pp. 1-12). 

At the B. A. meeting at Oxford in i860, it was "resolved, that the surviving 
members of the Committee appointed in 1842 — viz., Mr. C. Darwin, Rev. Professor 
Henslow, Rev. L. Jenyns, Mr. W. Ogilby, Professor Phillips, Sir John Richardson, 
Mr. J. O. Westwood, Professor Owen, Mr. W. E. Shuckard, and Mr. G. R. Water- 
house .... be reappointed, with Sir Wm. Jardine, Bart., and Mr. P. L. Sclater." 
At the B. A. meeting at Newcastle, 1863, the Committee was reformed again, to 
consist of Sir Wm. Jardine, A. R. Wallace, J. E. Gray, C. C. Babington, Dr. Fran- 
cis, P. L. Sclater, C. Spence Bate, P. P. Carpenter, Dr. J. D. Hooker, Professor 
Balfour, H. T. Stainton, J. Gwyn Jeffries, Prof. A. Newton, Prof T. H. Huxley, 
Professor Allman, and G. Bentham, with power to add to its members. For the 
purpose of eliciting suggestions and recommendations, this Committee reprinted the 
original ' Series of Propositions,' etc., in a pamphlet entitled as follows : — 

Rules I for | Zoological Nomenclature | by the late | Hugh E. Strickland, 
M. A., F. R. S. I Authorized by Section D of the | British Association | at 
Manchester, 1842. | — ] Reprinted by Requisition of Section D at Newcastle, | 
1863. I — I Edinburgh: \ Printed by Neill and Company. \ MDCCCLXHL 8vo, 
pp. 25. 

This is the original of the ' Stricklandian Code,' 1842, known also as the ' Rules 
of the British Association.' Upon this the Bath Committee, in 1865, engrafted its 
emendations, with the result of what is known as the ' Revised B. A. Rules,' entitled 
as follows: " Report of a Committee appointed to report on the Changes which they 
may consider desirable to make, if any, in the Rules of Zoological Nomenclature 
drawn up by Mr. H. E. Strickland, at the Instance of the British Association at their 
Meeting in Manchester in 1842." (Rep. 35th Meeting Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., held 
at Birmingham in Sept., 1865, (pub. 1866,) pp. 25-42.) 



INTRODUCTION. J 

proper place in this Report ; and then to build upon such a 
foundation with those additional recommendations and sugges- 
tions which in the judgment of the Committee are required to 
meet the demands of the present state of zoological science, 
and which seem most timely in view of its evident tendency, 
and probable progress in the future. 

As is well known, Alphonse De Candolle provided botanists 
with a code of nomenclatural rules for the Vegetable King- 
dom, the admirably sound character of which code caused it 
to receive the unanimous indorsement of the International 
Botanical Congress held in Paris in 1867. These rules are 
almost equally applicable to Zoology, the nomenclatural re- 
quirements of the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms being 
nearly identical ; and in general tenor and spirit they are much 
the same as those of the Stricklandian Code, In 1876, an 
American zoologist, Mr. W. H. Dall, was appointed by Sec- 
tion B of the American Association for the Advancement of 
Science a committee of one, " to obtain an expression of opin- 
ion from the working naturalists of America, in regard to the 
nature of a set of rules for facilitating the decision of questions 
relating to nomenclature." In pursuance of this duty, Mr. 
Dall prepared a circular upon the subject, consisting of a series 
of questions relating to disputed points, which was widely 
distributed among the publishing naturalists of America, from 
whom a gratifyingly large number of responses were received. 
To Mr. Ball's report, as published,^ embodying the purport of 
all their replies, was added an Appendix, consisting " of a resume 
of all the principles and rules of nomenclature as hitherto set 
forth by the chief author' ties on that subject, with the diverse 
views of different authors concerning each proposition appended 
to it and authenticated by their initials," the reporter further 
adding many comments of his own. These principles and 
rules were compiled equally in the interest of Zoology and of 

1 Nomenclature | in | Zoology and Botany. | A Report to the American Associa- 
tion for the Advancement of | Science at the Nashville Meeting, August 31, 1877. | 
— I By I W. H. Dall, | United States Coast Survey. | — | Salem: | Printed at the 
Salem Press. | December, 1877. Svo, paper cover, title, and pp. 7-56. 



8 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

Botany, and based largely upon the Zoological Code of Strick- 
land and the Botanical Code of De Candolle. The Appendix, of 
thirty-three pages of mostly small type, giving a thorough and 
nearly complete resume of the subject, forms a mine of infor- 
mation upon current usages and previous rulings in nomen- 
clature. While its general character is that of a digest of what 
was at the time, or had before been, the laws of the subject, 
the reporter did not not fail to furnish much original matter, 
in the form of sound criticism and valuable suggestions on many 
important points ; so that his codification of rules and princi- 
ples may be consulted with profit by all who are interested in 
the subject of systematic nomenclature.-^ 

In 1 88 1, as already noted, the Zoological Society of France 
adopted a code of rules prepared by a commission specially ap- 
pointed to consider the subject. These rules, only seventeen in 

1 Mr. Samuel H. Scudder had shortly before Mr. Dall's labors published 
a valuable paper entitled ' Canons of Systematic Nomenclature for the Higher 
Groups,' in the Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d Series, III., May, 1872, pp. 348-351. 
(Separate, pp. 1-4.) 

Entomology is by far the most extensive branch of Zoology, and much has been 
done by entomologists to promote the sound nomenclature of the department. 
Fabricius's ' Philosophia Entomologica,' 1778, is said to contain the first set of rules 
published for entomological nomenclature. Besides some papers already cited, we 
may in this connection note the following : — 

*On some Changes in the Nomenclature of North American Coleoptera which 
have been recently proposed.' By John L. LeConte, M. D. Canad. Entom., Oc- 
tober, 1874, PP- iS5-i97- 

*0n Entomological Nomenclature.' Canad. Entom., November, 1874, pp. 201- 
206 ; December, 1874, pp. 207-210, (Part I. is ' On the Law of Priority' ; Part II. 
is 'On Generic Types.') 

* Historical Sketch of the Generic Names proposed for Butterflies, a Contribu- 
tion to Systematic Nomenclature.' By Samuel H. Scudder. Salem, 1875. ^"^o, 
pp. 293. 

'Observations on Nomenclature' constitute Part I. of Thorell's work on Euro- 
pean Spiders, 4to, Upsala, 1869. 

' Rules to be submitted to the Entomological Club of the A. A. A. S.,' 8vo, n. d., 
n. p., "ordered printed by resolution at the annual .meeting for 1875," but never pub- 
lished, were drawn up by a portion of the Committee appointed by the Club, viz., 
J. L. LeConte, Wm. Saunders, and C. V. Riley. These proposed rules, twelve in 
number, were, like the questions propounded in the Dall circular, extensively circu- 
lated, chiefly among entomologists, to elicit responses. They were, however, never 
finally adopted by the Club. 



INTRODUCTION. 9 

number, and occupying less than three octavo pages, are like- 
wise intended to apply to both Zoology and Botany. Their prin- 
cipal divergence from the Stricklandian Code is at the point of 
departure for the law of priority, as already stated. The rules 
are succeeded by a commentary of some thirty pages, prepared 
by M. Chaper, the reporter of the commission, one third of 
this matter relating to the starting-point for the action of the 
law of priority, which is discussed with special reference to 
pre-Linnaean authors, and favors the non-limitation of the law 
by the works of Linnaeus. 

The International Geological Congress, at its meeting held in 
1882 at Bologna, also adopted a code of rules intended to apply 
equally to Zoology and Botany. They were proposed by a 
committee specially appointed for the purpose, who, after 
adopting certain general principles, took as its basis of de- 
parture the Stricklandian Code. These rules are even fewer 
than those of the code of the French Zoological Society, being 
only eleven in number, and occupying less than two octavo 
pages. They are followed by twenty-two pages of valuable 
commentary, offered to the Commission by its Secretary, M. H. 
Douville. This is largely historical, and, like M. Chaper's, 
argues for the non-limitation of the law of priority by the works 
of Linnaeus, and for its restriction, as above said, only by the 
requirements of binomiality, proper publication, and clear defi- 
nition. The only exceptions to the action of this law which 
the code recognizes as permissible are in the cases of pre- 
occupation of a generic name in the same kingdom, and of a 
specific name in the same genus. 

In 1883, M. A. De Candolle published his important ' Nou- 
velles Remarques sur la Nomenclature Botanique,' in which he 
reviews the discussions which were had during the sixteen years 
following the appearance of his Botanical Code of 1867,^ and 
proposes a few changes which he considers that experience has 
shown to be necessary. These, following upon Ball's digest 
and upon the action respectively of the French Zoological So- 

1 ' Lois de la Nomenclature Botanique, ledigees et comn:ientees par M. Alphonse 
De Candolle.' Paris, 1867. Svo, pp. 60. 



10 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

ciety and of the International Geological Congress, tend in the 
direction of securing the utmost attainable fixity of names and 
general stability in nomenclature, by giving the fullest scope 
possible to the operation of the law of priority. 

De Candolle takes the first edition of the ' Species Plantarum,' 
1753, as the starting-point of the binomial system in Botany, 
and therefore as the date of the beginning of the law of pri- 
ority in respect to species, — a point substantially agreed upon 
by botanists. For generic names, however, he takes the first 
edition of the * Genera Plantarum,' 1757; and his 'Article 15' 
provides that each natural group of plants must retain the most 
ancient name appended to it, if it be not inconsistent with the 
essential rules of nomenclature, whether adopted or given by 
Linnaeus, or since his time ; thus implying that the law of 
priority is not to extend to authors earlier than Linnaeus. His 
provisions in regard to the emendation of names are very strict. 
His 'Article 60' is : 'A generic name should subsist just as it 
was made, though a purely typographical error may be corrected. 
The termination of a Latin specific name may be changed to 
bring it into agreement [in gender] with its generic name." 
This is a marked change from his previous code, in which 
Article 60 enjoined the suppression of hybrid names, or those 
formed by the combination of two languages. 

It is evident, even from the foregoing brief and incomplete 
summary of some leading authorities upon nomenclature, that 
the general tendency at present is in the direction of the 
greatest attainable fixity of names, by the most rigid adherence 
to the law of priority under all practicable circumstances, and 
by the disregard as far as possible of all rules requiring the 
rejection of names for faulty construction, for barbarity, for 
being meaningless, and even for being literally false, — changes 
to be made only in cases of obvious typographical errors. The 
emendations proposed b}^ your Committee to be made in the 
Stricklandian Code recognize this tendency, and are in harmony 
with it. Your Committee, however, does not agree to any of 
the dates which various codes take as their respective starting- 
points in nomenclature, and especially does not deem it 'expe- 



INTRODUCTION. 1 1 

dient to take different dates for generic and specific names. 
The Committee, furthermore, in one or two cases, submits some 
decided innovations, positively at variance with the provisions 
of any previous nomenclatural code ; believing that certain radi- 
cal modifications are demanded by recent progress in science, 
and that these are a step in advance. 

Referring now to the original Stricklandian Code of 1842, 
the principal changes which your Committee proposes and 
recommends for adoption by the Union may be summarized 
as follows : — 

(i.) The adoption of the date of the Xth edition of the ' Systema 
Nature,' 1758, instead of that of the Xllth, 1766, as the starting-point 
of the law of priority for names of whatever groups ; because this date, 
1758, is in fact that of the establishment of the binomial system of 
nomenclature in Zoology, and of its first methodical application to the 
whole Animal Kingdom. 

(2.) The rule that prior use of a name in Botany does not make 
that name unavailable in Zoology; with the injunction, however, that 
duplication of names in the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms is to 
be sedulously avoided in future. 

(3.) The principle of Trinomials : namely, departure from strict 
binomiality to the extent of using three words as the name of those 
subspecific forms which are sufficiently distinct to require recognition 
by name, yet which are known to intergrade with one another ; the 
name of such forms to consist of three terms, — a generic, a specific, 
and a subspecific, — written consecutively and continuously, without 
the intervention of any mark of punctuation, any arbitrary character, 
any abbreviation, or any other sign or term whatsoever. 

Furthermore, the Committee, while insisting strenuously 
upon the principle of an inflexible law of priority, has neverthe- 
less sedulously attempted to guard, as far as may be possible, 
against needless or undue rejection of names in current usage 
in favor of obscure earlier ones which rest upon descriptions so 
vague or imperfect that their identification can be made out 
only by the process of exclusion, — by presuming that they can 
mean nothing else. The safeguard which the Committee pro- 
poses for these cases is, that a name to be valid must be iden- 



12 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

tifiable by the means furnished by the original describer, or at 
least by such means taken in connection with sources of infor- 
mation contemporaneous with the original description. That is 
to say, the name of a species or other group, to be valid, must 
have been identifiable since the time it was proposed, and not 
have become so subsequently by the advance of the science. 

The Committee has also attempted to define as clearly as 
possible the basis upon which generic, specific, and subspecific 
names may reasonably and properly rest. 

While the Committee feels free to advise and recommend in 
respect to future practices and principles in systematic nomen- 
clature, it is obvious that no suggestions or rules should be of a 
retroactive character, or partake of the nature of ex post facto 
laws. Yet, so multifarious and often conflicting have been the 
usages of pubUshing naturalists on many points of nomencla- 
ture, that in many cases no rule can be adopted which will 
not be to some extent retroactive. Thus, in seeking to attain a 
basis of uniformity and stability, it is always necessary to go 
back to the original forms of names, and consistently adhere to 
them, in entire disregard of the verbal innovations of purists or 
grammarians, who, aiming at classical correctness in names, 
have too often brought about instability and confusion. It 
seems out of the question to relax the law of priority, let the 
immediate inconvenient results of adherence to that law be 
what they may. 

And, in respect of any temporary inconvenience, or of any 
seeming confusion which may be the immediate consequence 
of its action, the Committee feels able to give assurance that 
these are far lesser evils than some of those which it hopes to 
do away with. The case of an unstable and far from uniform 
system of nomenclature no more shows the need of improve- 
ment, than admits of those changes which are necessary ; and 
though the evils inseparable from all states of transition may be 
obvious, they are themselves no less transitory, while the good 
results of the strict and consistent application of sound prin-. 
ciples of nomenclature are likely long to endure. 

The following series of twenty-one propositions and affirma- 



INTRODUCTION. 1 3 

tions, abstracted and condensed from the minutes of the meet- 
ings of the Committee, will show at a glance the principal 
results reached. They are simply the gist of some of the 
resolutions passed by the Committee in session, the points in- 
volved being formally presented beyond, under * Principles, 
Canons, and Recommendations.' 

{a) The Stricklandian Code, B. A. Rules, 1842, 1865, the basis of 
zoological nomenclature : the whole subject to be considered there- 
from. 

(b) Trinomial nomenclature to be provided for. 

(c) Botanical nomenclature not to be considered ; use of names in 
Botany not to invalidate their subsequent use in Zoology. 

(d) Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. X., 1758, to be the starting-point of zoologi- 
cal nomenclature, and of the operation of the law of priority, for all 
names. 

(e) The law of priority to be inflexible ; conditions of its proper ap- 
plication ; its application to names of groups higher than genera. 

(/) The maxim, ' Once a synonym always a synonym,' to be affirmed 
and extended to species and subspecies. 

{g) Names to be Latin, or in Latin form. 

{h) Names to be adopted on certain principles, without regard to 
persons. 

{i) Absolute identification required to displace a modern current 
name by an older obscure one. 

{/) Basis of a specific or subspecific name to be, either (i) an iden- 
tifiable published description, or (2) a recognizable published plate or 
figure, or (3) the original named type specimen ; diagnosis to be made 
upon the status of the name at the time it was proposed ; identification 
of type specimens, to be valid, must be absolute. 

(k) Basis of a generic or subgeneric name to be, either (i) a desig- 
nated recognizably described species, or (2) a designated recognizable 
plate or figure, or (3) a published diagnosis ; such names tenable upon 
(i) or (2), even if wanting (3). 

(/) Type of a genus to be determined by the 'process of elimina- 
tion,' if no type is originally mentioned. 

(m) Generic names not to be invalidated by use of same name 
for a higher group {e. ^., Accipiter tenable as a genus, though there 
is an order Accipitres), The same with specific names {e. g., Pica 
pica). 



14 CODE OP NOMENCLATURE. 

{n) Names differing like Pica and Picus both tenable ; differing 
only like Spermophila and Spermophilus^ the later one untenable. 

ip) The maxim, " A name is only a name, and has no necessary 
meaning," affirmed ; barbarous, hybrid, meaningless, or descriptively 
inappropriate names tenable. 

(/) Original orthography of names to be preserved, unless a typo- 
graphical error is evident. 

{q) Transliteration of names, and terminations of personal names, 
to be provided for. 

if) Names raised in rank (as of a subspecies raised to a species, or 
of a subgenus raised to a genus) to be tenable in the new position. 

(j-) The authority for a name to be that of the original namer. 

{f) When a generic name sinks into synonymy, any current family 
or subfamily name derived from such generic name to become unten- 
able {e. g., ' Sylvicolidae ' untenable, since Sylvicola is preoccupied). 

(?/) Rule thirteenth of the Stricklandian Code (rendering a specific 
name untenable when used for a genus) to be ignored. 

With reference to the plan and form of the proposed Amer- 
ican Ornithologists' Union * List of North American Birds/ it 
was proposed and unanimously agreed : — 

1. That the term 'North American,' as applied to the proposed 
List of Birds, be held to include the continent of North America north 
of the present United States and Mexican boundary, and Greenland ; 
and the peninsula of Lower California, with the islands naturally be- 
longing thereto. 

2. That species be numbered consecutively, and that subspecies 
be enumerated by affixing the letters a, b, c, etc. to the number borne 
by their respective species ; provided, that any subspecies of a species 
not included in the North American Fauna shall be separately num- 
bered as if a species. 

3. That stragglers or accidental visitors, not regarded as compo- 
nents of the North American Fauna, be distinguished by having their 
respective numbers in brackets. 

4. That any subsequent additions to the list be interpolated in 
systematic order, and bear the number of the species immediately pre- 
ceding, with the addition of a figure (1, 2, etc., as the case may re- 
quire), separated from the original number by a period or decimal 
point, thus giving the interpolated number a decimal form (e. g., 243.1, 
etc.), in order that the original numbers may be permanent. 



INTRODUCTION. 1 5 

5. That species or subspecies for any reason included in the List, 
in regard to the specific or subsjDecific validity of which any reasonable 
doubt exists, shall have their respective numbers followed by a note 
of interrogation. 

6. That Giraud's at present unconfirmed species of Texan birds be 
included in the List on Giraud's authority. 

7. That species and subspecies the zo51ogical status of which can- 
not be satisfactoril)/- determined, like, e. g., ReguliLS cuvieri and Spiza 
toivnsendi of Audubon, be referred to a hypothetical list, in each case 
with a brief statement of the reasons for such allocation. 

8. That a list of the fossil species of North American birds be added 
as an Appendix to the List proper. 

9. That the names of subgeneric and supergeneric groups of North 
American birds be included in the List in systematic order, to the 
end that the List may represent a classification as well as a nomen- 
clature of the birds. 

TO. That references be given to the original description of the spe- 
cies, and to the publication where the name as adopted in the List was 
first used ; that the number borne by each species and subspecies 
in the Lists of Baird, 1858, of Coues, 1873, of Ridgway, 1880, and of 
Coues, 1882, be bracketed in chronological order after the synonymatic 
references. 

11. That a summary statement of the habitat of each species and 
subspecies, with special reference to its North American range, be in- 
cluded in the List 

12. That the name of each bird shall consist of its generic with- 
out its subgeneric name, and of its specific with its subspecific name, 
if it have one, without the intervention of any other term. 

13. That specific be typographically distinguished from subspecific 
names by the use of a smaller type for the latter. 

14. That every technical name be followed by a vernacular name, 
selected with due regard to its desirability. 

15. That the name of each species and subspecies be followed by 
the name of the original describer of the same, to be enclosed in pa- 
rentheses when it is not also the authority for the name adopted. 

16. That all specific and subspecific names shall begin with a 
lower-case letter. 

17. That the sequence in classification followed in previous Lists 
be reversed, the List to begin with the lowest or most generalized 
type, and end with the highest or most specialized. 



1 6 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

Although it is deemed by the Committee neither necessary 
nor desirable to embody in its Report the minutes of its meet- 
ings, a few further extracts may be presented in the present 
connection. 

The subject of the formal introduction of trinomials into the 
binomial system — a matter upon which the Committee lays 
great stress — was brought up at the fourth meeting, Decem- 
ber 15, 1883, in the form of the following resolution, which was 
unanimously adopted : — 

" Whereas, the progress of Ornithology of late years has so greatly 
increased and perfected our knowledge of the exact morphological 
relations between allied forms of birds, and has so profoundly modi- 
fied the conception of species held when the so-called binomial or 
Linnaean system of nomenclature was formulated and applied, that 
this system is no longer adequate to handle known facts, or a clear 
reflection of the modern conception of species based upon such facts, 
it becomes obviously proper and necessary to modify the system in so 
far as may be required to meet the new aspect of the case : it is there- 
fore 

'•'- Resolved, That a trinomial system of nomenclature be adopted upon 
the basis and in the spirit of the binomial system ; such system allow- 
ing and providing for the use of names consisting of three terms — 
generic, specific, and subspecific — for those forms which, as a matter 
of fact, are known to intergrade in physical characters ; two terms — 
generic and specific — being employed as heretofore for those forms 
which are not known to so intergrade." 

At the seventh meeting, December 19, 1883, the following 
resolution was unanimously adopted : — 

" That the Committee resolve itself into two subcommittees, to one 
of which is referred the whole subject of specific and subspecific deter- 
minations of .North American birds, and to the other the subject of 
formulating and codifying the nomenclatural results reached by the 
whole Committee ; the former subcommittee to consist of Mr. R. 
Ridgway, Mr. Wm. Brewster, and Mr. H. W. Henshaw ; the latter, 
to consist of Mr. J. A. Allen and Dr. E. Coues ; and that Dr. L. 
Stejneger be requested to co-operate with the former subcommittee 
in determining questions of synonymy." 



INTRODUCTION. 1 7 

At the eighth meeting (second session) of the Committee, 
held March 8, 1884, the subcommittee appointed to "formulate 
and codify the nomenclatural results reached by the Commit- 
tee " presented its report ; whereupon the following resolution 
prevailed : — 

" That the report of the subcommittee on formulation and codifica- 
tion of nomenclatural rules be accepted and affirmed ; and that the 
subcommittee be instructed to prepare a fair manuscript copy of the 
Code, to embody the Nomenclatural Rules which the Committee has 
adopted and proposes to recommend to the Union for adoption ; 
taking the Stricklandian Code as the basis of departure, disencumber- 
ing that Code of whatever may be deemed superfluous or objection- 
able, and engrafting upon it the Rules and Recommendations which 
the whole Committee has approved." 



X8 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 



11. 

PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 

" In venturing to propose these rules for the guidance of all classes of zoologists 
in all countries, we disclaim any intention of dictating to men of science the course 
which they may see fit to pursue. It must of course be always at the option of au- 
thors to adhere to or depart from these principles, but we offer them to the candid 
consideration of zoologists in the hope that they may lead to sufficient uniformity of 
method in future to rescue science from becoming a mere chaos of words." — H. E. 
Strickland, 1842. 

A. General Principles. 

Principle I. Zoological nomenclature is a means, not an 
end, of zoological science. 

Remarks. — It is to be deplored that it is apparently necessary to raise 
what is merely a trite truism to the dignity of a principle of nomenclature. 
But it seems proper to protest in this way against any misconception that 
the science of Zoology consists m the art of naming objects in that branch 
of science, and also against every wanton, capricious, arbitrary, or otherwise 
needless and undesirable change of names which have acquired current 
usage and definite signification in Zoology. It is undeniable that a "mere 
shuffling of names " (A. Agassiz) is the chief outcome of much study and 
much writing which is mistaken for scientific research and the advancement 
of science. 

On this score and in the same tenor may be quoted several expressions 
from De Candolle,^ relating to some of the general principles of nomencla- 
ture considered as a means to an end. 

" Natural History cannot progress, nor can the study of its various branches 
be carried on and properly correlated, without a regular system in nomencla- 
ture which shall be recognized and employed by the majority of naturalists 
of all countries." 

" The rules for nomenclature must be impartial, and founded on motives 
sufficiently clear and weighty to promote their general comprehension and 
acceptance." 

1 Quoted from Dall (Rep., p. 23), not from the original. 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 1 9 

" The essential principles in everything which relates to nomenclature are, 
"(i) the attainment of yf.r//K in the designations for organized beings ; (2) the 
avoidance of names or methods of applying names calculated to result in 
errors or to throw science into confusion ; and lastly, (3) to avoid the un- 
necessary creation of names." 

" No usage conflicting with the rules and liable to introduce error or con- 
fusion can be maintained. When no grave objections of this nature are 
liable to be raised, it may happen that an ancient usage may be conserved 
without opposition, but all should carefully guard against the imitation or 
extension of such practices. In the absence of a rule, or if the application 
of the rules be doubtful, an established usage may be taken as a proper 
guide." 

Printciple II. Zoological nomenclature is the scientific lan- 
guage of systematic Zoology, and vernacular names are not prop- 
erly within its scope. 

Remarks. — " In proposing a measure for the establishment of a perma- 
nent and universal zoological nomenclature, it must be premised that we 
refer solely to the Latin or systematic language of zoology. We have noth- 
ing to do with vernacular appellations. One great cause of the neglect and 
corruption which prevails in the scientific nomenclature of zoology has been 
the frequent and often exclusive use of vernacular names in lieu of the Latin 
binomial designations, which form the only legitimate language of systematic 
zoology. Let us then endeavor to render perfect the Latin or Linncean 
method of nomenclature, which, being far removed from the scope of 
national vanities and modern antipathies, holds out the only hope of intro- 
ducing into zoology that grand desideratum, an universal language." {B. 
A. Code, 1842.) 

Principle III. Scientific names are of the Latin form or 
language, and when derived from another language are to be 
Latinized in form ; but names which have been used in zoologi- 
cal nomenclature as if they were Latin words cannot be changed 
or rejected, if they are otherwise unobjectionable. 

Remarks. — The above principle bears upon a large number of names, 
not only specific but also generic, and seems to require extended comm.ent, 
especially as there is no uniformity of practice among zoologists with regard 
to this class of names, which includes barbarisms of every kind. 

"A pernicious practice, of very old date, exists, of applying to species 
names not only of barbarous origin, but without Latinization, and totally 
destitute of euphony. These are chiefly the local appellation of some savage 
tribe for the organism designated. Thus, we have Hyperoodon butzkopf Gray, 



20 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

Balcena tschiekagliuk and B, agauiachtschik Pallas, etc." (Dall, Report, 
p. 54.) Much as the infliction of such names upon science is to be regretted 
for the past, and sedulously as it should be avoided in the future, there ap- 
pears to be no way by which such barbarisms can be changed or rejected, 
consistently with the rule requiring rigid adherence to the original orthog- 
raphy of names. Having been introduced in the science as if they were 
Latin words, that is to say, as a part of a Latin binomial designation, they 
are best treated simply as if misspelled or wrongly constructed : which fault, 
in the judgment of the Committee, does not. require rejection, or even emen- 
dation. 

The case is otherwise with a class of names of which patelle viride, cited 
by Dall, after Bourguignat, may be taken in illustration. This is not, nor is 
it intended to be, a Latin binomial introduced in zoological nomenclature at 
all, having no more standing than ' green limpet ' could have in the language 
of science. It is simply a French vernacular name, however similar in sound 
and shape to Patella viridis, and is not properly within the scope of zoologi- 
cal nomenclature. 

The examples of Hyperoodon buizkopf and patelle viride represent two 
large classes of cases of which they respectively furnish a criterion. Names 
of the former class are not to be modified or rejected ; names of the latter 
class form no part of zoological nomenclature, and are not to be considered 
at all. (See Dall, Report, p. 54.) 

Principle IV. Zoological nomenclature has no necessary 
connection with botanical nomenclature, and names given in 
one of these two systems cannot conflict with those of the other 
system ; use of a name in Botany, therefore, does not prevent 
its subsequent use in Zoology. 

Remarks. —This has relation to one of the most mooted points among 
naturalists, and is intended to determine the question whether or not the 
use of a name in Botany shall prevent its subsequent employ in Zoology. 
The duplication of names in the two great branches of biology, though 
highly undesirable and to be sedulously avoided, is no sufficient reason for 
the rejection of a name w^iich has once been introduced in either system of 
nomenclature. In this particular, Zoology may ignore botanical names 
without ill result. While it is quite true that "the principles and forms of 
nomenclature should be as similar as possible in Botany and Zoology" (De 
Candolle), it is no less true that "the manner in which Botany and the dif- 
ferent branches of Zoology have reached their present state, being far from 
uniform, and the nature of the organisms treated of being dissimilar, an ab- 
solute identity in the application of nomenclature is impracticable, even if it 
were wholly desirable," though •' the fundamental principles and the end to 
be attained are the same in both branches of study." (Dall, Rep.^ p. 23.). 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 21 

In the original Stricklandian Code the 'Rules' were restricted in their 
application to Zoology, and this restricted scope of the ' Rules ' was explicitly 
reaffirmed in the ' Recommendations ' prefixed to the Revised Code by the 
Bath Committee of the British Association in 1865, as follows : "I. That 
Botany should not be introduced in the Stricklandian Code and Recom- 
mendations." 

The A. O. U. Committee reiterates this decision, and constructs its 
canons without reference to Botany, conformably with the usage of British 
zoologists, though the rules adopted both by the Soci^te Zoologique de 
France, in 188 r, and the Congres Geologique International, in 1882, are in- 
tended to apply alike to Zoology and Botany. Ball's essay also discusses 
both together. 

Since botanists do not reject names because previously used in Zoology 
and indeed pay little regard to the duplication of names in the two king- 
doms,i there is little reason for the rejection by zoologists of names used in 
Zoology on account of their prior use in Botany. While there has been 
heretofore a lack of uniformity in the action of zoologists in this matter, and 
an increasing tendency to ignore the B. A. rule requiring the rejection of 
names in Zoology preoccupied in Botany, — and as to make the rejection or 
adoption uniform would in either case require not far from an equal number 
of changes (in neither case many), — the adoption of this principle is urged 
without hesitation. 

Principle V. A name is only a name, having no meaning 
until invested with one by being used as the handle of a fact ; 
and the meaning of a name so used, in zoological nomencla- 
ture, does not depend upon its signification in any other con- 
nection. 

Remarks. — The bearing of this principle upon the much desired Jzx/fy of 
names in Zoology, and its tendency to check those confusing changes which 
are too often made upon philological grounds, or for reasons of ease, ele- 
gance, or what not, may be best illustrated by the following quotation : — 

" It being admitted on all hands that words are only the conventional signs 
of ideas, it is evident that language can only attain its end effectually by 
being permanently established and generally recognized. This consideration 
ought, it would seem, to have checked those who are continually attempting 
to subvert the established language of zoology by substituting terms of their 
own coinage. But, forgetting the true nature of language, they persist in 
confounding the na7;ie of a species or [other] group with its d'^inition j and 
because the former often falls short of the fulness of expression found in the 

^ De Candolle advises botanists to "avoid making choice of names used in 
Zoology." 



22 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

latter, they cancel it without hesitation, and introduce some new term which 
appears to them more characteristic, but which is utterly unknown to the 
science, and is therefore devoid of any authority.^ If these persons were to 
object to such names of men as Long, Little, Armstrong, Golightly, etc., in 
cases where they fail to apply to the individuals who bear them, or should 
complain of the names Goiigh, Lawrence, or Harvey, that they w^ere devoid 
of meaning, and should hence propose to change them for more characteris- 
tic appellations, they would not act more unphilosophically or inconsider- 
ately than they do in the case before us ; for, in truth, it matters not in the 
least by what conventional sound we agree to designate an individual object, 
provided the sign to be employed be stamped with such an authority as will 
suffice to make it pass current." {^B. A. Code, 1842.) 

These words, which in the original lead up to the consideration of the 
Uaw of priority,' seem equally sound and pertinent in connection with the 
above principle of wider scope. 



B. Canons of Zoological Nomenclature. 

§ I. Of the Kinds of Names in Zoology. 

Canon I. Zoological nomenclature includes two kinds of 
names : (i) Common names definitive of the relative rank of 
groups in the scale of classification ; (2) Proper names appella- 
tive of each group of organisms. 

Remarks. — ^' g-i Faniilia FalconidcB. Here the name Familia is 
definitive of the relative rank oi Falcomdce in the scale of classification ; and 
FalconidcE is appellative of that particular group of organisms, i. e., of the 
family. 

The vast majority of names in Zoology are of the second kind, or proper 
names, and it is to the correct use of these that nearly all rules and regula- 
tions of nomenclature solely apply. Common names are very few, being 
merely those of the score or more of taxonomic groups, successively sub- 
ordinated in a certain manner, into which zoologists have divided animal 
organisms from 'kingdom' to 'individual.' Proper names, on the other 
hand, number several hundred thousand. 

The common names most firmly estabhshed among English-speaking zool- 
ogists are the following : Regniim, Classis, Ordo, Familia, Genus, Species, 
Varietas, in regular descent from the most general or comprehensive to the 

1 "Linnaeus says on this subject: 'Abstinendum ab hac innovatione quae nun- 
quam cessaret, quin indies aptiora detegerentur ad infinitum.' " 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 23 

most particular or restricted. Between all these, however, intermediate 
groups are commonly recognized, and distinguished by the prefix sub- or 
super- ; as, sicb-ordo, siiper-faiJiilia. Among these common names those in 
most general employ are Sicbordo^ Subfamilia^ Subgentcs^ and Subspecies. 
Several other common names are in use, but to a limited extent, and with- 
out that definiteness of signification which attaches to the rest, since they 
are used for groups of very different relative rank by different authors, while 
the taxonomic subordination of the others is practically fixed. Such com- 
mon names are Phylum^ Tribtis^ Legio^ Cohors, Phalanx, Sectio, etc. 

" The above terms are more or less generally accepted ; the relative values 
being more fully and generally recognized in Botany than in Zoology. In 
the literature of the latter branch some of the terras above mentioned are 
rarely found, though by no means unnecessary for careful discrimination. 
The term Tribe [and also Cohort, Section, etc.] in Zoology has been used 
with several different values. In this, as in other respects, the inchoate 
condition of zoological nomenclature as compared with that of Botany is 
clearly apparent." (Dall, Rep., p. 24.) 

Considering that fixity and precision are as desirable here as elsewhere 
in nomenclature, the following scale of common names is recommended 
as adequate to all practical requirements of even a refined system of classi- 
fication : — 

Faviilia : Family. 
Sitbfainilia : Subfamily. 
Genus : Genus. 
Stibgeniis : Subgenus. 
Species : Species. 
Subspecies : Subspecies. 
Varietas : Variety. 
Animal : Individual. 

Canon II. All members of any one group in Zoology are in- 
cluded in and compose the next higher group, and no inversion 
of the relative rank of groups is admissible. 

Remarks. — Thus, all individuals belong to a species, all species \o a 
genus, all genera to a family, all families to an order, all orders to a class ; 
and so also of the other (intermediate) groups given under head of the pre- 
ceding Canon. 

" The definition of each of these terms or [common] names of groups va- 
ries, up to a certain point, according to the state of science or the views of 
the individual writer using them, but their relative rank, sanctioned by usage, 
cannot be inverted. No classification containing inversions, such as a di- 
vision of a genus into families, or of a species into genera, can be admitted." 
(De Candolle, as rendered by Dall, Rep., p. 25.) 



I. 

2. 

3- 


Regniun: Kingdom. 
Subregnuin : Subkingdom. 
Classis : Class. 


9- 

ID. 
II. 


4. 


Si^bclassis : Subclass. 


12. 


5- 
6. 


Szcperordo : Superorder. 
Ordo : Order. 


13- 

14. 


7- 


Subordo : Suborder. 


15- 


8. 


Siiperfamilia : Superfamily. 


16. 



24 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

Canon III. Proper names of groups above genera consist 
preferably of a single word, taken as a noun and in the nomina- 
tive plural. 

Remarks. — It seems to the Committee highly desirable that the proper 
names of groups of whatever grade, down to (but not including) species, 
should be expressed in one word, to be considered as a nominative plural 
noun, standing alone, though grammatically, in fact, it may be an adjective 
or an adjectival form. This would do away with any change of termination 
according to gender, depending upon implied agreement with some unex- 
pressed noun, as Aves, Pisces, etc., and bring all names of groups higher 
than genera into one grammatical category with single-word generic names, 
the latter being always in the singular, all the former plural. 

The practice prevails to some extent of naming groups higher than genera 
in two or even three words ; as, Passeres acromyodi, Oscmes scutelliplan- 
tares. This usage is chiefly confined to intermediate groups, as super- 
families or suborders, or those groups of no fixed rank called ' tribes,' or 
'sections.' While it is not highly objectionable, it is preferably avoided, 
a single nominative plural noun being considered adequate to meet all the 
reasonable requirements of such cases. 

Canon IV. Proper names of families uniformly consist of a 
single word ending in -idee ; of subfamilies, of a single word 
ending in -iiice ; of other groups, of one word or more of no 
fixed termination. 

Remarks. — The above Canon sets forth the now wellnigh universal 
usage of zoologists as recommended in the following terms by the B. A. 
Code, 1842: — 

"B. It is recommended that the assemblages of genera ttrm^d. fajnilies 
should be uniformly named by adding the termination -idee to the earliest 
known or most typically characterized genus in them ; and that their sub- 
divisions, termed subfa7nzlf€s, should be similarly constructed, with the ter- 
mination -incE. 

"These words are formed by changing the last syllable of the genitive 
case into -idee or -incs ; as, Strix, Strigis, StrigidcE j Biiceros, Bucerotis, 
BticerotidcB^ not Strixidiz, BuceridcE.^'' 

It is a frequent misconception, arising perhaps from some confounding 
of -idcB with -oidcB, — a mistake which at least one of the great dictionaries 
of the English language makes throughout, — that -idee is derived from the 
Greek efSos-, signifying likeness ; but, like -ince, -idee is simply an adjectival 
patronymic termination. 

The practical convenience of having a fixed termination of the family and 
subfamily name respectively is great and obvious. It were much 'to be 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 2$ 

desired, but it is idle to hope, and futile to attempt, the introduction of simi- 
lar uniformity in the terminations of the names of other groups. Evidence of 
the desirableness and of the tendency are witnessed, for example, in those 
Cuvierian names of birds which end uniformly in -7'ostres j and of those 
Huxleian divisions terminating in -morphce. Several zoologists have used 
-oidcB, -ecB^ etc., to characterize groups of a particular grade. But such usage 
is far from uniform or universal ; the reverse is current ; and names of 
groups (excepting of families and subfamiHes) ending indiscriminately are 
too thoroughly ingrained in the science to be eradicated without violence to 
the cardinal rules of nomenclature. It must suffice that names of super- 
generic groups be held for nouns in the nominative plural. 

Canon V. Proper names of families and subfamilies take 
the tenable name of some genus, preferably the leading one, 
which these groups respectively contain, with change of termi- 
nation into -id(r or -ince. When a generic name becomes a 
synonym, a current family or subfamily name based upon such 
generic name becomes untenable. 

Remarks. — A practice has prevailed, to some limited extent, of coining 
names of families and subfamilies without reference to any generic name. 
This is reprehensible ; and equally so is the practice of retaining for such 
groups a name derived from that of a genus which belongs to another family 
or subfamily, or which for any reason has lapsed into a synonym, or been 
found otherwise untenable : the genus Syhncola being untenable in Orni- 
thology, no group of birds can be named Sylvicolidae or Sylvicolin^e. 

Canon VI. Proper names of genera and subgenera are single 
words, preferably nouns, or to be taken as such, in the nomi- 
native singular, of no definite construction and no necessary 
signification. 

Remarks. — All that relates to the grammatical or philological proprie- 
ties, to elegance, euphony, appropriateness or the reverse, is not necessarily 
pertinent to zoological nomenclature. A generic name is not necessarily 
of classical origin, or even in Latin form, if only it be used as if it were a 
Latin word, conformably with rules of nomenclature. ^ (This results from 
Principle V.) 

1 But this concession must not be construed as giving admission to vernacular 
names formed from a classical root, like many generic names introduced by the Cu- 
viers. Lesson, and notably other French writers of the early part of the present cen- 
tury. Such names have in many cases been later adopted into the science under a 
proper classical form, and should take date only from this later introduction. 



26 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

" These names may be taken from any source whatever, or may be framed 
in an absolutely arbitrary manner 

" De Candolle justly remarks that it is with generic names as with our 
patronymics. Many surnames are inconvenient, or even absurd, from bear- 
ing an adjectival form, from having an inapplicable meaning, on account 
of being difficult to pronounce, or for some other reason. But, since they 
actually exist, why should they be changed ? It is not the end of Science 
to make names : she avails herself of them to distinguish things. If a name 
is properly formed, and different from other names, the essential jDoints are 
attained. 

" Generic names may be taken from certain characters or appearances of 
the group, from the chief habitat, names of persons, common names, and 
even arbitrary combinations of letters. It is enough if they are properly 
constructed, and do not lead to confusion or error." (Dall, Rep.^ p. 27.) 

In heartily indorsing the tenor of the above extracts, we would neverthe- 
less understand the expressions ' properly formed ' and ' properly con- 
structed ' to mean rather ' contextually correct'; i. e., the name to be a 
'generic' word within the common meaning of that term in the binomial 
nomenclature, to be put in the place of a generic term, and to be used as 
a Latin word, whatever its actual ' form ' or ' construction.' 

Canon VII. Proper names of all groups in Zoology, from 
kingdom to subgenus, both inclusive, are written and printed 
with a capital initial letter. 

Remark. — The universal usage, and one of the ear-marks by which a 
professional zoologist may be known from a literary person who uses zoologi- 
cal nomenclature occasionally. 

Canon VIII. Proper names of species, and of subspecies or 
'varieties,' are single words, simple or compound, preferably 
adjectival or genitival, or taken as such, when practicable agree- 
ing in gender and number with any generic name with which 
they are associated in binomial or trinomial nomenclature, and 
written with a small initial letter. 

Remarks. — There is no inherent zoological difference between a ' ge- 
neric' and a 'specific' name, — the nomen geiiericum and the nomen iriviale 
of earlier zoologists. Both alike designate a 'group' in Zoology, — the 
one a group of greater, the other a group of lesser classificatory value. 
Some necessary distinction, which has been misconceived to exist between 
these two names, is simply a fortuitous matter of the technique of nomencla- 
ture, apparently arising from the circumstance that the generic and the 
specific names form the contrasted though connected terms of a binomial 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 2/ 

designation. Recognition of the scientific fact, that a ' species,' so called, is 
not a fixed and special creation, as long supposed, but simply a group of the 
same intrinsic character as that called a ' genus,' though usually less exten- 
sive, and always of a lower taxonomic rank, has done more than any other 
single thing to advance the science of Zoology ; for the whole theory of evo- 
lution turns, as it were, upon this point. 

It is therefore obvious that nearly all that has been affirmed of generic 
names may be here reaffirmed of specific names. Points requiring further 
comment are comparatively trivial, and purely technical. 

Specific and subspecific names (here conveniently treated together, as 
were generic and subgeneric names) differ from the names of higher groups 
chiefly in the fact, that as a rule they are adjectives, not nouns, or at least of 
such adjectival character as the genitive case of a noun implies. But even 
to this distinction the exceptions are many. Specific names, like Latin 
adjectives, unlike generic ones, are liable to change of termination to agree 
in gender with the generic names with which they may be coupled. Again, 
like Latin nouns, they are declinable, and may take a genitive case, singular 
or plural (but the plural is comparatively rare : e. g., Icterus parisorujn, 
MegalcEina viarshallorum, Passercidus sa7icto7'Zijn). In many cases, no 
grammatical agreement with the associated generic name is possible. This 
occurs when the word is barbarous and not Latinized, and also when it is a 
Latin or Latinized noun in the nominative case. 

Specific names have the peculiarity that, though they are always single 
words, in effect, they may be so loosely compounded as to take a hyphen, 
and therefore seem like two words. E. g., Archibiiteo sancti-johannis, Ca- 
loptenus feimir-riibnun. Among strict binomiahsts, in some departments of 
Zoology, especially Entomology, the propriety of the actual appearance of three 
words in a binomial designation has been questioned. "The usage of a 
third word, however, connected with the second by a hyphen, as is common 
and desirable in the case of gall-insects, e.g., Cynips quercus-pahcstris, is not 
to be considered an infraction of this [the binomial] rule." (C. V. Riley.) 
Professor Riley says further, in the same connection : " In some cases, as 
in the names of gall-insects, it has become the custom to indicate the plant 
upon which the gall occurs, by combining the name of the plant with the 
specific name of the insect. Such indication is desirable and useful ; . . . . 
and we are of opinion that the combined specific name, whether the botani- 
cal term be abbreviated or in full, should be looked upon as one [loosely 
compounded] word." 

There being no necessary intrinsic difference between a generic and a spe- 
cific name, zoologists have sought to make an artificial distinction by using a 
small or 'lower-case " letter for the initial of every specific name, the capitals 
being confined to generic and higher names. The old practice was differ- 
ent, substantive specific names, especially those derived from names of per- 
sons or places, being written with a capital. The practice still prevails in 



28 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

Botany, but zoologists are about equally divided on this score. The case of 
"specific names to be written with a small initial," was formulated in the 
original B. A. Code as follows : — 

"A convenient //ZifWi^r/^s: technica may be effected by adopting our next 
proposition. It has been usual, when the titles of species are derived from 
proper names, to write them with a capital letter, and hence when the spe- 
cific name is used alone it is liable to be accidentally mistaken for the name 
of a genus. But if the title of a species were invariably written with a S77iall 
initial, and those of genera with a capital^ the eye would at once distinguish 
the rank of the group referred to, and a possible source of error would be 
avoided. It should further be remembered that all species are equal [?] and 
should therefore be written all alike. We suggest then, that 

" § C. Specific names should always be written with a small initial letter, even 
when derived from persons or places, and generic names should always be written 
with a capital." {B. A. Code, 1842.) 

This suggestion appears to have been very generally adopted, by Brit- 
ish zoologists especially, and of later years by many of those of America. 
But the framers of the Revised Code, in 1865, cancelled it, in the following 
terms : — 

"VI. The recommendation, 'Specific names to be written with a small initial.' 
The Committee propose that this recommendation should be omitted. It is not of 
great importance, and may be safely left to naturalists to deal with as they think fit." 
{^Recommeiidatio7is of the Bath Committee, B.A., 1865. [§ C. and its preamble, of the 
Original B. A. Code, are accordingly omitted in the Revised B. A. Code.]) 

The code of the French Zoological Society, and that of the International 
Zoological Congress, each leaves the writer free to follow his own preference 
in this matter. 

Your Committee agrees that it is a trivial matter, hardly to enter into a 
canon of nomenclature. But its preference is decidedly in favor of the uni- 
form use of the lower case, and, feeling called upon to express its view, it 
has embodied it in the above Canon, without in the least insisting upon its 
importance. 

Canon IX. Proper names do not attach to individual organ- 
isms, nor to groups of lower grade than subspecies ; names 
which may be appUed to hybrids, to monstrosities or other in- 
dividual peculiarities, or to artificial varieties, such as domestic 
breeds of animals, having no status in zoological nomenclature. 

Remark. — Such organisms, having no natural permanent existence, need 
no recognition by name in a zoological system. 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 29 



§ 2. Of the Binomial System as a Phase of Zoological 
Nomenclature, 

Few naturalists, whether botanists or zoologists, appear to have consid- 
ered the binomial system of naming objects as aught else than the perma- 
nent heritage of science, the entire superstructure of which should be built 
with the binomial nomenclature as the corner-stone, and the whole language 
of which should conform to the requirements of an inflexible binomial sys- 
tem. From this position your Committee recedes with emphasis. 

The Committee considers that the rigidity and inelasticity of that system, 
which has been followed for more than a century, unfits it for the adequate 
expression of modern conceptions in Zoology, and that therefore a strict 
adherence to it is a hindrance rather than a help to the progress of science. 
It believes that strict binomialism in nomenclature has had its day of 
greatest usefulness and necessary existence ; and that at present it can only 
be allowed equal place in nomenclature by the side of that more flexible, 
elastic, and adequate system of trinomials to which the Committee hopes 
that your action upon its Report will give formal place among the Canons 
of nomenclature. 

The proper place and office of binomials may be formulated in the follow- 



Canon X. Binomial nomenclature consists in applying to 
every individual organism, and to the aggregate of such organ- 
isms not known now to intergrade in physical characters with 
other organisms, two names, one of which expresses the specific 
distinctness of the organism from all others, the other its super- 
specific indistinctness from, or generic identity with, certain 
other organisms, actual or implied ; the former name being 
the specific, the latter the generic designation ; the two to- 
gether constituting the technical name of any specifically dis- 
tinct organism. 

Remarks. — The Committee finds little or nothing to cite in illustration 
or amplification of this Canon. The binomial nomenclature having been 
considered indispensable and all-sufficient, — in short as a foregone conclu- 
sion, — it has received abounding indiscriminate praise, but little searching 
and discriminating criticism. Your Committee is far from venturing to do 
away with it at present. It has attempted to define it with more strict- 
ness than has perhaps been done before, and by so doing to limit its opera- 
tion to those cases in which it may still be found useful. The system is, 



30 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

moreover, so well understood, that what might be further said here may 
be best brought into the discussion, beyond, of the starting-point of nomen- 
clature and of the law of priority. 



§ 3. Of the Trmomial System as a Phase of Zoological 
NomenclatU7'e. 

Canon XI. Trinomial nomenclature consists in applying to 
every individual organism, and to the aggregate of such organ- 
isms known now to intergrade in physical characters, three 
names, one of which expresses the-subspecific distinctness of 
the organism from all other organisms, and the other two 
of which express respectively its specific indistinctness from, 
or generic identity with, certain other organisms ; the first of 
these names being the subspecific, the second the specific, 
and the third the generic designation; the three, written con- 
secutively, without the intervention of any other word, term, 
or sign, constituting the technical name of any subspecifically 
distinct organism. 

Remarks. — This Canon, the Committee knows, directly contravenes the 
letter of the B. A. Code, and also, it believes, all previous codes of nomen- 
clatural rules ; but it feels prepared to maintain that it is not antagonistic 
to the B. A. or any other code, being conceived strictly in the whole spirit 
and tenor of the binomial system, though contrary to its letter. It evidently 
amplifies, increases the effective force of, and lends a new precision to, the 
old system. It is also plainly but a step in the direction of brevity, con- 
venience, and explicitness, from the common but awkward practice of sepa- 
rating the third term, in the names of subspecies or varieties, from the second 
or specific term by the interpolation of ' var.,' which in several codes is for- 
mally provided for by special rules. The practice of indicating subspecies, 
as distinguished from species, by trinomials, has already come into nearly 
universal use with American ornithologists and mammalogists, and is em- 
ployed to some extent by other American zoologists. The system appears 
also to have found much favor among British and other foreign ornitholo- 
gists of high standing, some of whom have already employed it in their pub- 
lications. It seems likely to supply a present want, and subserve, at least 
for a time, a very useful purpose. 

Your Committee's reasons for adopting the system for tlie class of cases to 
which it is adapted have already been formally enunciated in this J\.eport 
(p. 16), in an extract from the minutes of its meetings. 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 3 1 

The rules for the practical handling of trinomials, being not different from 
those for the use of binomials, will be given with the latter, beyond, under 
the appropriate heading. 

A prevalent misapprehension respecting the meaning and office of the tri- 
nomial system may be here corrected. Trinomials are not necessarily to be 
used for those slightly distinct and scarcely stable forms which zoologists 
are in the habit of calling ' varieties ' ; still less for sports, hybrids, artificial 
breeds, and the like ; nor indeed to signahze some grade or degree of differ- 
ence which it may be desired to note by name, but which is not deemed 
worthy of a specific designation. The system proceeds upon a sound scien- 
tific principle, underlying one of the most important zoological problems of 
the day, — no less a problem than that of the variation of animals under 
physical conditions of environment, and thus of the origin of species itself. 
The system is also intimately connected with the whole subject of the geo- 
graphical distribution of animals ; it being found, as a matter of experience, 
that the trinomial system is particularly pertinent and applicable to those 
geographical 'subspecies,' 'races,' or 'varieties,' which have become recog- 
nizable as such through their modification according to latitude, longitude, 
elevation, temperature, humidity, and other climatic conditions. Such local 
forms are often extremely different from one another ; so different, in fact, 
that, were they not known to blend on the confines of their respective areas, 
they would commonly be rated as distinct species. This large and pecu- 
liarly interesting class of cases seems not to have hitherto been adequately 
provided for in the stringency of binomial nomenclature. 

It is obvious, therefore, that the kind or quality, not the degree or quan- 
tity, of difference of one organism from another determines its fitness to be 
named trinomially rather than binomially. A difference, however httle, that 
is reasonably constant, and therefore ' specific ' in a proper sense, may be 
fully signalized by the binomial method. Another difference, however great 
in its extreme manifestation, that is found to lessen and disappear when 
specimens from large geographical areas, or from contiguous faunal regions, 
are compared, is therefore not 'specific,' and therefore is to be provided for 
by some other method than that which formally recognizes ' species ' as the 
ultimate factors in zoological classification. In a word, intergradation is the 
touchstone of trinomialism. 

It is also obvious, that, the larger the series of specimens handled, the more 
likely is intergradation between forms supposed to be distinct to be estab- 
lished, if it exists. This is perhaps one reason why trinomialism has been 
so tardy in entering nomenclature. For until the animals of large areas be- 
come well known, in all their phases, through extensive suites of specimens, 
neither the necessity of trinomialism, nor the possibihty of putting it to the 
proper test, is apparent. It is gratifying evidence, therefore, of the progress 
of Ornithology, and of the position attained by that branch of science in 
America, that the members of an American Ornithological Association have 



32 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

it in their power first formally to enunciate the principles of the new method, 
the practicability of which they have already demonstrated to their fellow 
workers in Zoology. 



^ 4. Of the Beginning of Zoological Nomenclature proper, and of 
the Operation of the Law of Priority. 

Canon XII. The Law of Priority begins to be operative at 
the beginning of zoological nomenclature. 

Remark. — This Canon will be disputed by no one who observes the 
law of priority as a 'fundamental' maxim. • The date to be assigned is quite 
another matter, on which great difference of opinion prevails. 

Canon XIII. Zoological nomenclature begins at 1758, the 
date of the Xth edition of the ' Systema Naturae ' of Linnaeus. 

Remarks. — With regard to this Canon, the utmost diversity of opinion 
has prevailed among botanists as well as zoologists, and the Committee de- 
sires it to be subjected to searching criticism. It will first offer a brief 
historical rcsiinie^ mainly derived from Dall {Rep., pp. 41-44) and other 
sources, covering the ground of Botany as well as Zoology. 

Nomenclatural rules, foreshadowed by Linnaeus in his ' Fundamienta En- 
tomologica,' 1736, were first definitively proposed in the ' Philosophia Bo- 
tanica,' 1751. These rules, however, related almost exclusively to the generic 
name. In 1745 he first employed for a few plants a specific name {iio77ieii 
triviale), consisting of one word, in contradistinction from the polynomial 
description which had been as a rule the 7iojne7t specificiim of naturalists. 
That which now seems the most happy and important of the Linnasan 
ideas, the restriction^ of the specific name as now understood, appears to 
have long been only a secondary matter with him, as he hardly mentions 
the no7nen triviale in his works up to 1765. In 1753, in the ' Incrementa 
Botanices,' while dwelling upon his own reforms, he does not allude to bino- 
mial nomenclature. In the 'Systema Naturae,' ed. x., 1758, the binomial 
system is for the first time consistently applied to all classes of organisms 
(though he had partially adopted it in 1745) ; whence many naturalists have 
regarded the tenth edition as the most natural starting-point. The system 
being of slow and intermittent growth, even with its originator, an arbitrary 
starting-point seems necessary. In the twelfth edition, 1766-68, numerous 
changes and reforms are instituted, and a number of his earlier names are 
arbitrarily changed. In fact, Linn^us never seems to have regarded specific 
names as subject to his rules. 

•It must be noted that an apparent rather than a real distinction has been 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 33 

observed, especially by botanists, between the citation of the authority for 
the names of genera, and that belonging to specific names. In the early 
part of the eighteenth century a few botanists, among whom Tournefort 
(Rei Herbar., 1749) may be especially mentioned, had progressed so far as 
to recognize and name, under the title of genera, groups answering essentially 
to the modern idea of genera. Linnaeus himself adopted a number of these, 
using the names of Tournefort and others as authorities after the generic 
name adopted by himself. In this the great Swede has been almost unani- 
mously followed by botanists, though such names take date only from the 
time of their adoption by Linnaeus ; very few authors, Bentham being the 
most prominent of them, having refused to cite any one excepting Linnaeus 
as the authority for such genera. 

Whether the course of the majority be considered judicious or not, it is 
now the accepted usage in Botany. As regards names in general, botanists 
appear to agree in adopting the date of the Linnsean ' Species Plantarum,' 
1753, ^s the epoch from which their nomenclature must begin. This work 
contains the first instance of the consistent use of the itovieii triviale, subse- 
quent to the proposition of the rules in the ' Philosophia Botanica,' to which 
modern nomenclature is due. 

Binomial designations cannot, of course, be reasonably claimed to antedate 
the period when binomial nomenclature, in a scientific sense, was invented; 
and, in spite of the solitary instance of 1745, no good reason appears for ex- 
tending the range of scientific nomenclature to an earlier date than 1751. 

(The above is quoted in substance from Dall.) 

We have next to consider the action of the Manchester Committee of the 
British Association in 1842. The wording of the original B. A. Code is as 
follows : — 

" As our subject matter is strictly confined to the binomial system of no- 
menclature, or that wliich indicates species by means of two Latin words, the 
one generic, the other spec'fic, and as this invaluable method originated 
solely with Linnseus, it is clear that, as far as species are concerned, we 
ought not to attempt to carry back the principle of priority beyond the date 
of the 1 2th edition of the ' Systema Naturae.' Previous to that period, 
naturalists were wont to indicate species not by a name comprised in one 
word, but by a definition which occupied a sentence, the extreme verbosity 
of which method was productive of great inconvenience. It is true that one 
word sometimes sufficed for the definition of a species, but these rare cases 
were only binomial by accident and not by principle, and ought not there- 
fore in any instance to supersede the binomial designations imposed by 
Linnaeus. 

" The same reasons apply also to generic names. Linnaeus was the first 
to attach a definite value to genera, and to give them a systematic character 
by means of exact definitions; and therefore although the names used by 
previous authors may often be applied with propriety to modern genera, yet 

3 



34 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

in such cases they acquire a new meaning, and should be quoted on the au- 
thority of the first person who used them in this secondary sense. It is true, 
that several old authors made occasional approaches to the Linnaean exact- 
ness of generic definition, but still these were but partial attempts ; and it 
is certain that if in our rectification of the binomial nomenclature we once 
trace back our authorities into the obscurity which preceded the epoch of its 
foundation, we shall find no resting-place or fixed boundary for our re- 
searches. The nomenclature of Ray is chiefly derived from that of Gesner 
and Aldrovandus, and from these authors we might proceed backward to 
^lian, Pliny, and Aristotle, till our zoological studies would be frittered 
away amid the refinements of classical learning." 

So far the original B. A. Code, 1842 ; which, upon the foregoing considera- 
tions, recommended the following proposition : — 

" § 2. The binomial nomenclature having originated with Linnseus, the law of 
priority, in respect to that nomenclature, is not to extend to the writings of antece- 
dent authors." 

The exact date here implied is 1766 ; and this is exphcitly reaffirmed by 
the Bath Committee in 1865,^ who added to the foregoing § 2 the words, in 
brackets : " [and therefore the specific names published before 1766 cannot 
be used to the prejudice of names pubhshed since that date.] " 

The action of both the B. A. Committees related, of course, only to Zool- 
ogy. Commenting upon their action, Dall continues : — 

" It is saad that in the original draft of the report the number of the edition 
of the 'Systema Naturae' was left blank, and afterwards fiJled up by the 
insertion of the ' twelfth.' This insertion renders the paragraph, otherwise 
judicious and accurate, glaringly incorrect. What motive resulted in the 
selection of the twelfth as opposed to the tenth, or of any special edition after 

^ " III. The Committee are of opinion, after much deliberation, that the Xllth 
edition of the ' Systema Naturse' is that to which the hmit of time should apply, 
viz. 1766. But as the works of Artedi and Scopoli have already been extensively 
used by ichthyologists and entomologists, it is recommended that names contained 
in or used from these authors should not be affected by this provision. This is par- 
ticularly requisite as regards the generic names of Artedi afterwards used by Lin- 
naeus himself. 

*'In Mr. H. E. Strickland's original draft of these Rules and Recommendations 
the edition of Linnaeus was left blank, and the Xllth was inserted by the Manchester 
Committee. This was done not as being the first in which the Binomial nomencla- 
ture had been used, as it commenced with the Xth, but as being the last and most 
complete edition of Linn^eus's works, and containing many species the Xth did not. 
For these reasons it is now confirmed by this Committee, and also because these 
rules having been used and acted upon for twenty-three years, if the date were altered 
now, many changes of names would be required, and in consequence much confusion 
introduced." — Recommendations of the Bath Committee, prefixed to the Revised Code, 
1865. 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 35 

the adoption of the binomial form by Linnseus, has never been set forth in 
any satisfactory manner. If any special edition were chosen, the tenth has 
pri?jia facie claims for first consideration. It is as clearly binomial as any, 

and it is as consistently so To a considerable extent, in the works 

of the naturalists of Northern Europe, the tenth edition has been taken as 
the starting-point 

"It would appear that the Committee were 'plus saint que le Pape,' since 
they would reject names which Linnaeus himself was ready to and did adopt. 
In this connection, Prof. Verrill (Am. Jour, Sci., July, 1869) has made some 
judicious remarks, calling attention to the works of Pallas, and Thorell has 
done the same for those of Clerck on the subject of spiders. 

" An apologetic paragraph, following the remarks above quoted [see last 
foot-note] from the B. A. Committee report for 1865, inferentiaily admits the 
error of 1842, but goes on and reaffirms it on the ground that confusion 
would otherwise result. 

" It is very doubtful if much confusion would be caused by leaving the 
question open, since half the naturalists of Europe and America have al- 
ready adopted the tenth edition of their own motion, and the other half, or 
a large portion of them, may not unreasonably be believed to be only held 
back from joining the others by a desire to conform to the rules, even where 
injudiciously framed. 

" In a large part of zoology the change would make no difference what- 
ever, since the scientific study of such branches has begun since 1766." 

Mr. Ball's own recommendation is as follows : — 

"§ LVIII. The scientific study of different groups, having a value 
greater than or equal to that of a class (classis), having been begun at differ- 
ent epochs, and the inception of that study in each group respectively being 
usually due to some ' epoch-making' work, the students of each of the 
respective groups as above limited may properly unite in adopting the date 
of such work as the starting-point in nomenclature for the particular class 
to which it refers: Provided^ — that (i), specific names shall in no case 
antedate the promulgation of the Linnaean rules (Philosophia Botanica, 
1 751); that (2), until formal notice by publication of the decision of such 
associated specialists (in such manner as may be by them determined upon) 
shall be decisively promulgated, the adoption of the epoch or starting-point 
recommended by the committee of the British Association in 1842, namely, 
the twelfth edition of the ' Systema Naturas ' of Linnseus (1766), shall be 
taken as the established epoch for all zoological nomenclature. Lastly, 
that (3), when the determination of the epoch for any particular group as 
above shall have been made, the decision shall be held to affect that group 
alone, the British Association date holding good for all other groups until 
the decision for each particular case shall have been made by the naturalists 
interested in it, upon its own merits." 

(See also LeConte on this subject, Canad. Entom., November, 1874, PP* 
203 seq.') 



36 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

The principle embodied in the above recommendation of Dall is said by 
him to be " inferentially admitted to be valid by the B. A. Committee in 
their remarks on Artedi and Scopoli." Thorell, in his monograph of the 
Spiders, has adopted, so far as species are concerned, a similar plan, taking 
the binomial work of Clerck, 1757, on Swedish Spiders as his ' epoch-maker.' 
A. Agassiz, in Echinology, has brought the ancient names of Klein, Lang, 
Breyn, and others, into scientific nomenclature. G. R. Gray, in Ornithology, 
goes to the first edition of the ' Systema,' 1735, for genera, and to the tenth, 
1758, for species, having many followers in different countries. In America, 
so far as Ornithology is concerned, the use of 1758 for the starting-point for 
species is practically universal, the tendency being to take genera from the 
same date also. 

As to replies on this point to the circular issued by Mr. Dall, there 
are 18 for 1758, 17 for 1766, i for 1736, and two botanists for 1753 ; no an- 
swer, 7. 

Your Committee, having duly weighed all the evidence before it, is 
compelled to dissent from the rulings of both the B. A. Committees, and 
from all others which do not make 1758 the starting-point for zoological 
nomenclature ; and it is prepared to give reasons for the decision it has 
reached. 

(i) The Xth edition is the one in which Linnaeus first introduced the 
binomial nomenclature, and in which its use is uniform, consistent, and com- 
plete. (2) This date admits to recognition the works of Artedi, Scopoli, 
Clerck, Pallas, Briinnich, Brisson, in favor of the first-named two of whom, 
and of the last-named one, the B. A. Committees have had to make special 
exceptions,! thereby rendering the rule inconsistent in itself. (3) The Xth, 
rather than the Xllth, is already accepted as the starting-point by a majority 
of the naturalists of North America and of Northern Europe, with obviously 
a growing tendency to abandon the Xllth. The Commission de Nomencla- 
ture de la Societe Zoologique de France (1881), and the Rules adopted by 
the Congres Geologique International (1882), make no reference to any 
edition of the ' Systema Naturae Linn^i,' nor do they place any limit of 
time for the beginning of the law of priority, but accept all generic and spe- 

1 For example, the paragraph immediately following § 2 in the original B. A. 
Code reads : " It should be here explained, that Brisson, who was a contemporary of 
Linnaeus and acquainted with the ' Systema Naturae,' defined and published certain 
genera of birds which are additional [and likewise prior] to those in the 12th edition 
of Linnaeus's work, and which are therefore of perfectly good authority. But Brisson 
still adhered to the old mode of designating species by a sentence instead of a word, 
and therefore while we retain his defined genera we do not extend the same indul- 
gence to the titles of his species, even when the latter are accidentally binomial in 
form." — i5. A. Code, 1842. 

For the exceptions made in 1865 by the B. A. Committee in favor of Artedi and 
Scopoli, see foot-note on p. 34. 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 37 

cific names uhich conform to the rules of binomial nomenclature, even when 
they antedate the Xth edition of the ' Systema Naturae.' They even advo- 
cate admission of Tournefort's generic names for MoUusks, published in 
a posthumous work edited by Gautieri in 1742; the genera of Lang, 1722; 
those of Klein, 1731 and 1734; and those of Breyq, 1732. (Botanists, though 
dating their departure in binomial nomenclature at 1737, the date of the first 
edition of Linnseus's 'Genera Plantarum,' adopt Tournefort's genera pub- 
lished in 1700 ) The French Commission and that of the Geological Con- 
gress do not hesitate to say that the work of these authors is much better 
than that of Linnseus, who, through vanity or inability to appreciate so well 
the character of the work of his predecessors in Zoology as in Botany (he 
being pre-eminently a botanist rather than a zoologist), systematically ig- 
nored his more scientific predecessors. (4) Besides admitting the works 
ot other earlier binomialists which the adoption of the Xllth edition would 
exclude, the date 1758 clears up many questions of synonymy which arise 
from Linnaeus's himself having arbitrarily changed in the Xllth edition many 
names introduced in the Xth, and in other cases used them in a different 
sense. (5) Furthermore, it is admitted that in the original Stricklandian 
draft the number of the edition was left blank, while the context clearly 
implies that the Xth was the one in mind ; and there is nothing in § 2 of 
the original B. A. Rules which prohibits the adoption of the Xth. (6) Fi- 
nally, the adoption of the Xth will necessitate very few changes in current 
names (in the younger departments of Zoology none), while it forms a rational 
and consistent starting-point towards which zoologists at large are drifting. 
Therefore we have no hesitation in proposing as a substitute for § 2 of 
the B. A. Code the foregoing Canon, which, applied to § 2, would make it 
read as follows : — 

" The starting-point of the binomial system of nomenclature in Zoology 
shall be the Xth (1758) edition of the 'Systema Naturae' of Linnaeus, and 
the law of priority in regard to specific (and generic) names is therefore not 
to extend to antecedent authors." 

There is no question as to the fitness of this rule as regards specific 
names ; there may be in respect to generic names, since names were used 
for groups in what may be considered a generic sense by many pre-Linnasan 
writers, although the generic idea appears to have been essentially Linnsean. 
As a matter of convenience, it seems highly advisable to take the same start- 
ing-point for both generic and specific names, and to have the generic names 
adopted from pre-Linnsean authors date from their adoption by Linnaeus or 
the first subsequent author who used them. Otherwise we endanger the 
stability in nomenclature which all so much desire to establish, by leaving 
open a mischievous loophole by means of which a well-established post-Lin- 
naean generic name may be displaced in favor of a pre-Linnaean one. (See 
further on this point the second paragraph of the preamble to § 2 of the 
B. A. Code.) In limiting the action of the law of priority to the Xth edition 



38 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

of the 'Systema Naturae,' the only objection met with is that of injustice 
to the pioneers in Zoology; but this lacks weight in view of remarks subse- 
quently to be introduced (in reference to bibliogKaphy and synonymy), re- 
specting due recognition of their labors. And here your Committee would 
emphatically urge that, the chief object of zoological nomenclature being to 
secure uniformity of practice in the bestowal and adoption of names, the 
rules to that end should be formed with reference to principles and without 
regard to personality, and that therefore the matter of justice or injustice 
is in this connection without pertinence. 

The first rational application of the principles of classification in regard to 
the recognition of genera, as distinguished from species, is currently attrib- 
uted to Tournefort in 1700, in his ' Institutiones Rei Herbarise.' Later (1742), 
as already stated, he carried in a posthumous work the same practice into 
Conchology. Other pre-Linnsean zoologists who recognized genera in a 
strictly scientific manner are Lang (1721), Klein (1731-1734), Breyn (1732),^ 
Adanson (1757), and Clerck (1757). The latter was also a strict binomial- 
ist. There are possibly others, but in not fixing the starting-point at 1758 
there is the disadvantage of having to admit the generic names of other pre- 
Linnaean writers the character of whose works gives them no proper scientific 
standing, as Link, Brown, Columa, etc. 

Dr. Asa Gray makes the sensible proposition respecting Botany that 
" We have only to understand that genera adopted by Linn^us from Tourne- 
fort, etc., and so accredited, should continue to be thus cited ; that the date 
1737 (Linn. Genera, ed. L), is, indeed, the point of departure from which to 
reckon priority, yet that botanical genera began with Tournefort ; so that 
Tournefortian genera which are accepted date from the year 1700. That is 
the limit fixed by Linnaeus, and it definitely excludes the herbalists and the 
ancients, whose writings may be consulted for historical elucidations, but 
not as authority for names." ^ 

On the whole, it seems best that the origin of generic names in Zoology 
should date (as said above) only from 1758 ; that names adopted from earlier 
authors by Linnaeus date only from their adoption by Linnaeus ; and that in 
other cases pre-Linnaean names shall date from their first introduction by 
subsequent authors after 1758. 

Canon XIV. The adoption of a 'statute of limitation/ in 
modification of the lex prioritaiis, is impracticable and inad- 
missible. 

1 "Brejniius as early as 1732 had, to some extent, adopted a binomial nomencla- 
ture, accurately (for his period) discriminated genera and species, many of which 
are readily recognized, but which had escaped the notice they deserved till a com- 
paratively recent period." — A. Agassiz, Revision of the Echini, 1872, p. 12. 

2 Am. Jour, Sci., December, 1883, p. 423. 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 39 

Remarks. — In consequence of the frequent subversion of long-current 
and familiar names rendered necessary under the inflexible action of the lex 
prioritatis, through the discovery of some long-forgotten work in which 
occur names of earlier date than those currently in use for certain species, it 
has been repeatedly suggested by various writers tlmt a ' statute of limita- 
tion,' in modification of the lex prioritatis^ which should forever suppress 
and render ineligible names found in early and long-forgotten works, or 
names which for any reason have been for a considerable period overlooked, 
would prove a help towards securing stability in nomenclature. If such an 
end could be attained it would certainly prove a boon, and the importance of 
the proposition has led your Committee to give it attentive consideration. 
Having therefore considered the proposition in all its bearings, your Com- 
mittee feels called upon in this connection to record its conviction that 
such a statute is inadmissible, for the following reasons. The proposition, 
as generally stated (see Dall, Rep., p. 47), is to the effect that a name 
which has not been in use for a period of twenty-five years (or whatever 
period may be agreed upon) shall be thereafter excluded from use in that 
special connection, or, alternatively, that a name which has been universally, 
or even generally, adopted for a like period cannot be displaced for an earlier 
obscure name. The insuperable objection to any rule of this character is 
its vagueness and the uncertainty of its applicability, arising from the diffi- 
culty of absolutely determining that a name has not been in use for a given 
period, or whether another name has been universally used, or what shall be 
taken as 'current' or 'general,' in case anything short of 'universal ' be 
allowed. Unless perfect agreement could be obtained, — - and of this there is 
very little probability, — the proposed rule would tend to increase rather than 
lessen the confusion it would be the design to remove. As regards obsolete 
or forgotten works, others equally troublesome might be found to have 
escaped the operation of such a rule, in consequence of their date of publica- 
tion falling just outside the period of limitation. Again, it might be difficult 
to decide whether or not a somewhat obsolete and more or less forgot- 
ten work was sufficiently obsolete to be set aside. P'urthermore, it some- 
times happens that certain names may be current among writers of one 
'school ' or nationality, which are rejected by those of other schools or nation- 
alities ; while in other cases it might be difficult to decide whether a more 
or less well known name had really sufficient currency to retain its place 
against an earlier less known but strictly tenable name. In some cases, of 
course, there would be no uncertainty as to the currency of a name under 
question, but in many such doubt would arise, and unanimity of opinion and 
practice in such case would be hopeless. 

The ' statute of limitation ' principle is akin to the auctorinn pluriino- 
riim rule ; both are Utopian, and both radically set at defiance the lex 
prioritatis. 



40 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

Canon XV. The law of priority is to be rigidly enforced in 
respect to all generic, specific, and subspecific names. 

Remark. — In respect to subspecific names in relation to the law of pri- 
ority, see beyond, under Canon XXIX. 

Canon XVI. The law of priority is only partially operative 
in relation to names of groups higher than genera, and only 
where names are strictly synonymous. 

Remarks. — " While this generalization has not been formally enumerated 
in the B. A. Rules, it has become practically the general usage of natural- 
ists. Thorell explicitly adopts it, and indeed it is impracticable to follow 
any other course, especially in relation to the more ancient names. A time 
will doubtless arrive when mutations in the names of the higher groups, par- 
picularly families, will be as unnecessary as they are undesirable ; but in 
Zoology that time has not yet come. 

" It should be clearly borne in mind that such changes are only allowable 
when by mutation of the characters, or through newly discovered facts, the 
name in question has become glaringly erroneous, or liable to introduce 
errors or confusion into science. In family names this occurs most often 
when a genus from whose name that of the family may have b£en taken is 
removed from association with the majority of the genera which that family 
has included, and that genus is inserted in another family which has already 
a well-established name. Also, when a large number of genera are redis- 
tributed into families, widely differing in their limits from those in which 
they had previously been known. In either of these cases the liability to 
error may be so great as to render a new name desirable. The answers 
to Query XXI 11. of the circular [sent out by Mr. DallJ indicate that a 
majority of American naturalists concur in this conclusion." (Dale, AV/., 
p. 27.) 

A good instance of the soundness of this Canon is seen in the several 
ornithological groups named by Huxley, ending in -gitathcE and ~i7iorph(E. 
Many of them were already named groups, more or less exactly recognized ; 
but the very different bases and definitions given them rendered it desirable 
that the names also should be different. 



§ 5. Of Names PttblisJied Siimiltaneously. 

Canon XVII. Preference between competitive specific names 
published simultaneously in the same work, or in two works of 
the same actual or ostensible date (no exact date being ascer- 
tainable), is to be decided as follows : — 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 4I 

1. Of names the equal pertinency of which may be in question, 
preference shall be given to that which is open to least doubt. 

2. Of names of undoubtedly equal pertinency, {a) that 
founded upon the male is to be preferred to that founded upon 
the female, {b) that founded upon the adult to that on the young, 
and {c) that founded on the nuptial condition to that of the pre- 
or post-nuptial conditions. 

3. Of names of undoubtedly equal pertinency, and founded 
upon the same condition of sex, age, or season, that is to be pre- 
ferred which stands first in the book. 

Canon XVIII. Preference between competitive generic 
names published simultaneously in the same work, or in two 
works of the same actual or ostensible date (no exact date being 
ascertainable), is to be decided as follows : — 

1. A name accompanied by the specification of a type takes 
precedence over a name unaccompanied by such specification. 

2. If all, or none; of the genera have types indicated, that 
generic name takes precedence the diagnosis of which is most 
pertinent. 

^ 6. Of the Retention of Names. 

Canon XIX. A generic name, when once established, is 
never to be cancelled in any subsequent subdivision of the 
group, but retained in a restricted sense for one of the con- 
stituent portions. 

Remarks. — This rule, adopted from the B. A. Code, has been _e:enerally 
accepted as sound in principle, but as difficult of application, especially in 
relation to what portion of the original genus, when subdivided, shall retain 
the original name; — in other words, what, in accordance with modern 
usage, shall be taken as the ' type' of the original genus, in cases where no 
type is specified. 

In recommending this provision the B. A. Committee urged: "As the 
number of known species which form the groundwork of zoological science 
is always increasing, and our knowledge of their structure becomes more 
complete, fresh generalizations continually occur to the naturalist, and the 
number of genera and other groups requiring appellations is ever becoming 
more extensive. It thus becomes necessary to subdivide the contents of old 



42 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

groups and to make their definitions continually more restricted. In carry- 
ing out this process, it is an act of justice to the original author, that his 
generic name should never be lost sight of; and it is no less [even more] 
essential to the welfare of the science, that all which is sound in its nomen- 
clature should remain unaltered amid the additions which are continually- 
being made to it." {B. A. Code, 1842.) 

Canon XX. When a genus is subdivided, the original name 
of the genus is to be retained for that portion of it which con- 
tained the original type of the genus, when this can be ascer- 
tained. 

Remark. — This principle is universally conceded, and requires no special 
comment. 

Canon XXL When no type is clearly indicated, the author 
who first subdivides a genus may restrict the original name to 
such part of it as he may judge advisable, and such assignment 
shall not be subject to subsequent modification. 

Remarks. — This in substance is the rule promulgated by the B. A. Com- 
mittee in 1842, and it has been reiterated in most subsequent nomenclatural 
codes. Its propriety is perfectly apparent, and, as regards the future, no 
trouble need arise under it. It has happened, however, in the subdi- 
vision of comprehensive genera of Linnaeus and other early authors, that 
most perplexing complications have arisen, successive authors having re- 
moved one species after another, as types or elements of new genera, till 
each of the species included in the original genus has received a new 
generic designation, while the old generic name, if not lost sight of, has 
come to be applied to species unknown to the author of the original genus ! 
This of course is obviously and radically wrong. 

The B. A. Committee suggests that, when authors omit to specify a type, 
"it may still in many cases be correctly inferred that ihejirst species men- 
tioned on their list, if found accurately to agree with their definition, was 
res^arded by them as the type. A specific name or its synonyms will also 
often serve to point out the particular species which by implication must be 
regarded as the original type of a genus. In such cases we are justified in 
restoring the name of the old genus to its typical signification, even when 
later authors have done otherwise." De Candolle would restrict the old 
generic name, when no type is specified, to the oldest, best known, or most 
characteristic of the species originally included in the genus ; or to that sec- 
tion of the old genus most numerously represented in species. 

As Dall observes, " It would, manifestly, be liable to introduce errors and 
confusion, if it were insisted that the first species should invariably be taken 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 43 

as the type, or were it permitted to take species subsequently added to the 
group, and which the original author did not know when he established 
his genus. No arbitrary rule will suffice to determine, off-hand, questions 
of so much complication as is often the decision in regard to the type of 
an ancient genus which has been studied by a number of authors." {Rt^p-, 
pp. 39, 40.) 

Canon XXIL In no case should the name be transferred 
to a group containing none of the species originally included in 
the genus. 

Remark. — This rule is in strict accordance with the B. A. Code and 
with current usage. 

Canon XXIII. If, however, the genus contains both exotic 
and non-exotic species, — from the standpoint of the original 
author, — and the generic term is one originally applied by the 
ancient Greeks or Romans, the process of elimination is to be 
restricted to the non-exotic species. 

Remarks. — The purpose of this restriction in the application of the 'prin- 
ciple of elimination ' is to prevent the palpable impropriety of the transference 
of an ancient Greek or Latin name to species unknown to the ancients. By 
the unrestricted action of the principle of elimination the genus Tetrao, for 
example, becomes transferred to an American species, viz., Teirao phasia- 
nellus of Linn^us, the transference being in itself not only undesirable, but, 
as it happens, subversive of currently accepted names. The working of the 
proposed modification of the principle of elimination may be thus illustrated. 

The genus Tetrao Linn., 1758, contains the following 

NON-EXOTIC SPECIES. EXOTIC SPECIES. 

1. nrogalhis {Urogalhi,sY\^\Xi.^ 1822). 3. canadensis. 

2. tetrix. 5. phasianelltLs. 
4. lagopits {Lagopits^xxss.^ 1760). 6. citpido. 

7. bonasia {Bonasia Steph., 18 19, -j- Bon., 1828). 

This leaves tetrix as the type of the genus Tetrao, since Lyrtcrus Sw. 
was not established for it till 1831. 

On the other hand, the process of unrestricted elimination would result as 
follows : — 

1. nrogallus {Urogallus Flem., 1822) ; 

2. tetrix {Lyruras Sw., 1831) ; 

3. canadensis {Canace Reich., 1852) ; 

4. lagcpus {Lagopus Briss., 1760) ; 

5. phasianelUis {Pedioccztes Bd., 1858) ; 



44 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

6. cupido {Ty7npanucJnis Gloo^., 1842; Cupidonia Reich., 1850) ; 

7. boiiasia {Boimsia Steph., 1819, -f- Bon., 1828) ; 

which would leave, as type for the genus Tetj^ao, T. phasianelhis, which was 
the last species to be removed from the genus Tetrao, its removal being 
made by Baird in 1858, who made it the type of a genus Pedioccetes. No" 
species being now left to bear the name Tetrao^ it must be restored either to 
T. phasiaiiellus (under the unrestricted action of the principle of ehmina- 
tion), or to T. lyrtirics (under the above-proposed restricted action of the 
principle of elimination). In the latter case, this ancient Greek name for 
a European species of Grouse would be still retained in nearly its original 
sense. 

As in the case of Tetrao^ so in the cases of many Linnsean and Brissonian 
genera, it has happened that, in the process of gradual elimination, exotic (or 
non-European) species only have been finally left in the original genus, 
while the European species have successively been made types of separate 



Canon XXIV. When no type is specified, the only avail- 
able method of fixing the original name to some part of the 
genus to which it was originally applied is by the process of 
elimination, subject to the single modification provided for by 
Canon XXIII. 

Canon XXV. A genus formed by the combination of two 
or more genera takes the name first given in a generic or sub- 
generic sense to either or any of its components. If both or all 
are of the same date, that one selected by the reviser is to be 
retained. 

Remarks. — The propriety of this rule is too obvious to require special 
comment. It therefore follows that a later name equivalent to several earlier 
ones must be cancelled, and that the earliest name applied to any of the pre- 
viously established genera thus combined is to be taken as the designation 
of the new combination. 

Canon XXVI. When the same genus has been defined and 
named by two authors, both giving it the same Hmits, the later 
name becomes a synonym of the earlier one ; but in case these 
authors have specified types from different sections of the genus, 
and these sections be raised afterward to the rank of genera, 
then both names are to be retained in a restricted sense for the 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 45 

Canon XXVII. When a subgenus is raised to full generic 
rank, its name is to be retained as that of the group thus raised. 
In like manner, names first proposed or used in a subspecific 
sense are tenable in case the subspecies be raised to full specific 
standing, and are to have priority over a new name for the sub- 
species so elevated. 

Remark. — This of course relates to names which are otherwise tenable, 
— in other words, have been duly published, and are not synonyms. 

Canon XXVIII. When it becomes necessary to divide a 
composite species or subspecies, the old specific or subspecific 
name is to be retained for that form or portion of the group to 
which it was first applied, or to which it primarily related. If 
this cannot be positively ascertained, the name as fixed by the 
first reviser is to be retained. 

Remark. — This is simply the extension of the rules already provided 
for the determination of generic types to species which are composite in char- 
acter, to which the general principles of elimination already set forth are 
equally applicable. 

Canon XXIX. When a species is separated into subspecies, 
or when species previously supposed to be distinct are found to 
intergrade, the earliest name applied to any form of the group 
shall be the specific name of the whole group, and shall also be 
retained as the subspecific designation of the particular form to 
which it was originally applied. In other words, the rule of pri- 
ority is to be strictly enforced in respect to subspecific names. 

Remarks. — While this principle is generally recognized, one ornithologi- 
cal writer of prominence 1 has introduced the practice of connecting the 
names of conspecies or subspecies in accordance with the supposed nearest 
affinities of such forms, regardless of priority of names. Such disregard 
of the law of priority, however, can lead only to instability and confusion, 
without any adequately compensating advantages. If we knew beyond ques- 
tion what was the original or stock-form of a group of conspecies, and the 
lines of evolution of the various imperfectly segregated forms, it would be 
possible to show the genetic relation of such forms in our nomenclature, and 
were nomenclature classification some gain might thus result. But since 

1 Mr. Henry Seebohm. 



46 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

nomenclature is not classification, and since our knowledge of genetic rela- 
tionships even within specific groups is egregiously imperfect, only change 
and confusion can result from any attempt to express genetic relationship in 
the collocation of subspecific designations. 

In cases where obscurity might arise from designating the earliest-named' 
form of a group of subspecies by simply a binomial name, the specific term 
may be repeated {e. g., Melospiza fasciata fasciaia), or it may be followed 
by the word typica {e. g., Melospiza fasciata typicd). 

For the sake of brevity it may be even desirable, where the context makes 
the reference unequivocal, to abbreviate the second term of the trinomial, as 
is done with the generic part of binomial names {e. g., M.f. rufina = Me- 
lospiza fasciata ritfind) . 

Canon XXX. Specific names when adopted as generic are 
not to be changed. 

Remarks. — This Canon is diametrically opposed to § 13 of the origi- 
nal B. A. Code, which declares that " specific names, when adopted as 
generic, must be changed." The Bath Committee, however, recommended 
that, when a specific name had been raised to a generic, " it is the generic 
iiaine which must be thrown aside, not the old specific name," Both rulings 
were to the effect that the specific and generic names of a species should 
not be identical ; the only objection thereto urged by the B. A. Committee 
being the '■'- inelegance oi this method." Many of these Mnelegances ' had 
already crept into zoological nomenclature, and they have since greatly in- 
creased, although the majority of authors have avoided them. Yet all the 
later codes are at least constructively in favor of their admission, and they 
have recently received sanction in other high quarters. (Cf Dall, Report^ 
pp. 50, 51.) To rule against them would be clearly contrary to the principle 
of stability in names and the spirit of the present Code. While your Com- 
mittee would strongly discourage the practice of elevating specific names 
to generic rank, those already thus instituted should be accepted. 

" The practice," says Dall, " is objectionable on account of its producing 
tautological inelegance, and because it has resulted in the formation of a 
number of generic names of adjective form. On the other hand, in connec- 
tion with certain of the Linnsean and other ancient and universally known 
species, it had several beneficial effects. It recalled the typical form for 
which the genus was constituted, and in many cases it might rightly be 
regarded rather as a change of rank than the creation of a new name. The 
ancient species .... often covered an assemblage of forms equivalent to 
a modern genus." Respecting the ruling of the Bath Committee, Mr. Dall 
continues : " This innovation, the sweeping character of which the Commit- 
tee cannot have realized, if carried into effect would uproot hundreds of the 
generic names best known to science, and so familiar that the fact that they 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 47 

were originally specific names has been almost totally forgotten. Its spirit 
is opposed to the fundamental principles of nomenclature, and the end to be 
gained is of the most trivial character." (Dall, Rep.^ pp. 50, 51.) 

Canon XXXI. Neither generic nor specific names are to 
be rejected because of barbarous origin, 'for faulty construction, 
for inapplicability of meaning, or for erroneous signification. 

Remarks. — As already stated under Canon VI., of which this is the 
corollary, a name is merely a name, and should be treated as such, without 
regard to its construction or signification. This principle, while contrary to 
provisions of the B. A. Code and to the practice of many writers, has the 
sanction of modern authorities, and is in line with present tendencies in 
respect of fixity of names in nomenclature, as already explained. 

Canon XXXII. A nomen niidiLin, generic or specific, may 
be adopted by a subsequent author, but the name takes both its 
date and authority from the time when, and from the author by 
whom, the name becomes clothed with significance by being 
properly defined and published. 



§ 7. Of the Rejection of Names. 

Canon XXXIII. A generic name is to be changed which 
has been previously used for some other genus in the same 
kingdom ; a specific or subspecific name is to be changed 
when it has been applied to some other species of the same 
genus, or used previously in combination with the same generic 
name. 

Remarks. — In other words, a generic name cannot be tenable for more 
than one genus in the same kingdom, nor a specific or subspecific name for 
more than one species or subspecies of the same genus. This is in accord- 
ance with custom and all previous codes. In the present unsettled state of 
opinion regarding the status of forms considered by some writers as specific, 
and by others as subspecific, it seems best to place subspecific designations 
on the same basis in this respect as specific ones. 

Therefore the maxim, " Once a synonym always a synonym," applies alike 
to generic, specific, and subspecific names. 

A diversity of opinion prevails among naturalists in relation to whether a 
generic name which has lapsed from sufficient cause into synonymy should 



48 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

be entirely rejected, or whether it may be considered available for a new and 
valid genus. Usage seems strongly against the retention of such names ; 
but a few writers have advocated their admissibihty in some other class of 
the Animal Kingdom, or even the admissibility of the same name in different 
orders of the same class, as among insects. Inasmuch as a fixed rule is- 
desirable, and as practice and precept are both on the whole favorable to the 
maxim quoted above, — names in one department of Zoology being con- 
tinually changed when found to be preoccupied in another department, — 
and as most previous codes exphcitly state that a generic name to be 
tenable must not be in double employ in the sam.e kingdom, it seems to 
your Committee that the formal adoption of the maxim, *' Once a syno- 
nym always a synonym," as regards generic names, must meet with general 
approval. 

A ' synonym ' is properly one of two or more different names for one and 
the same thing. A ' homonym ' is one and the same name for two or more 
different things. But in the usage of naturalists this distinction of meaning 
is not generally recognized. Thus the examples about to be adduced in 
illustration of the operation of Canon XXXIII. are homonyms, not syno- 
nyms. It is therefore necessary to premise that your Committee includes, 
homonyms in the maxim just cited. 

The application of the maxim to specific and subspecific names has been 
less generally admitted, but can be shown to rest on a sound principle, since 
it aims at, and is calculated to promote, stability in names. The object of 
the rule, in its present application, is to make the use of the specific name 
altogether independent of the generic name ; to oblige authors to use always 
the same specific name, even when they disagree as to the generic appellation. 
In many cases, it is true, the revival of a specific name which has lapsed into 
synonymy may lead to no confusion, but the cases where the reverse may 
occur are far more frequent. To illustrate: Gmelin, in 1788, described a 
Lark as Alatida rufa. Audubon, in 1843, also described a Lark as Alauda 
rufa. In the mean time, however, the Ala2ida rufa of Gmehn has been 
found to be a true Anthus, and being therefore transferred to that genus is 
called Anthus rufus. Now as these birds belong to widely separated fami- 
lies, it may be claimed that there is no possibility of confusing Audubon's 
name with the Alauda rufa of Gmelin, and that therefore the name rufa of 
Audubon is perfectly tenable. There are many parallel cases in zoological 
literature, and the tendency is to recognize both names as vahd. But the 
case is not always so simple, being susceptible of several complications. 
For instance, to continue the above illustration hypothetically, let us suppose 
that, before the generic distinctness of the two species was discovered, the 
name of the Audubonian Alauda rufa had been found to be preoccupied 
and accordingly changed to rufescens^ and that for many years the spe- 
cies was known as Alauda rufesceiis. Finally the original Alauda rufa is 
removed to Anthus, and some writers restore to Audubon's species its origi- 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 49 

nal name of rtifa^ while others prefer to retain the better known and later 
more current name rufesce?is. 

Again: In 1804a Mtmia was named Loxia albiventris by Hermann; in 
i860 Swinhoe named a Crossbill Loxia albiventris. These birds certainly 
belong to different genera, and there is no fear of their being confounded. 
But it may be contended (indeed was long since so claimed by Lesson) that 
Hermann's Loxia albiventris (a Alunia) is the true type of the genus L.oxia, 
and that the Crossbills should be called Crucirostra. Others maintain that 
the latter are the true Loxice. Each view may have advocates, and we shall 
have two species bearing the name Loxia albiventris, whereas the rule, 
" Once a synonym," etc., at once debars the later name. 

Again : Temminck, in 1828, named a bird Procellaria tenuirostris (PI, Col., 
587). In 1839 Audubon named a bird Procellaria tenuirostris (Orn. Biog., 
v., p. 333). By many authors these two species are referred to different gen- 
era, the former being regarded as a Pnffinus. Schlegel, among others, con- 
sidered them congeneric, and changed (Cat. Mus. P. B., Procellaria, p. 22) 
the temnrostris of Audubon to S7nithi. In doing this he was of course fully 
justified, from his view of the relationship of the two birds ; while others, 
referring them to different genera, would, by current usage, be equally jus- 
tified in retaining the same specific name for both species. 

One further illustration : In 1788 Gmehn named a \Axdi Procellaria cine- 
rea. In 1820 Kuhl applied the same name to another species afterwards 
called Procellaria knhlii. These two species are now commonly looked 
upon as belonging to different genera, the former being an Adamastor, the 
latter a Pnffinus. They are not, however, called Adainastor cinereus and 
Puffimis cinerens, but A. cinereus and P. knhlii. 

These illustrations will serve as examples of the compHcations that arise 
and the instability which results from present methods in such cases, and 
show the lack of uniformity of usage now prevailing. Cases of this sort are 
in reality very numerous, and often egregiously misleading. Your Commit- 
tee urges that the adoption of the maxim, "Once a synonym always a syno- 
nym," in relation to specific, as well as to generic names, will eradicate a 
prolific source of instability in nomenclature, and provide a consistent and 
uniform rule for a very troublesome class of cases. So long as naturalists 
differ in opinion respecting the limits of genera, the absence of such a rule 
leaves too many specific names open to personal arbitration and individual 
predilection. 

Canon XXXIV. A nomen nudttm is to be rejected as having 
no status in nomenclature. 

Remarks. — A name, generic or specific, which has been published with- 
out an accompanying diagnosis, or reference to an identifiable published 
figure or plate, or, in case of a generic name, to a recognizably described 

4 



50 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

species, is not entitled to recognition, being merely a name, and therefore 
having no status in nomenclature. It may, however, be brought later into 
use, under the restrictions embodied in Canon XXXII. 

Canon XXXV. An author has no right to change or reject, 
names of his own proposing, except in accordance with rules 
of nomenclature governing all naturalists, he having only the 
same right as other naturalists over the names he has himself 
proposed. 

Remark. — This is so obvious, that it seems trite to dignify the matter 
by formulation as a Canon ; yet not a few writers fail to recognize the fact, 
and claim the right, not only to emend the orthography of names pro- 
posed by themselves, but to change genera and subgenera by substituting 
for them new types, and to use the original type as the basis of another new 
genus. 

Canon XXXVI. A name resting solely on an inadequate 
diagnosis is to be rejected, on the ground that it is indetermina- 
ble and therefore not properly defined. 

Canon XXXVII. If an author describes a genus and does 
not refer to it any species, either then or previously described, 
the genus cannot be taken as established or properly defined, 
unless the characters given have an unmistakable significance. 

Canon XXXVIII. A species cannot be considered as named 
unless both generic and specific names have been applied to it 
simultaneously, i. e., unless the species has been definitely re- 
ferred to some genus. 

Remarks. — E.g., a West Indian Seal {Monachus tropicalis Gray) was 
once described by an author, who, because in doubt as to its generic affini- 
ties, simply gave, as he says, "the trivial name Wilkiamcs for the species," 
without referring it to any genus. Authorities, however, agree that a species 
thus designated cannot be considered as named. 

Canon XXXIX. A name which has never been clearly de- 
fined in some published work is to be changed for the earliest 
name by which the object shall have been so defined, if such 
name exist ; otherwise a new name is to be provided, or the 
old name may be properly defined and retained, its priority and 
authority to date from the time and author so defining it. 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 5 1 



§ 8. Of the Emendaiioit of Names. 

Canon XL. The original orthography of a name is to be 
rigidly preserved, unless a typographical error is evident. 

Remarks. — In view of the fact that stability of names is one of the es- 
sential principles in nomenclature, and that the emendation of names, as 
shown by the recent history of zoological nomenclature, opens the door to a 
great evil, — being subject to abuse on the part of purists and classicists, 
who look with disfavor upon anything nomenclatural which is in the least 
degree unclassical in form, — it seems best that correctness of structure, or 
philological propriety, be held as of minor importance, and yield place to the 
two cardinal principles of priority and fixity. The permanence of a name is 
of far more importance than its signification or structure, as is freely ad- 
mitted by the best authorities in both Botany and Zoology. Your Committee 
would therefore restrict the emendation of names to the correction of obvi- 
ous or known typographical errors involving obscurity. They would there- 
fore reject emendations of a purely philological character, and especially all 
such as involve a change of the initial letter of the name, as in cases where 
the Greek aspirate has been omitted by the original constructor. It there- 
fore follows that hybrid names cannot be displaced ; although it is to be 
hoped that they will be strenuously guarded against in future ; and that, 
in general, word-coiners will pay the closest attention to philological pro- 
prieties. 

" The tendenc}^ among working naturalists is to retain names in spite of 
faults." (A. Gray.) 

" A generic name should subsist just as it was made, although a purely 
typographical error may be corrected." (De Candolle.) 



§ 9. (fy the Definition of Names. 

Canon XLI. A name to be tenable must have been defined 
and published. 

Remarks. — "Unless a species or group is intelligibly defined when the 
name is given, it cannot be recognized by others, and the signification of the 
name is consequently lost Definition properly implies a distinct ex- 
position of essential characters, and in all cases we conceive this to be indis- 
pensable, although some authors maintain that a mere enumeration of the 
component species, or even of a single type, is sufficient to authenticate a 
genus." {B, A. Code, 1842 ) 

Any tenable technical name is called the onym^ as distinguished from an 



52 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

a?ionym, 7iojnen midum^ or mere name unaccompanied by diagnosis ; or 
from the chirony7n, an unpublished manuscript name ; or from 2l pseudonym, 
a nickname or vernacular name. The 07iyi}i is of two kinds ; \X\q graphojiym, 
resting upon a published plate, diagnosis, or description, and the typ07iym, 
based upon indications of a type species or type specimen (see Canons 
XLII., XLIIL). 07iy?ns are further named mononyins, diony7ns, trionyms, 
or polyonyins, according to whether they consist of one, two, three, or more 
words. (6/. CouES, The Auk, L, Oct. 1884, p. 321.) 

Canon XLII. The basis of a generic or subgeneric name 
is either (i) a designated recognizably described species, or 
(2) a designated recognizable plate or figure, or (3) a published 
diagnosis. 

Remarks. — Some writers insist that a generic or subgeneric name in 
order to be tenable must be accompanied by a diagnosis. However proper 
such a requisition may seem theoretically, the principle is thoroughly im- 
practicable, and if enforced would lead to hopeless confusion. The custom 
of naturalists has been quite otherwise, and the mere mention of a type has 
been found to be often a better index to an author's meaning than is fre- 
quently a chagnosis or even a long description. Either of the three alterna- 
tives given above may alone be accepted as a proper definition. In the case 
of a diagnosis, it must of course give some character or characters by which 
the organism it is intended to designate may be unmistakably recognized. 

Canon XLIII. The basis of a specific or subspecific name is 
either (i) an identifiable published description, or (2) a recog- 
nizable published figure or plate, or (3) the original type speci- 
men or specimens, absolutely identified as the type or types 
of the species or subspecies in question ; but in no case is a 
type specimen to be accepted as the basis of a specific or sub- 
specific name, when it radically disagrees with or is contra- 
dictory to the characters given in the diagnosis or description 
based upon it. 

Remarks. — It therefore follows that a specific or subspecific name rest- 
ing on a description which was originally so vague as to render the name 
indeterminable, or which has become so through the later discovery of closely 
alhed species, may be established by reference to an authentic type speci- 
men, when such exists ; but if the description proves to be so glaringly erro- 
neous as to present characters contradictory to the type specimen, the type 
specimen is not to be taken as the basis of the name ; the name in such case 
is to be ignored or treated just as it would have to be if no type specimen 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 53 

existed ; and the species is to be reintroduced into science under a new 
name, as a new species, and with a proper description. 

The authenticity of a type specimen is often a matter of the highest im- 
portance. The evidence will vary in different cases ; it may be merely 
circumstantial, but of such a nature as to be positive in character ; or the 
specimen may bear a label in the handwriting of the original describer signi- 
fying it to be his type ; or the history of the specimen may be so well known 
to those having it in charge that there can be little reason for doubt in the 
matter. But tradition, in the general sense of the term, cannot be regarded 
as satisfactory evidence ; and nothing short of the written statement of the 
author, securely attached to the specimen, affirming it to be the type, should 
in future be considered satisfactory evidence. Still, this requirement cannot 
be insisted upon for the past, since in few cases have types been heretofore 
thus designated, though their authenticity may be in many cases beyond 
cavil. Your Committee would recommend that in future authors should not 
only specify their types in their descriptions, and label them as their types, 
but should designate the collection in which they are deposited. 

Canon XLIV. In determining the pertinence of a description 
or figure on which a genus, species, or subspecies may respect- 
ively rest, the consideration of pertinency is to be restricted to the 
species scientifically known at the time of publication of the de- 
scription or figure in question, or to contemporaneous literature. 

Canon XLV. Absolute identification is requisite in order 
to displace a modern current name by an older obscure one. 

RExMARKs. — The purpose of the foregoing rules (Canons XLIII.-XLV.) 
is to check the tendency to replace current names by earher ones, the 
identification of which may be determined only by a process of elimination 
— on the ground that they can relate to nothing else — based on our pres- 
ent knowledge of Zoology, but which cannot be determined from the imper- 
fect description given by the original describer, alone or supplemented by the 
contemporaneous literature of the subject;— in short, the identification of 
which rests on our present knowledge of the species inhabiting the assigned 
habitat of the form in question. 

Canon XLVI. In describing an organism which is consid- 
ered to represent a new genus as well as a new species, it is not 
necessary to formally separate the characters into two categories, 
generic and specific, in order to render tenable the names given 
to the organism in question, although such a distinction is 
desirable. 



54 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

Remarks. — In the case of fossil organisms, represented by a few frag- 
ments, the practice of giving a general description is especially common; 
but even here, as in all other cases, it would be far better to give a formal 
diagnosis or description of the generic characters as distinguished from the 
specific. 

§ 10. Of the Publication of Names. 

Canon XLVII. Publication consists in the public sale or 
distribution of printed matter, — books, pamphlets, or plates. 

Remarks. — In Botany the distribution, by sale or otherwise, of labelled 
specimens, bearing the date of their distribution, is likewise recognized as 
pubhcation. 

In respect to the matter of pubhcation, the B. A. Committee wisely recom- 
mend as follows : " A large proportion of the comphcated mass of synonyms 
which has now become the opprobrium of zoology, has originated either 
from the slovenly and imperfect manner in which sjDecies and groups have 
been originally defined, or from their definitions having been inserted in ob- 
scure local publications which have never obtained an extensive circulation. 
Therefore .... we would strongly advise the authors of new groups always 
to give, in the first instance, a full and accurate definition of their characters, 
and to insert the same in such periodicals or other works as are likely to 
obtain an immediate or extensive circulation." 

Mr. Dall, on the same point, makes the following judicious and explicit 
recommendations. 

"To avoid increasing the difficulties encountered in deahng with the al- 
ready enormous mass of scientific names, authors are earnestly recommended 
to take the following precautions in publication : — 

"I. To publish matter containing descriptions of new groups or species 
[or changes in nomenclature], in the regularly appearing proceedings of some 
well-established scientific society, or in some scientific serial of acknowl- 
edged standing and permanence. 

"2. If a separate publication or independent work be issued by any 
author, copies should at once be sent to the principal learned societies, sci- 
entific libraries, and especially to those persons or associations known to be 
employed in the publication of bibhographical records or annual reviews of 
scientific progress. 

•" The work should also be placed at the disposition of the scientific world 
by an advertisement of copies placed in the hands of some firm, society, or 
individual for sale or distribution. 

"3. To avoid most carefully the publication of new names or changes of 
nomenclature in newspapers ; in serials not of a scientific nature or of lijnited 
circulation ; in the occasional pamphlets issued by weak, torpid, or obscure 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 55 

associations which are distributed [only] to members or not at all ; and in 
brief lists, catalogues [especially sale catalogues], or pamphlets indepen- 
dently issued, insufficiently distributed, or not to be found on sale." (AV/., 
p. 46.) 

The question of the restriction of the nature of the channels of publication 
through which new species and genera, and changes in nomenclature, should 
be made public, is considered by Mr. Dall, and was even included among the 
subjects covered by his circular, the replies to which were to the effect that, 
while such restriction would be very desirable, it seemed impracticable; an 
opinion reluctantly concurred in by Mr. Dall himself. 

*' It is clearly," Mr. Dall continues, "the duty of every publishing author 
to concur as far as possible in the suppression of methods leading to confu- 
sion," and to comply with recommendations " intended to lead toward this 
result." 

Canon XLVIII. The reading of a paper before a scientific 
society or a public assembly does not constitute publication, 
and new genera and species first announced in this way date 
only from the time of their subsequent and irrevocable pub- 
lication. 

Remarks. — It often happens that papers are read before a scientific body 
which are never printed. No one would claim publication in such cases. 
Often many months elapse between the reading of a paper before a society 
and its publication in the proceedings of the society. Credit for original dis- 
covery may be thus secured ; but, in deference to the fundamental principle 
of fixity in nomenclature, new names or changes in nomenclature proposed 
in such papers obviously cannot be allowed to antedate actual publication. 

Canon XLIX. The date borne by a publication is presumed 
to be correct till proved otherwise ; although it is well known 
that in many instances, as in the proceedings or transactions of 
societies, and in works issued in parts, the date given is not 
that of actual publication ; and when this fact can be substan- 
tiated, the actual date of publication, if it can be ascertained, 
is to be taken. 

Remarks. — It is notorious that the dates on the title-page of the com- 
pleted volume of works issued in parts often antedate — sometimes postdate 
— the actual publication of the different parts, or are otherwise erroneous. 
Also, that the volumes of proceedings of learned societies not unfrequently 
bear simply the date of the period or year to which they relate, even when 
not published till months, and sometimes years, after the ostensible date ; 



56 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

and that serial publications, when not issued promptly, as not unfrequcntly 
happens, are sometimes antedated by several months. This state of things 
is happily less prevalent now than formerly, and is more frequently the result 
of inattention, or failure to appreciate the importance of precision in such 
matters, than from any motive of unfairness. At the present time authors 
in good standing are careful to make permanent record of the date of publi- 
cation of each part of a work issued in successive brochures, or printer's 
' signatures ' ; and societies not unfrequently give the exact date of the ap- 
pearance of each signature or part of their various publications. This, it is 
needless to urge, is a practice which should become general. 

Where doubt arises as to the priority of publication between a properly 
dated work and one improperly or dishonestly dated, it would hardly be 
unfair to throw the otius probandi on the publishers of the latter, or to favor 
the work the date of which is not open to question. 

Finally, respecting the matter of pubhcation, your Committee would sub- 
mit the following. 

Naturalists would do well {a) to indicate exactly the date of publication of 
their works, parts of works, or papers ; {h) to avoid publishing a name with- 
out indicating the nature of the group (whether generic, subgeneric, or 
supergeneric) it is intended to distinguish; {c) to avoid including in their 
pubhcations any unaccepted manuscript names, since such names only need- 
lessly increase synonymy ; (</) societies, government or other surveys, or 
other pubUshing boards, should indicate the date of issue of each part of 
works published serially or in instalments, as well as of all volumes and 
completed works. 

Furthermore, the custodians of libraries, pubhc or private, would do well 
to indicate, either in the work itself or in a proper book of record, the date 
of reception of all pubhcations received, particularly in the case of those of 
a serial character, or which are issued in parts. (This, it may be observed, 
is a practice carefully adhered to in well-regulated libraries of the present 
time.) 

§ II. Of the Authority for Names, 

Canon L. The authority for a specific or subspecific name 
is the first describer of the species or subspecies. When the 
first describer of the species or subspecies is not also the au- 
thority, it is to be enclosed in parentheses ; e. g., Titrdiis migra- 
torius L., or Merula migrato^da (L.). 

Remark. — Ordinarily the use of authorities may be omitted, as in inci- 
dental reference to species of a well-known fauna in faunal Hsts, etc. ; but, 
on the other hand, the use of authorities may be of the greatest importance 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 57 

in giving exact indication of the sense in which a name is used; for instance, 
in check-lists, or monographic and revisionary works. 

In writing the names of subspecies the authority for the specilEic or second 
element of the name may nearly always be omitted. 

The relation of authorities may be otherwise indicated ; as, e.g,^ Meriila 
migratoria L. sp. ; or Merula migratoria Sw. & Rich, ex L. ; or Merula 
migratoria Sv/. & Rich. (L. sub Tiirdiis)^ etc. ; but the method first above 
mentioned has the merit of the greater simpHcity and brevity. 

Two very different practices have prevailed among naturalists in respect 
to authorities for names. The B. A. Code gave preference to the authority 
for the specific name, for the following reasons : "Of the three persons con- 
cerned with the construction of a binomial title .... we conceive that the 
author y^\\Q) first describes and names a species which forms the groundwork 
of later generalizations, possesses a higher claim to have his name recorded 
than he who afterwards defines a genus which is found to embrace that 
species, or who may be the mere accidental means of bringing the generic 
and specific names into contact. By giving the authority for the specific 
name in preference to all others, the inquirer is referred directly to the origi- 
nal description, habitat, etc., of the species, and is at the same time reminded 
of the date of its discovery." Agassiz and others opposed this practice, and 
gave preference to the referrer of the species to its proper genus, on the 
ground that it required greater knowledge of the structure and relationship 
of species to properly classify them than to simply name and describe them. 
By this school, the authority is considered as constituting part of the name. 
This method is also in accordance with the usage of the older zoologists and 
botanists, from Linnaeus down. But it often happens that the authority for 
the combination of names used is not that of the classifier, but of the author 
who has merely ' shuffled names,' or worked out the synonymy in accord- 
ance with nomenclatural rules, and has had nothing to do with the correct 
allocation of the species. 

Canon LI. The authority for a name is not to be separated 
from it by any mark of punctuation (except as provided for 
under Canon L.). 

Remarks. — In respect to punctuation and typography, in relation to 
names and their authorities, usage varies ; but it is quite generally conceded 
that no comma need be used between the name and its authority ; " the au- 
thority," as Verrill has suggested, " being understood to be a noun in the 
genitive case, though written in the nominative form, or more frequently 
abbreviated." In printing the authority is usually and advisably distin- 
guished by use of type differing from that of the name; if the latter be in 
Italic type the authority may be in Roman, or if in small capitals or in 
antique, the authority may be in Itahc type, etc. 



58 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

Canon LII. The name of the authority, unless short; is to 
be abbreviated, and the abbreviation is to be made in accord- 
ance v^ith commonly recognized rules, and irregularly formed 
and non-distinctive abbreviations are to be avoided. 

Remarks. — In the case of a few well-known names usage may be con- 
sidered to have established certain deviations from strict rule in the matter 
of abbreviation of authors' names, as the use of L. for Linnaeus, DC. for 
De Candolle, Bd. for Baird, Scl. for Sclater, etc. In general, names of one 
syllable are short enough not to require abbreviation ; when, however, it 
seems preferable to shorten them the first consonants are retained (as Br. 
for Brown), or the first consonant and the last, or last two when the name 
ends v/ith a consonant or consonants (as Bd. for Baird, Gld. for Gould, Cs. 
for Coues, etc.). For names of more than one syllable, the first syllable and 
the first letter or letters of the second syllable should be retained (as Aud. 
for Audubon, Bon. for Bonaparte, Gorm. for Gorman ; not Grm,, which 
might stand for either Gorman, Garman, or Germar). To avoid confound- 
ing two names which begin with similar syllables, two syllables may be 
given, with one or two consonants of the third (as Bertol. for Bertoiini, to 
distinguish it from Bertero), or the first syllable with the addition of a char- 
acteristic final consonant of the name (as Michx. for Michaux, as opposed 
to Micheli ; or Lamx. for Lamouroux, as distinguished from Lamarck). 

If several prominent authors in the same department of Zoology have the 
same name, they may be distinguished, if thought necessary, by prefixing 
their respective initials, or an abbreviation of the Christian name to the 
usual abbreviation ; or if father and son, by affixingy?/. or/, to the name of 
the younger. 

In short, the points to be aimed at in abbreviating names of authorities 
are uniformity and distinctiveness. As Mr. Dall (whom in this matter 
we have closely followed) remarks, in some late works, only those familiar 
witli the literature of the subject "can divine whether Bth. is the equivalent 
of Bentham, Beuth, or Booth, Sz. for Schultz, Steetz, or Szowitz ; or what 
is the equivalent oi Htsch., Hk., H. Bjt., B?^., Btt., Z;//., Reich., or SpJigP 



C. Eecommendations for Zoological Nomenclature in 

the Future. 

§ 12. Of the ConsUniction and Selection of Names. 

Recommendation I. As already provided under Canon 11. , 
the rules of Latin orthography are to be adhered to in the con- 
struction of scientific names. 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 59 

Remarks. — "In Latinizing Greek words there are certain rules of or- 
thography known to classical scholars which must never be departed from. 
For instance, the names which modern authors have written Aipicneinia. 
Zenophasia, poiocephala, must, according to the laws of etymology, be spelt 
^pycnemia, Xeuofihasia, 2.vid. pceocephala. In Latinizing modern words the 
rules of classic usage do not apply, and all that we can do is to give to such 
terms as classical an appearance as we can, consistently with the preserva- 
tion of their etymology. In the case of European words whose orthography 
is fixed, it is best to retain the original form, even though it may include 
letters and combinations unknown in Latin. Such words, for instance, as 
Woodwardi, Kiiighti, Bidlocki, Eschscholtzi, would be quite unintelligible 
if they were Latinized into Vudvafdi, Cnichti^ Bidlocci. Essolzi, etc. But 
words of barbarous origin, having no fixed orthography, are more pliable, 
and hence, when adopted into the Latin, they should be rendered as classical 
in appearance as is consistent with the preservation of their original sound. 
Thus the words Tockus^ awsiwee^ a7-goondah^ kinidoo, etc., should, when 
Latinized, hive been written Toccus, ausiire, argimda, aindti^ etc. Such 
words ought, in all practicable cases, to have a Latin termination given 
them, especially if they are used generically." {B. A. Code.^ 

Recommendation II. In Latinizing personal names only 
the termination should be changed, except as in cases provided 
for under Recommendation IV. 

Remarks. — "In Latinizing proper names, the simplest rule appears to 
be to use the termination -us, genitive -/, when the name ends with a conso" 
nant ; . . . . and -ms, gen. -//, when it ends with a vowel, as Latreille, 
Latreillii, etc." (^B. A. Code.) Since proper names for species, however, 
are used mainly — and we recommend that they be so used exclusively — in 
the possessive case, a still simpler and now generally adopted rule is to add 
an / to the name; as, Latfeille, Latreilleij Hale, Halei; Baird^ Bairdi; 
but euphony may in some instances require the fuller form, and here — as 
in many other instances — is a case where an author has the opportunity of 
displaying his good taste. It should be understood that this rule does not 
apply to names which are already Latin or Latinized in the nominative case. 
Thus Lmnczus should become Liiincei ; Cygnceus, Cygnai ; Gimtierns, 
GiDuieri ; Nathitsius, NathusH ; Nicolaus, Nicolai ; — not LiniicEttsi, 
CygncEicsi, Gunnerusi, Nathushisi, Nicolatisi. The same principle may also 
be safely followed in cases where the form of the name is perfectly Latin, 
thoui^h there may be some doubt whether it originally was Latinized or not; 
as, Daldann from Baldaimis., Blasii from Blasins ; not Baldamusi, Blasiusi. 
If the name were Blase, the genitive would be Biasei, as distinctive from 
Blasii. This recommendation of applying the regular Latin genitive when- 
ever possible without obscuring the name, is particularly to be observed in 



6o CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

many names ending in a, the genitive of which should be <2 j as, Molina^ 
Molmce J Cara, Cares; Costa, Costce ; Orellaiia^ Orellancs j Lozana, Lo- 
zaiicE J Marmora, Martnorce j Botta, Bottcs j and not Moli7iai, Carat, 
Costal, Orellaiiai, Losanai, etc. A greater difficulty is experienced with 
some Italian and Spanish names, and similar ones of Roman origin, ending 
in o or io. Simply adding an i would in many cases give absolutely absurd 
results ; as, Antonio, Aiitonioi. In such cases the only proper way seems to 
be to apply the regular Latin genitive, or to derive a genitive in the regular 
manner from a supposed regular Latin nominative form of the name : thus, 
Antonii, from A?itonioj Xama?Ti, from Xa?nai'ro ; Naceyri, from Naceyroj 
Gnirai, from Guiraoj Durazzi, from Dtirazzo j Morozzi, from Morozzo. 
A few names ending in io, the derivation of which from a true Latin nomi- 
native form is not obvious, may be treated in a similar manner ; as, Fatio, 
Fatii, and not Fatioi, though we have seen Fationis, the propriety of which 
we have no means of determining. Analogous appHcation may be made in 
case of similarly ending names not of Latin origin ; as, for instance, Kale- 
niczenki seems preferable to Kaleniczenkoi. 

The above suggestions apply to names of men. It has been the custom 
to add ce to the name, instead of /, to indicate that the person whose name 
was thus used is a woman, but -ice will in many, perhaps most, cases be 
found preferable, on account of its greater euphony ; for instance, Max- 
wellicE, and not Maxwellce ; BlackbiirnicB, not BlackbiirncB. 

It is sometimes recommended that a personal specific name be put in the 
adjective form when it is not the name of the original collector or describer 
of the species. " Thus Corvus corax, Brun non Linnaeus, or a new Corvus 
collected by Brun, would be C. bnmi. A Corvus named after one's friend 
Brun, or an ornithologist Brun, would be C. brunianiis .^'' This recom- 
mendation is impracticable, however, since -ianus is too long a termination 
to append to most names, as it might give us specific names like Artzi- 
bascheffianus, Seidensacher ianus, Olph-Galliardianus, Grandidierianus, Mac. 
gillivr ay ianus, Selys-Longschavipsianus, etc. 

When Christian names which have a Latin or Latinized equivalent are 
adopted for species, the form should accord with the rules of Latin declina- 
tion ; e. g., Alexandri, Caroli, F7'ancisci, Hectoris, Ludovici, Gicillielnii, 
AnncB, MargareihcB, Phcebes ; not Alexanderi, Charlesi or Karli, Frantzi 
or Francoisi, Hectori, Louisi or Ludwigi, Williami j much less Antiaiy 
Margareti, Phoebei, or the like. In many cases of women's Christian 
names, especially such as have no Latin or Latinized equivalent, the name 
may be left unaltered and uninflected, for instance, Ingeborg^ Gefion, etc. ; 
a practice wdiich may be extended to names which in their present form 
are so altered that their derivation is not longer obvious, as Faniiy, and the 
like. But in many cases the proper Latin form or equivalent is obvious; as, 
Marice from Mary, LucicB from Lucy, GraticE from Grace, etc. 

So much for specific appellations derived from personal proper names, the 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 6l 

use of which, if practised with discretion, is not objectionable. But care 
should be exercised as to introducing names of persons who have not ren- 
dered some noteworthy service to science, either as investigators, col- 
lectors of materials, or promoters of zoological investigation. The same 
remark will apply with still greater force to generic names, in respect to 
which the Bath (1865) Committee of the British Association makes the fol- 
lowing sound suggestion : — 

''Specific navies from persons have already been sufficiently prostituted, 
and personal generic names have increased to a large and undeserving ex- 
tent. The handing down the name of a naturalist by a genus has always 
been considered as the highest honour that could be given, and should never 
be bestowed lightly.^ " 

The simplest rule for forming a generic appellation from a personal name 
seems to be to ascertain first the genitive of the name according to the above 
suggestions, and then to append an a. In this case, however, the silent e at 
the end of a name should be dropped ; e. g.^ Latrcillia, not Laireilleia. In 
some other cases the author will need to exercise his taste in forming the 
words when the genitive form does not end in /. 

It has been suggested that the name be "disembarrassed from all titles 
and all preliminary particles " ; but it is evident that in many cases the "pre- 
liminary particle" is so important a part of the name that its exclusion 
would make the name unrecognizable. While, therefore, it is proper to omit 
the Germon voti^ for instance, in Lanitts ho7neyeri^ it would hardly be de- 
fensible to write Bust or Mitrsii, instead of Ditbiisi or Desmitrsii^ when 
intending to honor Du Bus or Des Murs by naming a species after him. 
That ' particle ' does not mean ' article ' need hardly be mentioned, and 
names like La Fresnaye, etc., should not be dismembered, though in Ger- 
man names the article also has to be left out when the particle is dropped. 

Recommendation III. The best zoological names are those 
which are derived from the Latin or Greek, and express some 
distinguishing characteristic of the object to which they are 
applied. 

Remarks. — This is Recommendation 'A.' of the B. A. 'Recommenda- 
tions for the Improvement of Zoological Nomenclature in the Future,' under 
which the B. A. Committee considers 'Classes of objectionable names.' 
This subject has also since received detailed consideration from De Canclolle 
in his ' Lois de la Nomenclature botanique,' and Mr. Dall has devoted several 
pages to it in his 'Report' (pp. 29-31), all of which may well be consulted 
in this connection. The principal of these recommendations may be sum- 
marized as follows : — 

1 " Hoc unicum et summum proemium laboris, sancte servandum, et caste dis- 
pensandum ad incitamentum et ornamentum Botanices. — Phil. Botan., p. 171." 



62 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

1. Avoid adjective generic names. "The names of genera are in all 
cases essentially substantive, and hence adjective terms cannot be em- 
ployed for them without doing violence to grammar. The generic names 
Hiaiis, Criniger, Cursorius, Nitidula^ etc., are examples of this incorrect 
usage." {B. A. Code.) 

2. Avoid generic names in the genitive case. Like adjective names, these 
can be used only in violation of both good taste and grammatical construc- 
tion. (Dall.) 

3. Avoid geographical names, which should never be used for genera, and 
only with discrimination for species. — Even for species, formerly some au- 
thors (Wagler, for instance) went so far as to substitute others whenever they 
occurred, while other authors (Swainson, for example) would tolerate them 
only when they applied exclusively; as, Lepzis hibcr?ncus, Troglodytes euro- 
pcens, etc. The B. A. Committee were " by no means disposed to go to this 
length. It is not the less true that Hirundo javanica is a Javanese bird, 
even though it may occur in other countries also, and though other species 
of Hiritndo may occur in Java. The utmost that can be urged against such 
words is, that they do not tell the whole trnth.'' (B. A. Code.) The B. A. 
Committee advised restriction of such names to species confined to the 
countries whose names they bear. 

4. Avoid barbarous names unless they are euphonious, easily modified to a 
Latin form, and are more or less well known in their original form as names 
of the species or genera to which they are to be applied ; e. g., AJaJa, Ara, 
Macao, Pompadorn^ Skua, Tijuca, etc. 

" Some authors protest strongly against the introduction of exotic words 
into our Latin nomenclature, others defend the practice with equal warmth. 
We may remark, first, that the practice is not contrary to classical usage, for 
the Greeks and Romans did occasionally, though with reluctance, introduce 
barbarous v/ords in a modified form into their respective languages. Sec- 
ondl)', the preservation of the trivial names which animals bear in their 
native countries is often of great use to the traveller in aiding him to dis- 
cover and identify the species. We do not therefore consider, if such words 
have a Latin termination given to them, that the occasional and judicious use 
of them as scientific terms can be justly objected to." {B. A. Code.) 

5. "Technical names. — All words expressive of trades and professions 
have been by some writers excluded from zoology, but without sufficient 
reason. Words of this class, when carefully chosen^ often express the pecu- 
liar characters and habits of animals in a metaphorical manner, which is 
highly elegant. We may cite the generic terms Arvicola^ Lanius, Pastor, 
Tyrann7is, Pegulus, Mimus, Ploceus, etc., as favourable examples of this 
class of names." {B. A. Code.) 

6. Mythological names should be applied with great care, and only when 
they have some perceptible reference or allusion to the object on which 
they are conferred. They may sometimes be used as generic names " with 



II 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 63 

the same propriety as technical ones, in cases where a direct allusion can be 
traced between the narrated actions of a personage and the observed habits 
or structure of an animal. Thus when the name Prague is given to a Swal- 
low, Clotho to a Spider, Hydra to a Polyp, Athene to an Owl, Nestor to a 
gray-headed Parrot, etc., a pleasing and beneficial connexion is established 
between classical literature and physical science." {B. A. Code.) 

7. Avoid hybrid names. — " Compound words, whose components are 
taken from two different languages, are great deformities in nomenclature, 
and naturalists should be especially guarded not to introduce any more such 
terms into zoology, which furnishes too many examples of them already. 
We have them compounded of Greek and Latin, as Dendrofalco, Gyumo- 
corvits, Monociilus, Arborophila.flavigaster; Greek and French, as Jacama- 
ralcyon, yacameropsj Greek and English, as Btdlockoides, Gilbertsocriniles.'''' 
{B. A. Code) 

8. Avoid generic names closely resembling others already in existence, 
even when the e*^yinology may be different ; as, Pica and Piciis, Otostomia 
and Odostomia, Tachyphomis and Trachyphonus., etc. The danger of con- 
fusion in such cases is evident, and should be guarded against. 

9. " Corrupted words. — In the construction of compound Latin words, 
there are certain grammatical rules which have been known and acted on 
for two thousand years, and which a naturalist is bound to acquaint himself 
with before he tries his skill in coining zoological terms. One of the chief 
of these rules is, that in compounding words all the radical or essential parts 
of the constituent members must be retained, and no change made except in 

the variable terminations A name made up of the first half of one 

word and the last half of another, is as deformed a monster in nomenclature 
as a Mermaid or a Centaur would be in zoology ; yet we find examples in the 
names Corcorax (from Corvus and Pyrrhocorax), Cypsnagra (from Cypse- 
lus and Tanagra), Merulaxis (from Merula and Synallaxis), Loxigilla 
(from Loxia and Fringilla), etc. In other cases, where the cominencement 
of both the simple worlds is retained in the compound, a fault is still com- 
mitted by cutting off too much of the radical and vital portions, as is the 
case in Bucorvus (from Buceros and Corvus), Ninox (from Nisics and Noc- 
tzta), etc." {B. A, Code.) 

10. "Nonsense names. — Some authors having found difficulty in select- 
ing generic names which have not been used before, have adopted the plan of 
coining words at random without any derivation or meaning whatever. The 
following are examples : Viralva, Xeina, Azeca, Assiminia, Quedius, Spi- 
sula. To the same class we may refer anagrams of other generic names, as 
Dacelo and Cedola of Alcedo, Zapornia of Porzana, etc. Such verbal trifling 
as this is in very bad taste, and is especially calculated to bring the science 

into contempt It is contrary to the genius of all languages, which 

appear never to produce new words by spontaneous generation, but always 
to derive them from some other source, however distant or obscure. And it 



64 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

is peculiarly annoying to the etymologist, who after seeking in vain through 
the vast storehouses of human language for the parentage of such words, 
discovers at last that he has been pursuing an ignis fatu us'' {B. A. Code?) 

11. Indicate the etymology of each name proposed. — While it is not now 
intended that names erroneously constructed shall be subject to emendation 
(see above, Canon XL. and Remarks), it is highly desirable that the etymol- 
ogy of all generic names newly proposed should be clearly indicated. 

12. Avoid names of great length, or of harsh and inelegant pronunciation. 
Words of more than five syllables should as far as possible be avoided. In 
the construction of names it is obvious that euphony should be regarded. 
Thus such names as Eschscholtsi, SylviorthorJiynchus, Strigy7n7ihemipus, 
Synthliborhainphus, Xiphidiorhynchus, Wurmizuswne, etc., are decidedly 
objectionable. 

13. Avoid comparative names. — Specific names expressive of compara- 
tive size, as 77tiiior^ 7ni7ii77ius, 77mxi77'ius, should be avoided, as they may be 
rendered inaccurate by the later discovery of additional species. Names 
denoting resemblance to another species or genus should be also avoided, as 
Picoides, E77iberizoides, Pseudohtsci7tia, rubeculoides, etc. (^B. A. Code.^ 

14. Generic names compounded from those of other genera, if not too 
long, and properly formed (not made corrupt by trying to render them 
shorter), may sometimes be adopted with advantage, since they serve to 
express the position of a genus intermediate between, or allied with, two 
other genera. {B. A. Code.) 

15. Avoid making a wrong application of the ancient names of animals. 
Names of animals found in classic authors have in numerous cases been 
applied at random to exotic genera or species wholly unknown to the 
ancients. This practice should be discouraged. The use, however, of an- 
cient names, 'whe7t correctly applied^ is most desirable, for it is better in 
framing scientific terms to select old words than to form new ones. {B. A. 
Code.) 

16. In modifying existing names — as, for instance, of genera in naming 
subgenera or sections, or of species in designating allied species — by means 
of prefixes and suffixes, the following precautions should receive attention. 
Before a Greek derivative eu- and pseudo- may be used, the former espe- 
cially in modifying generic names ; after a Greek derivative, -astru77Z^ -oides., 
or -opsis. Before a Latin derivative, sub- may be used ; after it, -ella, -U7ia, 
-iTta, -ites, etc. The prefix ezt- may be used before generic names ; the pre- 
fixes stib- 2ind pseudo- should be restricted to specific names ; the suffixes are 
applicable to either generic or specific names. Usage has justified to some 
extent the application of these modifications to words of uncertain etymology 
or arbitrary formation, in connection with which Greek syllables should be 
entirely avoided. So far as specific names are concerned, pseudo- may be 
employed when it is desired to connect the name of a species with another 
with which it has been confounded. The suffixes -ellay -una, -i/ia, are used in 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 65 

modifying a Latin generic name, to indicate that a new genus thus named is 
in some way related to the one whose name is thus modified. They are also 
used in reforming a name which is inadmissible for any reason, in order to 
preserve a suggestive and convenient similarity. For instance, Ccecilia, if 
employed for a shell, but which was found to be. preoccupied in some other 
class, might be modified to CcBcilianella^ in order that convenience in con- 
sulting indices might be conserved for the new name in connection with the 
old one. (Dall, Rep.^ p. 30.) 

17. Geographical specific names are formed by adding the suffixes -ms^ 
-ius^ -icus, -imts, -itus^ (or their feminine or neuter equivalents, as the case 
may require,) and -ejtsis, the name itself suffering no modification except in 
its termination. 

18. Manuscript names used by collectors in their notes or on labels, if 
well chosen, may be adopted, the adopter of the name of course supplying 
a description ; and he should further state that the name has not previously 
been formally introduced. Without this precaution the use of manuscript 
names is highly objectionable, and has been the source of great confusion 
and annoyance. The manuscript names of Beck, Solander, Leach, and 
others, have long been stumbling-blocks, from having been quoted by natu- 
ralists with no reference to the fact that they were unaccompanied by descrip- 
tions, and therefore without standing. (Dall, Rep., p. 33.) 

19. In subdividing an old genus it would be better to make the subdi- 
visions agree in gender with that of the original group, in order that specific 
names may be preserved unaltered. 



§ 13. Of the Transliteration of Names. 

Recommendation IV. Names adopted from languages writ- 
ten in other than Roman characters, as the Greek, Russian, 
Arabic, Japanese, etc., or from languages containing characters 
not represented in the Roman alphabet, as the Spanish, French, 
German, Scandinavian, Western Slavonian, etc., should be ren- 
dered by the corresponding Roman letters or combinations of 
letters. 

Remarks. — The transliteration of letters not Roman into those of the 
Latin alphabet is a matter of some difficulty and uncertainty, as philologists 
are not yet in agreement as to the rules. The only alphabet in regard to 
which scholars nearly agree being the Greek one, the commonly adopted 
system should be followed, and also in case of names derived from the 
modern Greek language. In regard to the other alphabets, it is to be 
recommended that in transliterating the spelling be as nearly phonetic as 

5 



66 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

possible, and in accordance with the sound indicated by the letters of the 
Latin alphabet. This is to prevent such transliterations as yessoensis for 
Jessoensis, Chernik for Tscheriiik^ y and ch having sounds in the Latin alpha- 
bet different from those which they are intended to indicate in the above 
words. There are two methods of transliterating the Russian alphabet. 
One is by rendering the letters by the corresponding Latin letters, which 
method should always be followed in geographical names, with the pro- 
viso, however, that where the Russian name in the nominative case ends 
vdth the letter ^ the ending Latinizing the word is to be appended to the 
soft consonant preceding the ^\ e. g., nom. Orloff (ending in Russian e^), 
gen. Orlovi, adject. Orlovianus, and not Orloffi, Orloffianus, this being 
in conformity with the spirit of the Russian language, which has gen. Or- 
lova. The other method of transliterating tlie Russian letters, much used 
by Russians themselves, is to render them by the corresponding letters 
of the PoHsh language. The alphabet of the latter is only quasi-Roman, 
however, though most of the letters have the same value as the Roman let- 
ters. This method of transliteration should only be resorted to when a Rus- 
sian author is in the habit of so transliterating his own name, and it is known 
to the scientific world in that form : for instance, Severzowi, and not 
Severzovi, he himself invariably spelling his name Severzow when writing 
it in Roman letters. 

In regard to names derived from the Japanese language, it is to be re- 
marked that the Japanese have now officially adopted a system of transliter- 
ation according to the " Italian pronunciation," which should be followed. 

In most modern alphabets which are based upon the Roman one occur 
a few peculiar letters which have to be transliterated, as the Spanish nj the 
French /, e, a, and fy the German a, o, ii; the Scandinavian a, pj the 
Slavonian c, etc. The Spanish n may be rendered by doubling the conso- 
nant so marked, or by ni, according to circumstances ; the French /, e, and 
d, simply by omitting the marks of accent, and q hy s ; the German d^ o, 
and //, by ce, cf, and zte ; the Scandinavian a and 0, by ao and ^ ; the Slavo- 
nian c or cz, by tsch. However, if a name has a different but settled trans- 
literation, this should be employed, as, for instance, Taczanowskii, and not 
Tatschanovskii, as the person using such transliteration must be content to 
have his name mispronounced, as in the case quoted, the usual pronunciation 
being Takzaiioivski (and we have seen it Latinized by French authors into 
Tackzanowskia f). But what about names like Tetrao mlokosiewiczii, named 
after an obscure forester somewhere in Russia? The best recommendation 
we can make is to avoid them altogether. Do not burden our nomenclature 
with names of persons whom science does not know, or with names which 
civihzed people cannot read at sight, nor pronounce when read, nor remem- 
ber when read and pronounced. 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 6/ 



§ 14. Of the Description of Zoological Objects. 

Recommendation V. When naming a new species or sub- 
species, always give a diagnosis, as short as possible, bat still 
containing all the essential features by which the species or 
subspecies may be distinguished from the other known mem- 
bers of the genus to which it is referred. Base the diagnosis 
on the type specimen, and indicate the museum where the type 
is deposited, and the catalogue number by which it may be iden- 
tified. Give a comparison with the nearest allied forms, and 
tabulate, if possible, the characters of the new form in a 'key* 
to the genus, or a section of it. 

Recommendation VI. When establishing a new genus, al- 
ways mention at least the family to which it is considered to 
belong, and a single typical species ; give then the diagnostic 
characters by which the members of the genus may be distin- 
guished from those of the allied genera. 



§ 15. Of the Bibliography of Names. 

Recommendation VI I. In preparing tables of bibliographi- 
cal references in works of a revisionary or monographic charac- 
ter, all published v^/orks which throw light upon the history of 
the organisms in question are subject to citation. 

Remarks. — The object of such citation is twofold; — (i) to afford a 
guide to the literature of the subject ; (2) to show what name or combi- 
nation of names is tenable for the organism under consideration, and the 
authorities for such names. 

Recommendation VIII. Citations are to be made in chrono- 
logical order, the earliest name given to the organism standing 
first, and the other designations following in due sequence ; 
then under each designation are to be arranged, also in chrono- 
logical order, the several works or papers which treat of the 
organism under such designation. The date of publication is 
always to be made a part of the citation. 



68 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 

Remarks. — The pre-Linnaean or early historical references are thus 
separated from the nomenclatural or synonymatic, on which, however, the lat- 
ter often depend, and are therefore historically important. All bibhographi- 
cal references are in a measure historical, but a distinction has been made 
between such as are strictly historical and those mainly biological. While 
it may be impracticable to separate them into distinct series, it will greatly 
facilitate the labor of later students of the group if authors will indicate the 
character of the knowledge conveyed in the work cited by a brief parentheti- 
cal statement following the citation, as biographical, descriptive, embryo- 
logical, monographic, geographical distribution, etc., as the case may be, — 
a practice already adopted by some writers. The extent to which biblio- 
graphical references may be profitably cited will vary with the nature of the 
work in hand, but in works of a monographic character, they should include 
all essential works, whether relating to the status of names, or to the 
development, relationship, habits, or distribution of the organism under 
consideration. 

Since pre-Linnaean authors are necessarily subject to citation, although 
their names of groups are untenable (unless later adopted by binomial writ- 
ers), the relation of their work to the science becomes duly recognized, and 
they acquire such credit as the character of their work may entitle them to 
receive. Much has been said on the score of justice in relation to the early 
authors ; and it has been claimed that to ignore their names of groups in our 
nomenclature is to do them great injustice. Your Committee, however, begs 
leave to submit, as already stated under Canon XIV., that the matter of jus- 
tice or injustice in relation to authors is not to be considered in matters of 
nomenclature, which should be based exclusively on certain general prin- 
ciples of utihty, convenience, and practicabihty. In every historical resujfze 
of our knowledge of particular groups or species, every author who has con- 
tributed to our knowledge, whether pre-Linnaean or modern, polynomial or 
binomial, receives his due modicum of recognition, meted in proportion to 
the merit of his endeavors. So that he is not only recognized in biblio- 
graphical citation, but in every sketch of the progress of our knowledge of 
the organisms about which he may have written. 

Rkcommendation IX. When the diagnostic characters or 
the limits of a group have been changed, such change should be 
shown by an abridged indication of the character of the change, 
as ' mut. char./ ' pro parte/ to follow the citation. 

§ 1 6. Of the Selection of Vernacular Najnes, 

Recommendation X. Vernacular names, though having no 
standing in scientific nomenclature, and being not strictly sub- , 



PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 69 

ject to the law of priority, have still an importance that demands 
the due exercise of care in their selection, especially with refer- 
ence to their fitness and desirability. 

Remarks- — It not infrequently happens that well-known, abundant, and 
familiar species have several nearly equally familiar vernacular designations, 
in which case the most euphonious and otherwise most fitting should be 
selected and given prominence. In the case of two equally unobjectionable 
names, the earliest should be given preference. In general, vernacular names 
may well be selected on the aicctorum piiirimorum principle. 

Since many species known to science are without vernacular names, oth- 
erwise than unknown barbarous ones, and since it is necessary, or at least 
desirable, sooner or later to supply them with vernacular designations, these 
should be as far as possible formed by translating, or in part adopting, the 
technical names of science ; and authors of monographic works, Hke, for 
example, the British Museum ' Catalogue of Birds,' or faunal works, like 
many which might be named, (but which unfortunately in too many cases 
ignore vernacular names,) would do their fellow naturalists, and through 
them the public, a favor by considerately supplying vernacular designations 
to species, particularly in such departments of Zoology as Mammalogy and 
Ornithology, and indeed Vertebrates generally, together with the belter known 
or more exemplary forms among Invertebrates. 



CHECK-LIST 



OF 



NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS, 



ACCORDING TO THE CANONS OF NOMENCLATURE 



AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. 



check-list; 



Order PYGOPODES. Diving Birds. 

Suborder PODICIPEDES. Grebes. 
Family PODIOIPID^. Grebes. 

Genus JBCHMOPHORUS Coues. 

^chnophortis Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. April, 1862, 229. Type, 
Podiccps occideiitalis Lawr. 

1. iEchmophorus Occident alls (Lawr.). 

Western Grebe. 

Podiceps occidentalis Lawr. in Baird's B. N. Am. 1858, 894. 
JEchmophorus occidejitalis Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 229, 

_^ s^ [B 704, C 608, R 729, C 845.] 

Habitat. Western North America, eastward to Manitoba. 

Genus COLYMBUS Linn^us. 

Colymbus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 135. Type, by elimination, 
Colymbus cristatus Linn. 

Subgenus COLYMBUS. 

2. Colymbus holbcellii (Reinh.). 

Holboell's Grebe. 

Podiceps holboellii Reinh. Vid. Med. 1853, ^6. 

Colymbus holbcsllii Ridgw. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 428. 

1 For a detailed statement of tlie scope and plan of the present Check-List of 
North- American Birds, see anteh, pp. 14, 15. 



74 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B 702, C 610, R 731, C 847.] 

Hab. North America at large, including Greenland, Also Eastern 
Siberia, and southward to Japan. Breeds in high latitudes, migrating 
south in winter. 

Subgenus DITTES Kaup. 

Dytcs Kaup, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 1829, 49. Type, Colymbus au- 
7dtus Linn. 

3. Golymbiis anritns Linn. 

Horned Grebe. 

Coly7nbus auriitLs Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 135. 

[B 706, C 611, R 732, C 848.] 

Hab. Northern Hemisphere. Breeds from the Northern United 
States northward. 

4. Oolymbiis iiigricollis californicns (Heerm.). 

Anserican Eared Grebe. 

Podlceps calif 07'nicus Heerm. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 179. 
Col]nnbns nigricollis californiais Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 
1885, 356. 

[B707, C 612, R733^, C 850.] 

PIab. Northern and Western North America, from the Mississippi 
Valley westward. 

Subgenus PODIGEPS Latham. 

Podiceps Lath. Ind, Orn. II. 1790, 780. Type, by elimination, Co- 
lymbus fiitviatilis TUNST. 

5. Colymbus dominicns Linn. 

St. Domingo Grebe. 

Colymbus doi^iiniais Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 223. 

[B7o8d^, C613, R734, C851.] 

Hab. Texas and Southern California southward through Tropical 
America to Paraguay, including the West Indies. 



ORDER PYGOPODES. 75 

Genus PODILYMBUS Lesson. 
Podilymbus Less. Traite, L 1831 , 595. Type, Colyuibus podiceps Linn. 

6. Podilymbus podiceps (Linn.). 

Pied-billed Grebe, 

Colyjnbus podiceps Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 136. 
Podilymbus podiceps Lawr. in Baird's B. N. Am. 1858, 898. 

[B 709, C 614, R 735» C 852.] 

Hab. British Provinces southward to Brazil, Buenos Ayres, and 
Chili, including the West Indies and the Bermudas, breeding nearly 
throughout its ran^e. 



Suborder CEPPHI. Loons and Auks. 
Family URINATORID^. Loons. 

Genus URINATOR Cuvier. 
Urinator Cuv. Anat. Comp. I. 1799, t^t)l. ii. Type, Colymbiis i?7iber 

GUNN. 

7. Urinator imber (Gunn.). 

Loon. 

Colymbus iuiber Gunnerus, Trondh. Selsk. Skr. L 1761, pi. iii. 
Urinator i/nber ^TK^y^. Orn. Expl. Kamtschat. 1885, 313. 

[B 698, C 605, R 736, C 840.] 

Hab. Northern part of Northern Hemisphere. In North America 
breeds from the northern tier of States northward ; ranges in winter 
south to the Gulf of Mexico. 

8. Urinator adamsii (Gray). 

Yellow-billed Loon. 

Colyinbns adamsii Q\\k\^ P. Z. S. 1859, 167. 

Urinator adamsii Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, 43. 



'jS CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B— C6o5^, R737, C841.] 

Hab. Arctic America, west of Hudson's Bay. Casual in Northern 
Europe and Asia. 

9. Urinator arcticus (Linn.). 

Black-throated Loon. 

Colymbus arcticus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 135. 
Urinator arcticus Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, 43. 

[B 699, C 606, R 738, C 842.] 

Hab. Northern part of the Northern Hemisphere. In North Amer- 
ica migrating south in winter to the Northern United States. 

10. Urinator pacificus (Lawr.). 

Pacific Loon. 

Colymbus pacificus Lawr. in Baird's B. N. Am. 1858, 889. 
Urinator pacificus Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, 43. 

[B 700, C 606 <2, R 739, C 843.] 

Hab. Pacific coast of North America, south in winter to Cape 
St. Lucas and Guadalupe Island. 

11. Urinator lumme (Gunn.). 

Red-throated Loon. 

Colymbus Iwnme Gunn. Trend. Selsk. Skr. I. 1761, pi. ii. fig. 2. 
Urinator Imnme Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, 43. 

[B 701, C 607, R 740, C 844.] 

Hab. Northern part of Northern Hemisphere, migrating southward 
in winter nearly across the United States. 

Family ALCID-^. Auks, Murres, and Puffins. 
Subfamily FRATBRCULIN^. Puffins. 

Genus LUNDA Pallas. 

Lunda Pall. Zoog. Rosso-As. H. 1826, 363. Ty^^^ Alca cirrhata 
Pall. 



ORDER PYGOPODES. 'J'J 

12. Lunda cirrhata Pall. 

Tufted Puffin. 

Alca cirrhata Pall. Spic. Zool. V. 1769, 7, pi. i., pi. ii. figs, i, 2, 3. 
Lunda cirrhata Pall. Zoog. Rosso-As. II. 1826, 363, pi. 82. 

[B712, 716, C 619, R 745, C 856.] 

Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific from California to 
Alaska, and from Japan to Bering's Strait. Accidental on the coast 
of Maine. 

Genus FRATERCULA Brisson. 
Fratercula Briss. Orn. VI. 1760, 81. Type, Alca arctica Linn. 

13. Fratercula arctica (Linn.). 

Puffin. 

Alca arctica Linn. S. N. ed, 10, I. 1758, 13. 
Fratercula arctica Schaffer, Mus. Orn. 1789, 61. 

[B 715, C 618, R 743, C 854.] 

Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Atlantic, breeding on the 
North American coast from the Bay of Fundy northward. South in 
winter to Long Island, and casually further. 

13^. Fratercula arctica glacialis (Temm.). 

Large-billed Puffin. 

MormoJi glacialis "Leach," Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2d ed. II. 1820, 933. 
Fratercula arctica ^glacialis Blasius, List B. Europ. 1862, 24. 

[B714, C6i8d^, R743^, C855.] 

Hab. Coasts and islands of the Arctic Ocean, from Spitzbergen to 
Baffin's Bay. 

14. Fratercula corniculata (Naum.). 

Horned Puffin. 

Mormon corniculata Naum. Isis, 1821, 782, pi. vii. figs. 3, 4. 
Fratercula corniculata Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Pdtersb. II. 1837, 348. 

[B 713, C 617, R 744, C 853.] 

Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from the Kurile 
Islands to Sitka. 



78 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Subfamily PHALBRIN.*^. Auklets, Murrelets, Guillemots. 

Genus CERORHINCA Bonaparte. 

Cerorhinca Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1828, 427. Type, C. occidentalis 
Bp. =: A lea jno7wce?ata Pall. 

15. Cerorhinca monocerata (Pall.). 

Rhinoceros Auklet. 

A lea monoeerata Pall. Zoog. Rosso- As. II. 1826, 362. 
Cerorhina 7nonocerata Cass, in Baird's B. N. Am. 1858, 905. 

[B 717, 718, C 620, R 746, C 857.] 

Hab. Coasts and islands of tlie North Pacific, breeding southward 
to California and Japan ; in winter, southward to Lower California. 

Genus PTYCHORAMPHUS Brandt. 

Ptychoi'amphus Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. II. 1837, 347. Type, 
Uf-ia aleittica Pall. 

16. Ptychoramphus aleuticus (Pall.). 

Cassin's Auklet. 

Uria aleutica Pall. Zoog. Rosso-As. II. 1726, 370. 
Ptyehoramphtts aleutieiis Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. II. 1837, 
347. 

[B724, C625, R75i,C862.] 

Hab. Pacific coast of North America, from the Aleutian Islands to 
San Diego, breeding southward to the Farallones. 

Genus CYCLORRnYNCHUS Kaup. 

Cyelorrhynchus Kaup, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 1829, 15. Type, Alca 
psittaeiila Pall. 

17. Cyelorrhynchus psittaculus (Pall.). 

Paroquet Auklet. 

Alca psiitacula Pall. Spic. Zool. V. 1760, 13, pi. ii., pi. v. figs. 4-6. 
Cyclorkynclnis psitiaculics Stejn: Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. Aug. 5, 
1884, 216. 



ORDER PYGOPODES. 79 

[B 725, C 621, R 747, C 858.] 

Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from the Aleutian 
and Kurile Islands northward. 

Genus BIMORHYNCHUS Merrem. 

Subgenus SIMORHYNCHUS. 

Simorhynchus Merrem, in Ersch & Gruber's Encycl. i sect. II. 
1819,405. Ty^e^ A ica cristatellaYAiAu. 

18. Simorhynchus cristatellus (Pall.). 

Crested Auklet, 

Alca cristatdlla Pall. Spic. Zool. V. 1769, 20, pi. iii., pi. v. figs, 7-9. 
Simorhynchus cristatellus Bonap. Compt. Rend. XLII. 1856, 774. 

[B 719, 720, C 622, R 748, C 859.] 

Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from Kadiak and 
Japan northward. 

Subgenus PHALERIS Temminck. 

Phaleris Temm. Man. Orn. 1820, p. cxii. Type, by elimination, Alca 
Pygincea Gmel. 

19. Simorhynchus pygmssus (Gmel.). 

■Whiskered Auklet. 

Alca pygjncsa Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 555. 

Simorhynchus pygjncsus Brandt, Mel. Biol. VII. 1869, 222. 

[B 721, C 623, R 749, C 860.] 

Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from Unalashka 
through the Aleutian chain to Kamtschatka. 

Subgenus CICERONIA Reichenbach 

Ciceronici Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. ili. Type, Phaleris fnicroceros 
Brandt = Uriapusilla Pall. 

20. Simorhynchus pusillus (Pall.). 

Least Auklet. 

Uria pusilla Pall. Zoog. Rosso- As. II. 1826, 373, pi. 70. 
Simorhynchus pusillus Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 324. 



8o CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B722, 723, C 624, R 750, C 861.] 

Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from Sitka and Japan 
northward to Bering's Strait. 



Genus SYNTHLIBORAMPHUB Brandt. 

Syiithliboramphus Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. II. 1837, 347. 
Type, A lea antiqua Gmel. 

21. Bynthliboramphus antiquns (Gmel.). 

Ancient Murrelet. 

Alca ajitigua Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 554. 

Sy7ithlibora7nphus antiquus Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. II. 1837, 
347- 

[B 734, 736, C 627, R 753, 759, C 864, 870.] 

Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from Sitka and Japan 
northward. Accidental in Wisconsin. 

22. Synthliboramphus wumizusume (Temm.). 

Temminck's Murrelet. 

Uria wumizjistane Temm. PL Col. 1838, 579. 

SynthliborhavipJms wiimizustime Reich. Vollst. Naturg. Vog. Na- 
tatores, 1845, pi, iv. fig. 31. 

[B 737, C 628, R 754, C 865.] 

Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from Washington 
Territory northward, and Japan. 

Genus BRACHYRAMPHUS Brandt. 

Brachyramphus Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. II. 1837, 346. Type, 
Colyjnbus mar?norattis Gmel. 

23. Brachyramphus marmoratus (Gmel.). 

Marbled Murrelet. 

Colyjnbiis marmoratus Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 583. 
Brachyrajnphus marmoratus Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. II. 
1837, 346. 

[B 732, 733, C 629, R 755, C 866.] 



ORDER PYGOPODES. 8 1 

Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific ; on the American 
coast from San Diego northward, and breeding as far south as Van- 
couver Island. 

24. Brachyramphus kittlitzii Brandt. 

Kittlitz's Murrelet. 

Brachyramphus kittlitzii^v.K^T>i:, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. II. 1837, 346. 
[B 735. C 630, R 756, C 867.] 
Hab. Kamtschatka and Aleutian Islands, east to Unalashka. 

25. Brachyramphus hypoleucus Xantus. 

Xantus's Murrelet. 

Brachyrhamphus hypoleucus Xantus, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Nov. 
1859, 299. 

[B - C -, R 757, C 868.] 

Hab. Coast of Southern California, from San Diego to Cape 
St. Lucas. 

26. Brachyramphus craveri (Salvad.). 

Craveri's Murrelet. 

Uria craveri Salvad. Atti See. It. Sc. Nat. VIIL 1866, Estr. p. 17. 
Brachyrhamphus craverii CouES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, 66. 

[B -, C -, R 758, C 869.] 

Hab. Island of Natividad, Gulf of California. 

Genus CEPPHUS Pallas. 

Cepphus Pall. Spic. Zool. V. 1769, 33. Type, C. lacteolus Pall. 
== C grylle, albino. 

27. Cepphus grylle (Linn.). 

Black Guillemot. 

A lea grylle Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 130. 

Cepphus grylle Brehm, Handb. Vog. Deutschl. 1831, 987. 

[B ^26, part, C 62,1, part, R ']6o,part, C 871,/^r/.] 

Hab. Coasts of Northern Europe, south to Denmark and the Brit- 
ish Islands. Coast of Maine, south in winter to Philadelphia ; New- 
foundland (?). 

6 



82 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

28. Cepphus mandtii (Light.). 

Mandt's Guillemot. 

Uria 77iandtii Light, in Mandt's Obs. I tin. Dissert. 1822, 30. 
Cepphus mandtii ^v. Cat. Parzud. 1856, 12. 

[B '] 26, part^ C 62,1, part, R 760, /^r/, C 871,/^r/.] 

Hab. Arctic regions of both continents ; south on the Atlantic 
coast of North America in winter to New Jersey, breeding to Hud- 
son's Bay and Labrador ; Alaskan coast, south, in winter, to Norton 
Sound. 

29. Cepphus columba Pall. 

Pigeon Guillemot. 

Cepphus colutnba Pall. Zoog. Rosso-As. II. 1826, 348. 

[B 727, C 632, R 761, C 872.] 

Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, southward from 
Bering's Strait to Northern Japan and Southern California. 

Subfamily ALCINJE. Auks and Murres. 

Genus URIA Brisson. 

Uria Briss. Orn. VI. 1760, 70. Type, by elimination, Colymbus 
trail e Linn. 

30. Uria troile (Linn.). 

Murre. 

Colymbus troile Linn. Faun. Suae. ed. 1761, 52; S N. ed. 12, I. 

1766, 220. 
Uria troile Lath. Ind. Orn. II. 1790, 796. 

[B 729, 730, C 634, R 763, C 874.] 

Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Atlantic, southward on the 
coast of North America, in winter, to Southern New England ; breeding 
from Nova Scotia northward. 

30 a. Uria troile calif ornica (Bryant). 

California Murre. 

Catarractes calif ornicus Bryant, Pr. Best. See. 1861, 11, figs. 3, 5. 
Uria troile calif ornica Ridgw. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 483. " 



ORDER PYGOPODES. 83 

[B — , C -, R 763 ^, C 875.] 

Hab. Coasts and islands of the, North Pacific, breeding from Cali- 
fornia north to the Prybilof Islands. 

31. Una lomvia (Linn.). 

Briinnich's Murre. 

Alca lomvia Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 130. 

Uria lo7}ivia Bryant, Proc. Best. See. N. H. VIII. May, 1861, 75. 

[B 731, C 635, R 764^, C 876.] 

Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Atlantic and Eastern Arctic 
Oceans ; south on the Atlantic coast of North America to New Jersey, 
breeding from the Gulf of St. Lawrence northward. 

2>\a. Uria lomvia arra (Pall.). 

Pallas's Murre. 

Cepphiis arra Pall. Zoog. Rosso- As. II. 1826, 347. 

Uria lomvia arra Ridgw. Water B. N. Am. II. Sept. 1884, 485. 

[B -, C -, R 764, C -.] 

Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific and Western Arctic 
Oceans. 

Genus ALCA Linn^us. 

Alca Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 130. Type, by elimination, Alca 
tor da Linn. 

32. Alca torda Linn. 

Razor-billed Auk. 

Alca torda Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 130. 

[B711, C 616, R 742, C877.] 

Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Atlantic, south in winter on 
the North American coast to Southern New England. 

Genus PLAUTUS BRtJNNicH. 
Plautus BiiiJNN. Zool. Fund. 1772, 'j^. Type, Alca itnpennis Linn. 



84 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

33. Plautus impennis (Linn.). 

Great Auk. 

Alca i77tpen7iis Linn. S. N. ed. lo, I. 1758, 130. 

Plautus i7npennis Steenstr. Vid. Med. Nat. For. KjVb. 1855, 114. 

[B 710, C 615, R 741, C 878.] 

Hab. Formerly the coasts and islands of the North Atlantic, from 
Massachusetts and Ireland northward nearly to the Arctic Circle. 
Believed to be now extinct. 



Subfamily ALLIN-<^. Dovekies. 



Genus ALLE Link. 

Alle Link, Beschr. Nat. Samml. Univ. Rostock, I. 1806, 17. Type, 
Alca alle Linn. 

34. Alle alle (Linn.). 
Dovekie. 

Alca alle Linn. S. N. ed. 10^ I. 1758, 131. 

Alle alle Stejneger, Stand. Nat. Hist. IV. 1885, 69. 

[B 738, C 626, R 752, C 863.] 

Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Atlantic and Eastern Arctic 
Oceans ; in North America south in winter to New Jersey ; breeds in 
high northern latitudes. 



Order LONGIPENNES. Long-winged 
Swimmers. 

Family STEROORARIID^. Skuas and Jaegers. 

Genus MEG-ALESTRIS Bonaparte. 

Megalestris Bonap. Cat. Parzudaki, 1856, 11. Type, Catharacta skua 
Brijnn. 



ORDER LONGIPENNES. 8$ 

35. Megalestris skua (Brunn.). 

Skua. 

Catharacta skua Brunn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 33. 

Megalestris skua Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Sept. 4, 1880, 208. 

[B 652, C 539, R 696, C 764-] 

Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Atlantic, chiefly northward. 
South to Spain and Massachusetts. Apparently rare on the coast of 
North America. 

Genus STERCORARIUS Brisson. 

Stercorarhis Briss. Orn. V. 1760, 149. Type, Larus parasiticus 
Linn. 

36. Stercorarius pomarinus (Temm.). 

Pomarine Jaeger. 

Larus pomarinus T-EMM. Man. d'Orn. 1815, 514. 

Stercorarius pomarinus Nysma.. Nouv. Diet. XXXII. 1819, 158. 

[B 653, C 540, R 697, C 765.] 

Hab. Seas and inland waters of northern portions of the Northern 
Hemisphere, south in winter to Africa and Australia, and probably 
South America. Not known to occur in winter on the Atlantic coast 
of North America north of Long Island. 

37. Stercorarius parasiticus (Linn.). 

Parasitic Jaeger. 

Larus parasiticus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 136. 
Stercorarius parasiticus Schaff. Mus. Orn. 1789, 62, pi. 37. 

[B 654, C 541, R 698, C 766.] 

Hab. Northern part of Northern Hemisphere, southward in winter 
to South Africa and South America. Breeds in high northern dis- 
tricts, and winters from the Middle States and California southward 
to Brazil and Chili. 

38. Stercorarius longicaudus Vieill. 

Long-tailed Jaeger. 

Stercorarius longicaudus Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XXXII. 1819, 157. 



86 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B 655, C 542, R 699, C 767.] 

Hab. Northern part of Northern Hemisphere, breeding in high 
northern districts ; south in winter to the Gulf of Mexico. 

Family LARID-ffl. Gulls and Terns. 
Subfamily LARIN-ffl. Gulls. 

Genus GAVIA Boie. 

Gavia Bote, Isis, 1822, id^t- Type, Larus eburneus Phipps = Z«- 
rus albus Gunn. 

39. Gavia alba (Gunn.). 

Ivory Gull. 

Larus albus Gunn. in Leem's Beskr. Finm. Lapp. 1767, 285. 
Gavia alba Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, 39. 

[B 676, 677, C 550, R 657, C 785] 

Hab. Arctic Seas, south in winter on the Atlantic coast of North 
America to Labrador and Newfoundland, casually to New Brunswick, 
and on the Pacific side to Bering's Sea. 

Genus RISSA Stephens. 

Rissa "Leach," Steph. Gen. Zool. XIII. 1825, 180. Type, Larus 
tridactylus Linn. 

40. Rissa tridactyla (Linn.). 

Kittiwake. 

Larus tridactyhis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 136. 
Rissa tridactyla Bonap. Comp. List, 1838, 62. 

[B 672, C 552, R 658, C 782.] 

Hab. Arctic regions, south in Eastern North America in winter to 
the Great Lakes and the Middle States. 

40 «. Rissa tridactyla poUicaris Ridgw. 

Pacific Kittiwake. 

Rissa tridactyla poUicaris " Stejn. MS." Ridgw. Water B. N. Am. 
II. 1884, 202. 



ORDER LONGIPENNES. 87 

[B— ,0552^, R 658^, C 783.] 
Hab. Coasts of North Pacific and Bering's Sea. 

41. Rissa brevirostris (Bruch). 

Ked-legged Kittiwake. 

Larus brevirostris Bruch, J. f. O. 1853, 103. 

Rissa brevirostris Lawr. in Baird's B. N. Am. 1858, 855. 

[B 674, 675, C 553, R 659, C 784.] 

Hab. Coast and islands of Bering's Sea. 

Genus LARUS Linn^us. 

Larus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 136. Type, by elimination, L. 
canus Linn. 

42. Larus glaucus Brunn. 

Glaucous Gull. 

Lartis glaucus Brunn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 44. 

[B 656, C 543, R 660, C 768.] 

Hab. Arctic regions, south in winter in North America to the 
Great Lakes and Long Island. North Pacific. 

43. Larus leucopterus Faber. 

Iceland Gull. 

Larus leucopterus Faber, Prodr. Isl. Orn. 1822, 91. 

[B 658, C 544, R 661, C 769.] 

Hab. Arctic regions, south in winter in North America to Massa- 
chusetts, occasionally much further south. 

44. Larus glaucescens Naum. 

Glaucous-winged Gull. 

Larus glaucescens Naum. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. X. 1840, 351. 

[B6s7, 659, C545, R662, C770.] 

Hab. Pacific coast of North America, from Alaska south to Cali- 
fornia ; on the Asiatic side south to Japan. 



88 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

45. Larus kumlieni Brewst. 

Kumlien's Gull. 

Larus kumlietii^^Y.-sN?>i:. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VIII. 1883, 216. 

[B- C-,R- C-.] 

Hab. North Atlantic coast of North America, breeding in Cum- 
berland Gulf ; south in winter to the coast of the Middle States. 

46. Larus nelsoni Hensh. 

Nelson's Gull. 

Larus nelsoni Hensh. Auk, I. July, 1884, 250. 
[B _ c -, R -, C -.] 
Hab. Coast of Norton Sound, Alaska. 

47. Larus marinus Linn. 

Great Black-backed Gullo 

Larus marinus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 136. 

[B 660, C 546, R 663, C 771.] 

Hab. Coasts of the North Atlantic ; south in winter to Long Island 
and Italy. 

48. Larus schistisagus Stejn. 

Slaty-backed Gull. 

Larus schistisagus Stejn. Auk, I. July, 1884, 231. 

[B _ C -, R -, C -.] 

Hab. North Pacific, chiefly on the Asiatic side; Herald Island, 
Arctic Ocean, and Alaska. 

49. Larus occidentalis Aud. 

Western Gull. 

Larus occidejitalis Aud. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 320- 

[B 662, 547-^, R 664, C 774.] 

Hab. Pacific coast of North America, breeding from Southern 
California northward. 



ORDER LONGIPENNES. 89 

[50.] Larus affinis Reinh. 

Siberian Gull. 

Larus affinis Reixh. Vid. Med. 1853, 78. 

[B - C - R 665, C 776.] 

Hab. Greenland ; Asia and Europe, southward in winter to North 
Africa. 

51. Larus argentatus Brunn. 

Herring Gull 

Larus argentatus Brunn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 44. 

[B - C 547, R 666, C 772.] 

Hab. Old World, south to the Azores ; Cumberland Sound ; occa- 
sional on the eastern coast of the United States. 

51 a. Larus argentatus smithsonianus Coues. 

American Herring Gull. 

Lartis smithsonianus Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 296. 
Larus argentatics var. smithsonianus CouES, Check List, 1873, 
no. 547 «. 

[B661, C 547^, R666^, C 773.] 

Hab. North America generally, breeding on the Atlantic coast 
from Maine northward ; in winter south to Cuba and Lower California. 

52. Larus cachinnans Pall. 

Pallas's Gull. 

Larus cachinnans P.\ll. Zoog. Rosso-As. IL 1826, 318. 
[B -, C -, R 667, C 775.] 
Hab. Asia, from the Red Sea to the Pacific and Arctic Oceans; 
coast of Alaska, south in winter to California. 

53. Larus californicus Lawr. 

California Gull. 

Larus californicus Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. VL 1854, 79. 

[B 663, 0548^, R 668, C 777.] 
Hab. Western Province of North America, from Alaska to Mexico. 



90 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

54. Larus delawarensis Ord. 

King-billed Gull. 

Larus delawareitsis Ord, Guthrie's Geog. 2d Am. ed. 18 15, 319. 

[B 664, C 548, R 669, C 778.] 

Hab. North America at large ; south in winter to Cuba and 
Mexico. 

55. Larns bracliyrhynchus Rich. 

Sliort-billed Gull. 

Larus brachyrhynchus Rich. F. B. A. II. 1831, 421. 

[B 665, 673, C 549, R 670, C 780.] 

Hab. Arctic America and Pacific coast, south in winter to Southern 
California. 

\^^^ Larus canus Linn. 

Mew Gull. 
Larus canus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 136. 
[B_ C- R67i,C779.] 
Hab. Europe and Asia ; accidental in Labrador. 

57. Larus heermanni Cass. 

Heermann's Gull. 

Lams heer7na7mt Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VI. 1852, 187. 

[B666, C551, R672, C 781.] 

Hab. Pacific coast of North America, from British Columbia to 
Panama. 

58. Larus atricilla Linn. 

Laughing Gull. 

Larus atricilla Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I". 1758, 136. 

[B 667, C 554, R 673, C 786.] 

Hab. Eastern tropical and warm temperate America, chiefly along 
the sea-coast, from Maine to Brazil ; Pacific coast of Middle America. 



ORDER LONGIPENNES. QI 

59. Lams franklinii Sw. & Rich. 

Franklin's Gull. 

Lams franklinii Sw. & Rich. F. B. A. II. 1831, 424, pi. 71. 

[B 668, 669, C 555, R 674, C 787.] 

Hab. Interior of North America, breeding chiefly north of the 
United States ; south in winter to Central and South America. 

60. Larus Philadelphia (Ord). 

Bonaparte's Gull. 

Ste7'na Philadelphia Ord, Guthrie's Geog. 2d Am. ed. II. 1815, 319. 
Larus Philadelphia Gray, List Brit. B. 1863, 235. 

[B 670, C 556, R 675, C 788.] 

Hab. Whole of North America, breeding mostly north of the 
United States ; south in winter to Mexico and Central America. 

Genus RHODOSTETHIA Macgillivray. 

Rhodostethia Macgil. Man. Brit. Orn. II. 1842, 253. Type, Larus 
roseus Macgil. 

61. Rhodostethia rosea (Macgil.). 

Ross's Gull. 

Larus roseus Macgil. Mem. Warn. Soc. V. 1824, 249. 
Rhodostethia rosea Bonap. Rev. Crit. Orn. Eur. Degland, 1850, 201. 

[B 678, C 557, R 676, C 789.] 

Hab. Arctic regions ; Point Barrow, Alaska ; Melville Peninsula ; 
England, Faroes, Heligoland, etc. 

Genus XEMA Leach. 

Xema "Leach," Ross's Voy. App. 1819, p. Ivii. Type, Lariis 
sabinii Sab. 

^2. Xema sabinii (Sab.). 

Sabine's Gull. 

Larus sabinii]. Sab. Trans. Linn. Soc. XII. 1818, 520, pi. 29. 
Xema sabini Edw. & Beverl. App. Ross's Voy. Baff. Bay, 4to ed. 
1 8 19, Ivii. 



92 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B 680, C 558, R 677, C 790.] 

Hab. Arctic regions ; in North America south in winter to New 
York, the Great Lakes, and Great Salt Lake ; casual south to Peru. 

Subfamily STBRNINiE. Terns. 
Genus GELOCHELIDON Brehm. 

Gelochelido7t Brehm, Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. 1831, 774. Type, G. 
meridionalis Brehm = Sterna nilotica Hasselq. 

63. Gelochelidon nilotica (Hasselq.). 

Gull-billed Tern. 

Sterna nilotica Hasselq. Reise nach Pal. Deutsche Ausg. 1762, 325. 
Gelochelidon nilotica Stejn. Auk, I. Oct. 1884, 366. 

[B 681, C 560, R 679, C 792.] 

Hab. Nearly cosmopolitan ; in North America chiefly along the 
Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. 



Genus STERNA Linn^us. 

Subgenus THALASSEUS Boie. 

Thalasseus Boie, I sis, 1822, 563. Type, Sterna caspia Pall. = 6". 
tschegrava Lepech. 

64. Sterna tschegrava Lepech. 

Caspian Tern. 

Sterna tschegrava Lepech. Nov. Comm. Petrop. XIV. 1770, 500, 
pi. 13, fig. 2. 

[B 682, C 561, R 680, C 793.] 

Hab. Nearly cosmopolitan ; in North America breeding southward 
to Virginia, Lake Michigan, Texas, Nevada, and California. 

Subgenus ACTOCHELIDON Kaup. 

Actochelidon Kaup, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 1829, 31. Type, Ste?'na 
cantiaca Gmel. = S. sandvicetisis Gmel. 



ORDER LONGIPENNES. 93 

65. Sterna maxima Bodd. 

Koyal Tern. 

Sterna maxi7na Bodd. Tabl. P. E. 1783, $Z. 

[B683, C562, R68i,C794.] 

Hab. Tropical America, and warmer parts of North America, north- 
ward to Massachusetts, the Great Lakes, and California. West coast 
of Africa, north to Tangiers. 

66. Sterna elegans Game. 

Elegant Tern. 

Sterna elegatts Game. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. IV. 1848, 129. 
[B 684, C 563, R 682, C 795.] 
Hab. Pacific coast of America, from California to Chili. 

67. Sterna sandvicensis acuflavida (Cabot), 

Cabot's Tern. 

Sterna acuflavida Cabot, Pr. Boston Soc. N. H. II. 1847, 257. 
Sterna sattdvicensis acuflavida RiDGW. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 
288. 

[B 685, C'564, R 683, C 796.] 

Hab. Tropical America, northward along the Atlantic coast, irregu- 
larly, to Southern New England. 



Subgenus STERNA. 

Sterna Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 137. Type, by elimination, S. 
hirnndo LiNN. 



[68.] Sterna trudeaui Aud. 

Trudeau's Tern. 

Sterna trudeaui Avd. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 125, pi. 409. 

[B687, C 571, R684, C 802.] 

Hab. Southern South America. Casual, or accidental, on the At- 
lantic coast of the United States (New Jersey, Long Island). 



94 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

69. Sterna forsteri Nutt. 

Forster's Tern. 

Sterna forsteri YkXiiiT. Man. II. 1834, 274. 

[B 691, 686, C 566, R 685, C 798.] 

Hab. North America generally, breeding from Manitoba south- 
ward to Virginia, Illinois, Texas, and California ; in winter southward 
to Brazil. 

70. Sterna hirundo Linn. 

Common Tern. 

Sterna hirundo Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 137. 

[B 689, C 565, R 686, C 797.] 

Hab. Greater part of the Northern Hemisphere and Africa. In 
North America chiefly confined to the Eastern Province, breeding 
from the Arctic coast, somewhat irregularly, to Florida and Texas, and 
wintering northward to Virginia. Apparently not occurring in the 
Pacific. 

71. Sterna paradissea Brunn. 

Arctic Tern. 

Ste7'na paradiscea Brunn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 46. 

[B 690, 693, C 567, 568, R 687, C 799.] 

Hab. Northern Hemisphere ; in North America breeding from 
Massachusettf. to the Arctic regions, and wintering southward to Vir- 
ginia and California. 

72. Sterna dougalli Montag. 

Roseate Tern. 

Sterna dougalli Montag. Orn. Diet. Suppl. 1813, — . 

[B 692, C 569, R 688; C 800.] 

Hab. Temperate and tropical regions ; north on the Atlantic coast 
of North America to Massachusetts, and casually to Maine. 

73. Sterna aleutica Baird. 

Aleutian Tern. 

Sterna aleutica Batrd, Tr. Chicago Ac. Nat. Sci. I. 1869, 321, 
pl- 3^ fig- I- 



ORDER LONGIPENNES. 95 

[B — , C 572, R 689, C 803.] 
Hab. Coast of Alaska from Kadiak to Norton Sound. 

Subgenus STERNULA Boie. 
Sternula Boie, Isis, 1822, 563. Type, Sterna minuta Linn. 

74. Sterna antillarum (Less.). 

Least Tern. 

Sternula antillariun Less. Descr. Mam. et Ois. 1847, 256, 
Ster?ia afitillarnni Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 552. 

[B 694, C 570, R 690, C 801.] 

Hab. Northern South America, northward to California and New 
England, and casually to Labrador, breeding nearly throughout its 
range. 

Subgenus HALIPLANA Wagler. 

Haliplana Wagl. Isis, 1832, 1224. Type, Ste7'na ftiUginosa Gmel. 

75. Sterna fuUginosa Gmel. 

Sooty Tern. 

Sterna fuUginosa Gmel. S. N. L ii. 1788, 605. 

[B 688, C 573, R 691, C 804.] 

Hab. Tropical and subtropical coasts of the globe. In America 
from Chili to Western Mexico and the Carolinas, and casually to New 
England. 

[76.] Sterna anaethetus Scop. 

Bridled Tern. 

Sterna ancBthetus Scop. Del. Faun, et Flor. Ins. II. 1786, no. 72, 92. 
[B — , C 574, R 692, C 805.] 
Hab. Tropical regions generally. Casual in Florida. 

Genus HYDROCHELIDON Boie. 
Hydrochelidon Boie, Isis, 1822, 563. Type, Sterna nigra Linn. 



96 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

77. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (Gmel.). 

Black Tern. 

Sterna surinamensis Gmel. S. N. I, ii. 1788, 604. 

Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 40. 

[B 695, C 575, R 693, C 806.] 

Kab. Temperate and tropical America. From Alaska and the 
Fur Countries to Chili, breeding from the Middle United States 
northward. 

[78.] Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Meisn. & Schinz). 

Wliite- winged Black Tern. 

Ste7'7ta leucoptera Meisn. & Schinz, Vog. Schweiz, 181 5, 264. 
Hydrochelidon leucoptera Boie, Isis, 1822, 563. 

[B— , Cs75^/>, R694, C807.] 

Hab. Eastern Hemisphere, accidental in North America (Wis- 
consin). 

Genus ANOUS Stephens. 

Anous Steph. Gen. Zool. XIII. pt. i. 1826, 139. Type, Sterna sto- 
lida Linn. 

79. Anous stolidus (Linn.). 

Noddy. 

Sterna stolida Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 137. 
Anous stolid7is Gray, List Gen. B. 184 1, 100. 

[B 696, C 576, R 695, C 808.] 

Hab. Tropical and subtropical regions ; in America from Brazil 
and Chili north to the Gulf and South Atlantic States. 



Family RYNCHOPIDJE. Skimmers. 

Genus RYNCHOPS Linn. 
Rynchops Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 138. Type, R. nigra LiNn. 



ORDER TUBINARES. 97 

80. Rynchops nigra Linn. 

Black Skimmer. 

Rynchops nigra Linn. S. N. ed. io, L 1758, 228. 

[B 697, C 577, R 656, C 809.] 

Hab. Warmer parts of America, north on the Atlantic coast to 
New Jersey, and casually to the Bay of Fundy. 



Order TUBINARES. Tube-nosed 

SWLMMERS. 
Family DIOMEDEID^E. Albatrosses. 

Genus DIOMEDEA Linn^us. 
Diomedea Linn. S. N. ed. to, L 1758, 132. Type, D. exulans Linn. 

81. Diomedea nigripes Aud. 

Black-footed Albatross. 

Diomedea nigripes Aud. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 327. 
[B— C579, R700, C811.] 
Hab. North Pacific, including west coast of North America. 

82. Diomedea albatrus Pall. 

Short-tailed Albatross. 

Diomedea albatrus Pall. Spic. Zool. V. 1769, 28. 

[B 631, C 578, R 701, C 810.] 

Hab. Pacific Ocean, including western coast of America, north- 
ward to Bering's Sea. 

Genus THALASSOGERON Ridgway. 

Thalassogeron Ridgw, Water B. N. Am. H. 1884, 357- Type, Dio- 
medea culminata Gould. 
7 



98 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[83.] Thalassogeron culminatus (Gould). 

Yellow-nosed Albatross. 

Diomedea cuhnijiata Gould, P. Z. S. 1843, lo?* 

Thalassogeron culminatus Ridgw. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 358. ■ 

[B 632, C — , R 702, C — .] 

Hab. Indian and South Pacific Oceans : casual off the coast of 
Oregon. 

Genus PHCBBETRIA Reichenbach. 

Phcebetria Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p-. v. Type, Dio7nedea fuliginosa 
Gmel. 

84. Phcebetria fuliginosa (Gm.). 

Sooty Albatross. 

Diomedea fuliginosa Gmel. S N. I. ii. 1788, 568. 
PhcEbetria fuliginosa Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. v. 

[B 633, C 580, R 703, C 812.] 

Hab. Oceans of the Southern Hemisphere, northward to the coast 
of Oregon. 



Family PROOELLARIID-^. Fulmars and Shearwaters. 
Subfamily PROCELLARIIN^. Fulmars. 

Genus OSSIFRAGA Hombron & Jacquinot. 

Ossifraga Home. & Jacq. Compt. Rend XVIII. 1844, 356. Type, 
Procellaria gigantea Gmel. 

[85.] Ossifraga gigantea (Gm.). 

Giant Fulmar. 

Procellaria gigantea Gmel. S- N. I. ii. 1788, 563. 
Ossifraga gigantea Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. iv. 

[B 634, C 581, R 704, C 813.] 

Hab. Southern Oceans ; casual off the coast of Oregon. 



ORDER TUBINARES. 99 

Genus TULMARUS Stephens. 
Subgenus FULMARUS. 

Fuhnarus Stephens, Gen. Zool. XIII. pt i. 1826, 233. Type, Pro- 
cellaria glacialis Linn. 

86. Fulmarus glacialis (Linn.). 

Fulmar. 

Procellaria glacialis Linn. Faun. Suec. 2d ed. 1761, 51 ; S. N. ed. 12, 

L 1766, 213. 
Fulmarus glacialis Steph. Gen. Zool. XIII. pt. i. 1826, 234, pi. 27. 

[B 635, C 582, R 705, C 814.] 

Hab. North Atlantic, south on the American coast to Massa- 
chusetts. 

86 «. Fulmarus glacialis minor Kj^rbcelling. 

Lesser Fulmar. 

Procellaria minor Kj^rb. Danm. Fugle, 1852, 324. 
Fulmarus glacialis h. 7ninor V>o^ap. Consp. II. 1856, 187. 

[B - C -, R -, C -.] 

Hab. North Atlantic. 

86^. Fulmarus glacialis glupischa Stejn. 

Pacific Fulmar. 

Fulmarus glacialis glupischa Stejn. Auk, I. July, 1884, 234. 
[B 636, C 582^, R 705^, C 815.] 
Hab. North Pacific, south on the American coast to Mexico. 

86 r. Fulmarus glacialis rodgersii (Cass.). 

Rodgers's Fulmar. 

Fubnartis rodgersii Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 290. 
Fuhnarus glacialis var. rodgersi Coues, Key, 1872, 327. 

[B— , C582^, R 705^, C816.] 

Hab. Bering's Sea. 



100 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Subgenus PRIOCELLA. Hombron & Jacquinot. 

Priocella Home. & Jacq. Compt. Rend. XVIII. 1844, 1^1 . Type, 
P. garnoti Home. & Jacq. = Procellaj-ia glacialoides Smith. 

87. Fulmarus glacialoides (Smith). 

Slender-billed Fulmar. 

Procellaria glacialoides Smith, Illustr. S. Afr. B. 1849 (?), t. 51. 
Fulmarus glacialoides Stejn. Auk, 1884, p. 233. 

[B 637, C 583, R 706, C 817.] 

Hab. Seas of the Southern Hemisphere, and northward along Pa- 
cific coast of North America. 

Genus PUFFINUS Brisson. 

Puffinus Briss. Orn. VI. 1760, 131. Type, Procellaria puffinus 
BiiiiNN. 

88. PufiBnus borealis Cory. 

Cory's Shearwater. 

Puffinus borealis Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VI. April, 1881, 84. 
[B — , C — R — , C 888.] 
Hab. Off the coast of Massachusetts. 

89. Puffinus major Faber. 

Greater Shearwater. 

Puffinus major Faber, Prodr. Isl. Orn. 1822, ^d. 
[B 647, C 597, R 709, C 832.] 
Hab. Atlantic Ocean; south to Cape Horn and Cape of Good 
Hope. 

[90.] Puffinus puffinus (Brunn.). 

Manx Shearwater. 

Procellaria puffinus Brunn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 29. 
Puffinus ptiffinus Light. Nomencl. Mus. Berol. 1854, 100. 

[B649, C599, R711, C834.] 
Hab. North Atlantic, chiefly on the eastern side; accidental in 
Greenland, and rare or casual off the North American coast (.?). 



ORDER TUBINARES. . lOI 

91. PuflSnus creatopus Coues. 

Piuk-footed Shearwater. 

Piiffijius creatopus "Cooper, MS.," Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 
April, 1864, 131. 

[B-, C 598, R 710, €8-33.] 

Hab. Pacific Ocean ; on the American coast from Lower California 
to Juan Fernandez Islands. 

92. Puffinus auduboni Finsch. 

Audubon's Shearwater. 

Puffinus audubo7ti Yuiscn, P. Z. S. 1872, in. 
[B 650, C 600, R 712, C 835.] 
Hab. Warmer parts of the Atlantic, north casually to New Jersey. 

93. PufiBnus gavia (Forst.). 

Black-vented Shearwater. 

Procellaria gavia FoRST. Descr. An. 1844, 148. 
Puffinus gavia Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, 256. 

[B— , C601, R713, C836.] 

Hab. Pacific Ocean, chiefly southward ; coast of Lower California. 

94. Puffinus stricklandi Ridgw. 

Sooty Shearwater, 

Puffi7ius Stricklandi Ridgw. Water B. N. Am. H. 1884, 390. 

[B648, C602, R714, C837.] 

Hab. North Atlantic, south on the American coast to South 
Carolina. 

95. Puffinus griseus (Gmel.). 

Dark-bodied Shearwater. 

Procellaria grisea Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 564. 
Puffifius griseus Finsch, J. f. O. 1874, 209. 

[B-, C 603, R 715, C 838.] 

Hab. South Pacific, north on the American coast to Lower Cali- 
fornia. 



I02 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

96. PuSinus tenuirostris (Temm.). 
Slender-billed Shearwater. 

Procellaria tenuirostris Temm. PI. Col. 1828, 587. 
Puffinus tenuirostris Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Jap. Aves, 1849, 'S^* 
pi. 86. 

[B— , C 604, R716, C839.] 

Hab. North Pacific j from Sitka to Kotzebue Sound on the Ameri- 
can coast. 

Subgenus PRIOFINUS Hombron & Jacquinot. 

Priofinus Hombr. & Jacq. Compt. Rend. XVIII. 1844, 355. Type, 
Procellaria cinerea Gmel. 

[97.] Puffinus cinereus (Gmel.). 
Black-tailed Shearwater. 

Procellaria cinerea Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, ^6"^. 
Puffinus cinereus Lawr. in Baird's B. N. Am. 1858, 835. 

[B 651, C 595, R 707, C 830.] 

Hab. South Pacific ; accidental ofi" the coast of California. 

Genus iESTRELATA Bonaparte. 
jSstrelata Bonap. Consp. II. 1856, 188. Type, Procellaria hasitata 

KUHL. 

[98.] iEstrelata hasitata (Kuhl). 

Black-capped Petrel. 

Procellaria hasitata Kuhl, Mon. Proc. Beitr. Zool. i Abt. 1820, 142. 
jEstrelata hcBsitata Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 139. 

[B 638, C 585, R 717, C 819.] 

Hab. Warmer parts of the Atlantic Ocean; straying to Florida, 
Long Island, England, and France. 

[99.] ^strelata gularis (Peale). 

Peale's Petrel, 

Procellaria gularis Peale, Zool. U. S. Expl. Exp. 1848, 299. 
CEstrelata gularis Brewst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, IV. 1881, 94. 



ORDER TUBINARES. IO3 

[B-, C— , R-,C887.] 
Hab. Antarctic Ocean ; accidental in Western New York. 

100. .fflstrelata fisheri Ridgw. 

Fisher's PetreL 

(Estrelata fisheri Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 26, 1883, 656. 
[B _, C -, R - C -.] 
Hab. Coast of Alaska (Kadiak). 

Genus BULWERIA Bonaparte. 

Bulweria Bonap. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. 1842, 81. Type, Procellaria 
bulweri Jard. & Selby. 

[101.] Bulweria bulweri (Jard. & Selby). 

Bulwer's Petrel. 

Procellaria bulweri Jard. & Selby. Illustr. Orn. , pi. 65. 

Bulweria bulweri Boucard, Cat. Av. 1876, 69. 

[B— , C— , R718, C820.] 

Hab. Eastern Atlantic, including coasts of Europe and Africa. 
Accidental in Greenland. 

Genus DAPTION Stephens. 

Dapiioit Steph. Gen. Zool. XIII. 1825, 239. Type, Procellaria 
capensis Linn. 

[102.] Daption capensis (Linn.). 

Pintado Petrel. 

Procellaria capensis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 132. 
Daptioii capensis Steph Gen. Zool. XIII. pt. i. 1825, 241. 

[B 639, C 584, R 719. C 818.] 

Hab. Oceans of the Southern Hemisphere, north to about latitude 
25°. Accidental on the coasts of California and England. 

Genus HALOCYPTENA Coues. 

HalocypteJta Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. March, 1864, jZ. Type, 
H. microsoma Coues. 



104 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. , " 

103. Halocyptena microsoma Coues. 

Least Petrel, 

Halocyptena fnicrosojna Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 79. 
[B— , C 586, R720, C 821.] 
Hab. Coast of Lower California. 

Genus PROCELLARIA Linn^us. 

Procellaria Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 131. Type, by elimination, 
P. pelagica Linn. 

104. Procellaria pelagica Linn. 

stormy Petrel. 

Procellaria pelagica Linn, S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 131. 

[B 645, C 587, R 721, C 822.] 

Hab. Atlantic Ocean, south on the American side to the New- 
foundland Banks. West coast of Africa and coast of Europe. 

Genus OCEANODROMA Reichenbach. 

Oceanodroma Reich. Syst. A v. 1852, p. iv. Type, Procellaria fur- 
cat a Gmel. 

105. Oceanodroma furcata (Gmel.). 

Fork-tailed Petrel. 

Procellaria furcata Gmel. S. N. L ii. 1788, 561. 
Oceanodroma ftircata Reich. Syst. Av 1852, p. iv. 

[B640, C 591, R 726, C826.] 

Hab. North Pacific, south on the American coast to Oregon. 

106. Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieill.). 

Leach's Petrel. 

Procellaria leucorhoa Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXV. 1817, 422. 
Oceanodroma leucorhoa Stejn. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1885, 97, 

[B 642, C 588, R 723, C 823.] 



ORDER TUBINARES. IO5 

Hab. North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans ; south on the 
coast of the United States to Virginia and California ; breeds from 
Maine and the Hebrides northward on the coasts of the Atlantic. 

107. Oceanodroma melania (Bonap.). 

Black Petrel. 

Procellaria uielaitia Bonap. Compt. Rend. XXVIII. 1854, 662. 
Oceanodroma uielaiiia Stejn. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1885, 371. 

[B — C 589, R 724, C 824.] 

Hab. South Pacific, northward to Lower California. 

108. Oceanodroma homochroa (Coues). 

Ashy Petrel. 

Cymochorea Jiomochroa CouES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, TJ. 
Oceanodroma hoinochroa RiDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 356. 

[B 643, C 590, R 725, C 825.] 

Hab. Coast of California. 

Subfamily OCEANITIN^. 

Genus OCEANITES Keyserling & Blasius. 

Oceanites Keys. & Blas. Wirb. Eur. I. 1840, xciii. Type, Procel- 
laria oceanica Kuhl. 

109. Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl). 

Wilson's Petrel. 

Procellaria oceanica Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. Men. Proc. 1820, 136, pi. 10, 

fig. I. 
Oceanites oceaiiica Light. Nomencl. Mus. Berol. 1S54, 99. 

[B 644, C 593, R 722, C 828.] 

Hab. North and South Atlantic and Southern Oceans. 

Genus CYMODROMA Ridgway. 

Cymodroma Ridgw. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 4i8. Type, Procel- 
laria (rrallaria Vieill. 



I06 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[110.] Cymodroma grallaria (Vieill.). 

White-belUed Petrel. 

Proceliaria grallaria Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XXVI. 1817, 418. 
Cymodroma grallaria Ridgw. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 419. 

[B 646, C 594, R 728, C 829.] 

Hab. Tropical oceans generally; accidental on the coast of Florida. 

Genus PELAGODROMA Reichenbach. 

Pelagodroma Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. iv. Type, Proceliaria ma- 
rina Lath. 

[111.] Pelagodroma marina (Lath.). 

Wliite-faced Petrel. 

Proceliaria marina Lath. Ind. Orn. II. ii. 1790, 826. 
Pelagodroma marina Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. iv. 

[B _ C -, R - C -.] 

Hab. South Atlantic, and Southern Seas. Casual off the coast of 
Massachusetts. 



Order STEGANOPODES. Totipalmate 
Sw^immers. 

Family PHAETHONTIDJE. Tropic Birds. 

Genus PHAETHON Linnaeus. 
Phaethon Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 134. Type, P. cefhereus Linn. 

112. Phaethon flavirostris Brandt. 

Yellow-billed Tropic Bird. 

Phaethon flavirostris Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. IL 1837, .349. 



ORDER STEGANOPODES. 10/ 

[B 629, C 538, R 654, C 763.] 

Hab. West Indies and Atlantic coast of Central America, north to 
Florida ; accidental in Western New York. Samoan Islands. 

113. Phaethon aethereus Linn. 

Red-billed Tropic Bird. 

Phaethon cethereus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 134, 

[B — , C — R 65s, C 762.] 

Hab. Coasts of tropical America, north on the Pacific coast to 
Lower California ; accidental on the Newfoundland Banks. 



Family SULID^. Gannets. 

Genus SULA Brisson. 

Subgenus SULA. 

Sula Briss. Orn. VI. 1760, 495. Type, by ehmination, Pelecanus 
sula Linn. 

[114.] Sula cyanops Sund. 

Blue-faced Booby. 

Dysporus cyanops Sund. Phys. Tidskr. Lund, 1837, pt. 5. 
Sula cyanops Sund. Isis, 1842, 858. 

[B- C- R65i,C-.] 

Hab. South Pacific, West Indies, and northward to Southern 
Florida. 

115. Sula sula (Linn.). 

Booby, 

Peleca7ius sula Linn. Syst. Nat. 12 ed. I. 1766, 218. 
Sula sula Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI II. 1885, 356. 

[B 618, C 525, R 652, C 747.] 

Hab. Coasts of tropical and subtropical America, north to Georgia. 



I08 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[116.] Sula piscator (Linn.). 

Red-footed Booby. 

Pelecanus piscator lA^a. S. N. ed. lo, I. 1758, 134. 
Sula piscator YiOYiKY. Consp. II. 1857, 166. 

[B - C - R 653, C -.] 

Hab. Coast and islands of tropical and subtropical seas, north to 
Western Mexico and Florida. 

Subgenus DYSPORUS Illiger. 

Dysporus Illig. Prodr. 181 1, 279. Type, by elimination, Pelecanus 
bassanus Linn. 

117. Sula bassana (Linn.). 

Gannet. 

Pelecanus bassanus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 133. 
Sula bassana Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563. 

[B 617, C 524, R 650, C 746.] 

Hab. Coasts of the North Atlantic, south in winter to the Gulf 
of Mexico and Africa ; breeds from Nova Scotia and the British 
Islands northward. 



Family ANHINGIDJE. Darters. 

Genus ANHING-A Brisson. 

Anhinga Brisson, Orn. VI. 1760, 476. Type, Anhittga Marcgr. 
= Plotus anhinga Linn. 

118. Anhinga anhinga (Linn.). 

AnMnga. 

Plotus anhinga LiNN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 218. 
Anhinga anhinga Stejn. Stand. Nat. Hist. IV. 1885, I93- 

[B 628, C 536, R 649, C 760.] 

Hab. Tropical and subtropical America, north to the Carolinas 
and the mouth of the Ohio River. 



ORDER STEGANOPODES. IO9 

Family PHALACROOORACID^. Cormorants. 

Genus PHALACROCORAX Brisson. 

Subgenus PHALACROCORAX. 

Phalacrocorax Briss. Orn. VI. 1760, 511. Type, Pelecaiius carbo 
Linn. 

119. Phalacrocorax carbo (Linn.). 

Cormorant. 

Pelecaiius carbo Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 133. 
Phalacrocorax carbo CuviER, Regne Animal, L 1817, 524. 

[B 620, C 528, R 642, C 750.] 

Hab. Coasts of the North Atlantic, south in winter on the coast 
of the United States, casually, to the Carolinas ) breeding (formerly) 
from Massachusetts northward. 

120. Phalacrocorax dilophus (Sw. & Rich.). 

Double-crested Cormorant. 

Pelecanus {Carbo) dilophus Sw. & Rich. F. B. A. II. 1831, 473. 
Phalacrocorax dilophus Nutt. Man. II. 1834, 483. 

[B 623, C 530, R 643, C 751.] 

Hab. Eastern coast of North America, breeding from the Bay of 
Fundy northward ; southward in the interior to the Great Lakes and 
Wisconsin. 

120^. Phalacrocorax dilophus floridamis (Aud.). 

Florida Cormorant. 

Phalacrocorax fioridamis K\5T>. Orn. Biog. III. 1835, 3^7- 
Phalacrocorax dilophus fioridanus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. 
Aug. 24, 1880, 205. 

[B 624, C 530^, R 643^, C 753.] 

Hab. Coast of the South Atlantic and Gulf States, northward in 
the Mississippi Valley to Southern Illinois. 



no CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

120 <^. Phalacrocoras dilophns cincinatus (Brandt). 

White-crested Cormorant. 

Carbo cinciiiatus Brandt, Bull. Sc. Ac. St. Petersb. III. 1838, 55. 
Phalacroco7'ax dilophus cincinnatus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. 
Aug. 24, 1880, 205. 

[B 622, C 529, R 643^, C 752.] 

Hab. West coast of North America, south in winter to California. 

120 r. Phalacrocorax dilophns albociliatus Ridgw. 

Farallone Cormorant. 

Phalacrocorax dilophus albociliatus RiDGW. Proc. Biol. See. Wash. 
II. Apr. 10, 1884, 94. 

[B _ C -, R -, C -.] 

Hab. Coast of California, south to Cape St. Lucas and Revilla- 
Gigedo Islands. 

121. Phalacrocorax mexicanus (Brandt). 

Mexican Cormorant. 

Carbo 7nexicanns Brandt, Bull. Sc. Ac. St. Petersb. III. 1838, 55. 
Phalacrocorax mexicanus Scl. & Salv. Nom. Neotr. 1873, 124. 

[B625, C 531, R 644, C 754.] 

Hab. West Indies, South and Central America to Southern United 
States j north in the interior to Kansas and Southern Illinois. 



Subgenus COMPSOHALIEUS Ridgway. 

Compsohalieus Ridgw. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 145. Type, Carbo 
penicillatus Brandt. 

122. Phalacrocorax penicillatus (Brandt). 

Brandt's Cormorant. 

Carbo penicillatus Brandt, Bull. Sc. Ac. St. Pdtersb III. 1838, 55. 
Phalacrocorax penicillatus Heerm. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. 
1854, 178. 



[B 626, C 532, R 645, C 755.] 



ORDER STEGANOPODES. III. 

Hab. Pacific coast of North America, from Cape St. Lucas to 
Washington Territory. 

Subgenus ITRILB Bonaparte. 
Urile BoNAP. Consp. II. 1856, 175. Type, Pelecanus urile Gmel. 

123. Phalacrocorax pelagicus Pall. 

Pelagic Cormorant. 

Phalacrocorax pelagicus Pall. Zoog. Rosso- As. II. 1826, 303. 

[B-C-, R-C-.] 

Hab. Aleutian and Kurile Islands, and Kamtschatka, south to 
Japan. 

123 a. Phalacrocorax pelagicus robustns Ridgw. 

Violet -green Cormorant. 

Phalacrocorax pelagicus rohistus RiDGW. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 
160. 

[B 627, C 535, R 646, C 758.] 

Hab. Coast of Alaska, from Norton Sound to Sitka. 
123/5. Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens (Aud.). 

Baird's Cormorant, 

Phalacrocorax respleiideiis Aud. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, H^- 
Phalacrocoi'ax pelagicus respleiidetts Ridgw. Water B. N. Am. I. 
1884, 160. 

[B— C— R646^, C759.] 

Hab. Pacific coast of North America, from Washington Territory 
south to Cape St. Lucas and Mazatlan. 

124. Phalacrocorax urile (Gmel.). 

Red-faced Cormorant. 

Pelecanus urile Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 575. 
Phalacrocorax urile Ridgw. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 162. 

[B -, C 534, R 647, C 757.] 
Hab. Prybilof and Aleutian Islands, and coast of Kamtschatka. 



112 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 



Family PELECANID-^. Pelicans. 

Genus PELECANUS Linnaeus. 

Pelecanus Linn. S. N. ed. lo, I. 1758, 132. Type, by elimination, P. 
onocrotalus Linn. 

Subgenus CYRTOPELICANUS Reichenbach. 

Cyrtopelicanus Reich. Syst. A v. 1852, p. vii. Type, Pelecanus ery- 
th7'orhynchos Gmel. 

125. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmel. 

American White Pelican. 

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 571. 

[B 615, C 526, R 640, C 748.] 

Hab. Temperate North America, north in the interior to about 
Lat. 61°, south to Central America ; now rare or accidental in the 
Northeastern States ; abundant in the Middle Province and along the 
Gulf coast ; common on the coast of California and Western Mexico. 

Subgenus LEPTOPELICANUS Reichenbach. 

Leptopelicantcs Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. vii. Type, Pelecanus fuscus 
Linn. 

126. Pelecanus fuscus Linn. 

Brown Pelican. 

Pelecaitus fuscus Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 215. 

[B 616, C 527, R 641, C 749.] 

Hab. Atlantic coast of tropical and subtropical America, north on 
the Atlantic coast to North Carolina; accidental in Illinois. 

127. Pelecanus californicus Ridgw. 

California Brown Pelican. 

Pelecanus {fuscus?') californicus RiDGW. Water B. N. Am. IL 1884, 

143- 
P\elecanus'\ californicus Ridgw. 1. c. 



ORDER ANSERES. IIJ 

[B _ C -, R -, C -.] 

Hab. Pacific coast, from San Francisco to Cape St. Lucas, and 
probably to Mexico and Central America. 



Family FREGATID^. Man-o'-War Birds. 

Genus FREGrATA Cuvier. 

Fregata Guv. Leg. d'Anat. Comp. I. 1 799-1800, tab. ii. Type, Pele- 
canus aquilus Linn. 

128. Fregata aquila (Linn.). 

Man-o'-War Bird. 

Pelecanus aquilus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 133. 
Fregata aquila Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. vi. 

[B 619, C 537, R 639, C 761.] 

Hab. Tropical and subtropical coasts generally ; in America, north 
to Florida, Texas, and California, and casually on the Atlantic coast 
to Nova Scotia. 



Order ANSERES. Lamellirostral 
Swimmers. 

Family ANATID-^. Ducks, Geese, and Swans. 
Subfamily MBRGIN-ZE. Mergansers. 

Genus MERGANSER Brisson. 
Merganser Briss. Orn. VL 1 760, 230. Type, Mergus merganser Linn. 
129. Merganser americanus (Cass.). 

American Merganser. 

Mergus americamis Cassin, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VL 1853, 187. 
Merganser americaftus Stejn. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1885, 177. 

8 



114 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B611, C521, R636, C743.] 

Hab. North America generally, breeding south to the Northern 
United States. 

130. Merganser serrator (Linn.). 

Red-breasted Merganser. 

Mergus serrator Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 129. 
Merganser serrator Schaffer, Mus. Orn. 1789, 66. 

[B 612, C 522, R 637, C 744.] 

Hab. Northern portions of Northern Hemisphere ; south, in win- 
ter, throughout the United States. 



Genus LOPHODYTES Reichenbach. 

Lophodytes Reichenbach, Syst. Av. 1852, p. ix. Type, Mergus 
cucullatus Linn. 

131. Lophodytes cucullatus (Linn.). 

Hooded Merganser. 

Mergus cucullatus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 129. 
Lophodytes cucullatus Reichenbach, Syst. Av. 1852, p. ix. 

[B 613, C 523, R 638, C 745.] 

Hab. North America generally, south to Mexico and Cuba, breed- 
ing nearly throughout its range. 

Subfamily ANATINuSl. River Ducks. 

Genus ANAS Linn^us. 
Anas Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 122. Type, A. boschas Linn. 

132. Anas boschas Linn. 

Mallard. 

Anas boschas Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 127. 

[B 576, C 488, R 601, C 707.] 

Hab. Northern parts of Northern Hemisphere ; in America south 
to Panama and Cuba, breeding southward to the Northern United 
States. 



ORDER ANSERES. II5 

133. Anas obscura Gmel. 

Black Duck. 

Anas obscura Gmel. S. N. I. 1788, 541. 

[B 577, C 489, R 602, C 708.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, west to Utah and Texas, north to 
Labrador, breeding southward to the Northern United States. 

134. Anas fulvigula Ridgw. 

Florida Duck. 

Anas obscura v2,x. fulvigula Ridgw. Am. Nat. VIII. Feb. 1874, iii. 
Anas fulvigula Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 1880, 203. 

[B — , C 489 a, R 603, C 709.] 

Hab. Florida; Kansas. 

Subgenus CHAULELASMITS Bonaparte. 

Chaulelasfnus Bonap. Comp. List, 1838, 16. Type, Anas strepera 
Linn. 

135. Anas strepera Linn. 

Gadwall. 

Anas strepera Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 125. 

[B 584, C 491, R 604, C 711.] 

Hab. Nearly cosmopolitan. In North America breeds chiefly 
within the United States. 

Subgenus MARECA Stephens. 

Mareca Stephens, Gen. Zool. XII. pt. ii. 1824, 130. Type, Anas 
penelope Linn. 

136. Anas penelope Linn. 

Widgeon, 

Anas penelope Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 126. 

[B586, C 492, R606, C 712.] 

Hab. Northern parts of the Old World. In North America breeds 
in the Aleutian Islands, and occurs occasionally in the Eastern United 
States. 



Il6 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

137. Anas americana Gmel. 

Baldpate. 

Anas americana Gmelin, S. N. I. 1788, 526. 

[B585, C493, R607, C713.] 

Hab. North America, from the Arctic Ocean south to Guatemala 
and Cuba. 

Subgenus NETTION Kaup. 

Nettion Kaup, Sk. Ent. Europ. Thierw. 1829, 95. Type, Anas 
crecca Linn. 

[138.] Anas crecca Linn. 

European Teal. 

Anas crecca Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 126. 

[B 580, C 494, R 611, C 714.] 

Hab. Northern parts of the Old World. Casual in Eastern North 
America and the Aleutian Islands. 

139. Anas carolinensis Gmelin. 

Green-winged Teal. 

Anas carolinensis Gmel. S. N. I. 1788, 533. 

[B 579, C 495, R 612, C 715.] 
Hab. North America, breeding chiefly north of the United States, 
and migrating south to Honduras and Cuba. 

Subgenus QUERQUEDULA Stephens. 

Querquedula Stephens, Gen. Zool. XII. pt. ii. 1824, 142. Type, 
Anas querquedula Linn. 

140. Anas discors Linn. 

Blue-winged Teal. 

Anas discors Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 205. 

[B581, C 496, R609, C 716.] 

Hab. North America in general, but chiefly the Eastern Province ; 
north to Alaska, and south to the West Indies and Northern South 
America ; breeds from the Northern United States northward.' 



ORDER ANSERES. II7 

141. Anas cyanoptera Vieill. 

Cinnamon Teal. 

Atias cyanoptera Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. V. 1 816, 104. 

[B 582, C 497. R 610, C 717.] 

Hab. Western America from Columbia River south to Chili, Pata- 
gonia, and Falkland Islands ; east in North America to the Rocky 
Mountains ; casual in the Mississippi Valley. 

Genus SPATULA Boie. 
Spatula Boie, Isis, 1822, 564. Type, Anas clypeata Linn. 

142. Spatula clypeata (Linn.). 

Shoveller. 

Anas clypeata Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 124. 
spatula clypeata Boie, Isis, 1822, 564. 

[B 583, C 498, R 608, C 718.] 

Hab. Northern Hemisphere. In North America breeding from 
Alaska to Texas \ not abundant on the Atlantic coast. 

Genus DAFILA Stephens. 
Dafila Stephens, Gen. Zool. XH. pt. ii. 1824, 126. 

143. Dafila acuta (Linn.). 

Pintail. 

Anas acuta Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 126. 
Dafila acuta BoNAP. Comp. List, 1838, 56. 

[B 578, C 490, R 605, C 710.] 

Hab. Northern Hemisphere. In North America breeds from the 
northern parts of the United States northward, and migrates south to 
Panama and Cuba. 

Genus AIX Bote. 
Aix Boie, Isis, 1828, 329. Type, Anas sponsa Linn. 



1 18 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ~ 

144. Aix sponsa (Linn.). 

Wood Duck. 

Anas sponsa Linn. S. N. ed. lo, I. 1758, 128. 
Aix sponsa Bonap. Comp. List, 1838, 57. 

[£587,0499,^613,0719.] 

Hab. Temperate North America, breeding throughout its range. 

Genus NETTA Kaup. 

Netta Kaup, Sk. Ent. Europ. Thierw. 1829, 102. Type, Anas rujina 
Pall. 

[145.] Netta rufina (Pall.). 

Rufous-crested Duck. 

Anas rufina Pall. It. IL App. 1773, 731. 

Netta rufina Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355. 

[B _, C — , R — , C 886.] 

Hab. Eastern Hemisphere ; accidental in Eastern United States. 

Genus AYTHYA Boie. 

Ay thy a Boie, I sis, 1822, 564. Type, by elimination, Anas ferina 
Linn. 

146. Aythya americana (Eyt.). 

Redhead. 

Fuligula americana Eyton, Monogr. Anat. 1838, 155. 
Aythya americana Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 793. 

[B 591, C 503, R 618, C 723.] 

Hab. North America, breeding from California and Maine north- 
ward. 

147. Aythya vallisneria (Wils.). 

Canvas-back. 

Anas vallisneria Wilson, Am. Orn. VIII. 1814, 103. 
Aythya valisneria Boie, I sis, 1826, 980. 



ORDER ANSERES. 119 

[B 592, C 504, R 617, C 724.] 

Hab. Nearly all of North America, breeding from the Northwest- 
ern States northward to Alaska. 



Subgenus PULIGULA Stephens. 

Fuligula Stephens, Gen. Zool. XII. pt. ii. 1824, 187. Type, by 
elimination, Anas fiiligtda Linn. 

148. Aythya mania nearctica Stejn. 

American Scaup Duck. 

Aythya marila nearctica Stejn. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1885, 161. 
[B 588, C 500, R 614, C 720.] 
Hab. North America, breeding far north. 

149. Aythya affinis (Eyt.). 

Lesser Scaup Duck. 

Fuligula affinis Eyt. Mon. Anat. 1838, 157. 

Aythya affinis Stejn. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1885, 161. 

[B 589, C 501, R 615, C 721.] 

Hab. North America in general, breeding chiefly north of the 
United States, migrating south to Guatemala and the West Indies. 

150. Ajrthya coUaris (Donov.). 

Ring-necked Duck. 

Anas collaris Donov. Br. Birds, VI. 1809, pi. 147. 

Aythya collaris Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 356. 

[B 590, C 502, R 616, C 722.] 

Hab. North America, breeding far north and migrating south to 
Guatemala and the West Indies. 



Genus GLAUCIONETTA Stejneger. 

Glaucionetta Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 409. Type, 
Anas clangula Linn. 



120 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

151. Glaucionetta clangula americana (Bonap.). 

American Golden-eye. 

Clangula americana Bonap. Comp. List, 1838, 58. 
Glaucionetta clangula americana Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 
1885, 409. 

[B 593? C 505, R 620, C 725.] 

Hab. North America, breeding from Maine and the British Prov- 
inces northward; in winter, south to Cuba. 

152. Glaucionetta islandica (Gmel.). 

Barrow's Golden-eye. 

Alias islandica Gmel. S. N. I. 1788, 541. • 

Glaucionetta islandica Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 409. 

[B594, C 506, R 619, G 726.] 

Hab. Northern North America, south in winter to New York, Illi- 
nois, and Utah ; breeding from the Gulf of St. Lawrence northward, 
and south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado ; Greenland ; Iceland. 

Genus CHARITONETTA Stejneger. 

Charitonetta Stejn. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1885, 163. Type, Anas 
albeola Linn. 

153. Charitonetta albeola (Linn.). 

Buffle-head. 

Anas albeola Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, I. 1758, 124. 
Charitonetta albeola Stejn. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1885, 166. 

[B5955 C 507, R621, C 727.] 
Hab. North America ; south in winter to Cuba and Mexico. 
Breeds from Maine northward, through the Fur Countries and Alaska. 

Genus CLANGULA Leach. 

Clangula Leach, in Ross's Voy. Disc. 18 19, App. p. xlviii. Type, 
Anas glacialis Linn. 

154. Clangula hyemalis (Linn.). 

Old-squaw. 

Anas hyemalis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 126. 

Clang74la hiemalis '^v.Y.nu, Haiidb. Vog. Deutschl. 1831,933. 



ORDER ANSERES. 121 

[B 597, C 508, R 623, C 728.] 

Hab. Northern Hemisphere; in North America south to the Poto- 
mac and the Ohio ; breeds far northward. 

Genus HISTRIONICUS Lesson. 

Histriojiictis Lesson, Man. d'Orn. IL 1828,415. Type, Anas histri- 
onica LiNN. 

155. Histrionicus histrionicus (Linn.). 

Harlequin Duck. 

Anas hisirionica Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 127. 
Histrionicus histrionicus Boucard, Cat. A v. 1876, 60. 

[B596, C 510, R622, C 730.] 

Hab. Northern North America, breeding from Newfoundland, the 
Northern Rocky Mountains, and the Sierra Nevada, northward ; south 
in winter to the Middle States and California ; Eastern Asia ; Iceland. 

Genus CAMPTOLAIMUS Gray. 

Camptolaiinus Gray, List Gen. 1841, 95. Type, Anas labradoria Gm. 

156. Camptolaimus labradorius (Gmel.). 

Labrador Duck. 

Anas labradoria Gmel. S. N. L 1788, 537. 
Ca7nptolaimus labradorus Gray, List Gen. 1841, 95. 

[B 600, C 510, R 624, C 730.] 

Hab. Formerly Northern Atlantic coast, from New Jersey (in 
winter) northward, breeding from Labrador northward. Now ex- 
tremely rare, and perhaps extinct. 

Genus ENICONETTA Gray. 
Enico7ietta Gray, List Gen. 1840, 'j^. Type, Anas stelleri Pall. 

157. Eniconetta stelleri (Pall.). 

Steller's Duck. 

Anas stelleri Vaia.. Spicil. Zool. VI. 1769, 35. 
Eniconetta stelleri Gray, List Gen. 1840, 75. 



122 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B598, C5ii,R625, C731.] 
Hab. Arctic and subarctic coasts of the Northern Hemisphere. 

Genus ARCTONETTA Gray. 
Arctonetta Gray, P. Z. S. 1855, 12. Type, Fuligula fischeri Brandt. 

158. Arctonetta fischeri (Brandt). 

Spectacled Eider. 

Fuligula fischeri Brandt, M^m. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 1849, 6, 10. 
Arciofzeita fischeri Bi^AKiSTO^, Ibis, 1863, 150. 

[K 599. C 512, R626, C 732.] 
Hab. Coast of Alaska, north to Point Barrow. 

Genus SOMATERIA Leach. 
Subgenus SOMATERIA. 

Somate7'ia Leach, in Ross's Voy. Disc. 18 19, App. p. xlviii. Type, 

Anas 7nollissiina LiNN. 

159. Somateria moUissima (Linn.). 

Eider. 

Anas moUissima Linn. S. N, ed. 19, I. 1758, 124. 
Somateria mollissitna BoiE, I sis, 1822, 564. 

[B 606, part, C 513,/^^^, R 627, C 733.] 

Hab. Northern Europe and Northeastern North America, includ- 
ing Greenland and Northern Labrador; south in winter on the Atlan- 
tic coast to Maine. 

160. Somateria dresseri Sharpe. 

American Eider. 

Sojnateria (/r^jj-m Sharpe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. July, 1871, 51. 

[B 606, part, C ^12,, part, R 62^] a, C 734.] 

Hab. Atlantic coast of North America, from Maine to Labrador; 
south in winter to the Delaware. 



ORDER ANSERES. I23 

161. Somateria v-nigra Gray. 

Pacific Eider. 

Somateria v-nigra Gray, P. Z. S. 1855, 212. 

[B 607, C 514, R 628, C 735.] 

Hab. Coasts of the North Pacific ; in the interior to the Great 
Slave Lake district, and in Eastern Siberia. 

Subgenus ERIONETTA Coues. 

Erionetta Coues, Key N. A. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 709. Type, Anas 
spectabilis Linn. 

162. Somateria spectabilis (Linn.). 

King Eider. 

Anas spectabilis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 123. 

Somateria spectabilis Leach, in Ross's Voy. Disc. 18 19, App. p. xlviii. 

[B 608, C 515, R 629, C 736.] 

Hab. Northern part of Northern Hemisphere, breeding in the Arc- 
tic regions ; in North America south casually in winter to New Jersey 
and the Great Lakes. 

Genus OIDEMIA Fleming. 
Subgenus OIDEMIA. 

Oidemia Fleming, Philos. Zool. H. 1822, 260. Type, by elimination, 
Anas 7iigra Linn. 

163. Oidemia americana Sw. & Rich. 

American Scoter. 

Oidemia america?ia Sw. & Rich. Faun. Bor. Amer. H. 1831, 450. 

[B 604, C 516, R 630, C 737.] 

Hab. Coasts and larger lakes of Northern North America ; breeds 
in Labrador and the northern interior ; south in winter to New Jersey, 
the Great Lakes, and California. 

Subgenus MELANITTA Boie. 

Melanitta BoiE, Isis, 1822, 564. Type, by elimination. Anas fusca 
Linn. 



124 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[164.] Oidemia fuse a (Linn). 

Velvet Scoter. 

Anasfusca Linn. S. N. ed. lo, I. 1758, 123. 

Oideinia fusca Stephens, Gen. Zool. XII. pt. ii. 1824, 216. 

[B-,C-, R63i,C-.] 

Hab. Northern Old World ; accidental (?) in Alaska and Green- 
land. 

165. Oidemia deglandi Bonap. 

White- winged Scoter. 

Oidejnia deglandi Bonap. Rev. Grit, de I'Orn. Europ. de Dr. Degl., 
1850, 108. 

[B 601, C 517, R 632, C 738.] 

Hab. Northern North America, breeding in Labrador and the Fur 
Countries ; south in winter to the Middle States, Southern Illinois, and 
Southern California. 

Subgenus PELIONETTA Kaup. 

Pelionetta Kaup, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thiervv. 1829, 107. Type, Anas 
perspicillatus Linn. 

166. Oidemia perspicillata (Linn.). 

Surf Scoter. 

Anas perspicillata Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 125. 

Oide7nia pej'spicillala Stephens, Gen. Zool. XII. pt. ii. 1824 219. 

[B 602, 603, C 518, 518^, R 633, C 739, 740.] 

Hab. Coasts and larger inland waters of Northern North America ; 
in winter south to the Carolinas, the Ohio River, and Lower California. 



Genus ERISMATURA Bonaparte. 

ErisutaUira Bonap. Saggio Distr. Meth. 1832, 143. Type, Anas 
rubidus Wils. 

167. Erismatura rubida (Wils.). 

Ruddy Duck. 

Anas rubidus Wilson, Am. Orn. VIIT. 1814, 128. 
Erismatura rubida Bonap. Comp. List, 1838, 59. 



ORDER ANSERES. 12$ 

[B609, C 519; R634, C 741.] 

Hab. North America in general, south to Cuba, Guatemala, and 
Northern South America, breeding throughout most of its North Amer- 
ican range. 

Genus NOMONYX Ridgway. 

Nomo7iyx Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. II. 1880, 15. Type, Anas 
dominica LiNN. 

[168.] Nomonyx dominicus (Linn.). 

Masked Duck. 

Anas dominica Linn. S. N. ed. 12, 1766, 201. 

Nomo7tyx dominicus RiDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. II. l88o, 15. 

[B610, C520, R635, C 742.] 

Hab. Tropical America ; accidental in Eastern North America 
(Wisconsin ; Lake Champlain). 

Subfamily ANSERINE. Geese. 

Genus CHEN Boie. 
Chen BoiE, Isis, 1822, ^6^. Type, Anser hyperboreus Pall. 
169. Chen hyperborea (Pall.). 

Lesser Snow Goose. 

Anser hyperboreus Pall. Spicil. Zool. VI. 1769, 25. 
Chen hyperborea Boie, Isis, 1822, 563. 

«• 
[B — , C 480 <^, R 591 ay C 696.] 

Hab. Pacific coast to the Mississippi Valley, breeding in Alaska] 
south in winter to Southern Illinois and Southern California. 

169 «. Chen hjrperborea nivalis (Forst.). 

Greater Snow Goose. 

Anas nivalis Forster, Philos. Trans. LXII. 1772, 413. 

Chen hyperboreus nivalis Ridgw. Pr. Biol. See. Wash. II. 1884, ^07- 

[B563, C 480, R 591,0695.] 



126 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Hab. North America, breeding far north, and migrating south in 
winter, chiefly along the Atlantic coast, reaching Cuba. 

170. Chen rossii (Baird). 

Ross's Snow Goose. 

Anser rossii ''^AmT> MSS.," Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 73. 
Chen rossii KiDGW . Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 1880, 203. 

[B— ,C48i, RS92, C697.] 

Hab. Arctic America in summer, Pacific coast to Southern Cali- 
fornia in winter. 

Genus ANSER Brisson. 
Anser Brisson, Orn. VI. 1760, 261. Type, Anas anser Linn. 
[171.] Anser albifrons (Gm.). 

White-fronted Goose. 

Anas albifrons Gmel. S. N. I. 1788, 509. 

Anser albifrons Bechst. Gem. Naturg. Deutschl. IV. 1809, 898. 

[B -, C - R 593, C 692.] 

Hab. Northern parts of Eastern Hemisphere and Greenland. 

Vila. Anser albifrons gambeli (Hartl.). 

American White-fronted Goose. 

Anser gambeli YiKWi-LKT^-Q, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1852, 7. 
Anser albifrons var. gajnbeli Coues, Key, 1872, 282. 

[B 565, 566, C 47S, R 593 ^, C 693.] 
Hab. North America, breeding far northward ; in winter south to 
Mexico and Cuba. 

Genus BRANTA Scopoli. 

Branfa Scopoli, Ann. I. Hist. Nat. 1769, 67. Type, Anas bernida 
Linn. 

172. Branta canadensis (Linn.). 

Canada Goose. 

Anas canadensis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 123. 
., Branta cattadensis Bannister, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 131. 



ORDER ANSERES. I27 

[B 567, C 485, R 594, C 702.] 

Hab. Temperate North America, breeding in the Northern United 
States and British Provinces ; south in winter to Mexico. 

172^. Branta canadensis hutchinsii (Sw. & Rich.). 

Hutchins's Goose. 

A user hutchinsii 'Si'^, & Rich. Faun. Bor. Am, II. 1831, 470. 
Branta ca?iadensis var. hutchinsii Coues, Key, 1872, 284. 

[B 569, C 485 ^, R 594 ^, C 704.] 

Hab. North America, breeding in the Arctic regions, and mi- 
grating south in winter, chiefly through the Western United States 
and Mississippi Valley ; Eastern Asia. 

Vl'lb. Branta canadensis occidentalis (Baird). 

"White-cheeked Goose. 

Bernicla occidentalis Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 766. 
Branta canadensis occidentalis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 
1885, 355- 

[B 567 ^, C — , R 594 c, C — .] 

Hab. Pacific coast region, from Sitka south, in winter, to Cali- 
fornia. 

172^. Branta canadensis minima Ridgw. 

Cackling Goose. 

Branta mitmna Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. No. 2, April 20, 

1885, 23. 
Branta canadensis minima Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 

355. 

[B 568, C 485 a, R 594 b, C 703, /^r/.] 

Hab. Coast of Alaska, migrating southward into the Western 
United States, east to Wisconsin. 

173. Branta bernicla (Linn.). 

Brant. 

Anas bernicla Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 124. 
Branta ber7iicla Scopoli, Ann. I. Hist. Nat. 1769, 6t. 

[B 570, C 484, R 595, C 700.] 



128 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Hab. Northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere ; in North Amer- 
ica chiefly on the Atlantic coast ; rare in the interior, or away from 
salt water. 

174. Branta nigricans (Lawr.). 

Black Brant. 

Anser nigricans Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y. IV. 1846, 171. 
Branta nigricans Bannister, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 131. 

[B571, C— , R596, C 701.] 

Hab. Arctic and Western North America ; rare or casual in the 
Atlantic States. 

[175.] Branta leucopsis (Bechst.). 

Barnacle Goose. 

Anas leucopsis Bechstein, Orn. Taschb. Deutschl. 1803, 424. 
Branta leucopsis Bannister, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 131. 

[B 572, C 483, R 597, C 699.] 

Hab. Northern parts of the Old World ; casual in Eastern North 
America. 

Genus FHILACTE Bannister. 

Philacte Bannister, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 131. Type, Anas 
canagica Sevast. 

176. Philacte canagica (Sevast.). 

Emperor Goose. 

Anas canagica Sevastianoff, N. Act. Petrop. XIII. 1800, 346. 
Philacte canagica Bannister, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 131. 

[B 573, C 482, R 598, C 698.] 

Hab. Coast and islands of Alaska. 

Genus DENDROCYGNA Swainson. 

Dendrocygna Swainson, Classif. Birds, II. 1837, 365. Type, Anas 
arcuata Cuv. 



ORDER ANSERES. 1 29 

177. Dendrocygna autumnalis (Linn.). 

Black-bellied Tree-duck. 

Anas autttumalis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 127. 
Dendrocygna auiumiialis Eyton, Monogr. Anat. 1838, 109. 

[B 574, C 487, R 599. C 7c6.] 

Hab. Southwestern border of the United States and southward 
(Mexico, West Indies, etc.). 

178. Dendrocygna fulva (Gmel.). 

Fulvous Tree-duck. 

Anasftilva Gmel. S. N. I. 1788, 530. 

Dendrocygna fulva Burmeister, Reise durch die La Plata Staaten, 
1856, 515. 

[B 575, C 486, R 600, C 705.] 

Hab. Southern border of the United States (Louisiana, Texas, 
Nevada, California) and southward. 

Subfamily CYQNIN-^E. Swans. 

Genus OLOR Wagler. 
Olor Wagler, Lsis, 1832, 1234. Type, Anas cygnus Linn. 

[179.] Olor cygnus (Linn.). 

Whooping Swan. 

Anas cygnns Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 122. 

Olor cygmis^O'^KYA.'KT'E^ Catal. Parzudaki, 1856, 15. 

[B _ C — , R 586, C 690.] 

Hab. Europe and Asia ; Greenland. 

180. Olor columbianus (Ord). 

Wliistling Swan. 

Anas cohi7nbia7ius Ord, in Guthrie's Geogr. 2d Am. ed. 18 15, 319. 
Olor columbianus Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, 210. 

[B 561 bis, C 477, R 588, C 689.] 

Hab. The whole of North America, breeding far north. 

9 



I30 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

181. Olor buccinator (Rich.). 

Trumpeter Swan. 

Cygnus buccinator Richards. Fauna Bor. Am. I. 1831, 464. 
Olor buccinator Y7agl,^^, Isis, 1832, 1234. 

[B 562, C 476, R 589, C 688.] 

Hab. Chiefly the interior of North America, from the Gulf coast 
to the Fur Countries, breeding from Iowa and Dakota northward ; west 
to the Pacific coast, but rare or casual on the Atlantic. 



Order ODONTOGLOSS^. Lamelliros- 

TRAL GrALLATORES. 
Family PHCENICOPTERID-ffl. Flamingoes. 

Genus PHCENICOPTERUS Linn. 

Phcsnicopterus LiNN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 139. Type, P. ruber 
Linn. 

182. Phoenicopterus ruber Linn. 

American Flamingo 

Phcenicoptej'us ruber Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 139. 
[B 502, C 475. R 585, C 687.] 

Hab. Atlantic coasts of subtropical and tropical America ; Flor- 
ida Keys. 



ORDER HERODIONES. 131 



Order HERODIONES. Herons, Storks, 
Ibises, etc. 

Suborder IBIDES. Spoonbills and Ibises. 

Family PLATALEIDJE. Spoonbills. 

Genus AJAJA Reich. 
Ajaja Reich. Handb. 1852, p. xvi. Type, Platalea ajaja Linn. 

183. Ajaja ajaja (Linn.). 

Roseate Spoonbill. 

Platalea ajaja Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 140. 
Ajaja ajaja Boucard, Cat. Av. 1876, 54. 

(B 501, C 488, R 505, C 653.) 

Hab. Southern United States southward to the Falkland Islands 
and Patagonia. 

Family IBIDID-ffi. Ibises. 

Genus GUARA Reichenbach. 
Guara Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. xiv. Type, Tantalus ruber Linn. 

184. Guara alba (Linn.). 

White Ibis. 

Scolopax alba Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 145. 
Guara alba Stejn. Stand. Nat. Hist. IV. 1885, 9. 

[B 499, C 446, R 501, C651.] 

Hab. South Atlantic and Gulf States southward to the West In- 
dies and Northern South America ; casually on the Atlantic coast to 



132 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Long Island; in the interior to the Lower Ohio Valley and Great 
Salt Lake. 

[185.] Guara rubra (Linn.). 

Scarlet Ibis. 

Tantalus ruber Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 241. 
Guara rubra Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. xiv. 

[B 498, C 447, R 502, C 652.] 

Hab. Florida, Louisiana (?), and Texas, southward to the West 
Indies and Northern South America. No record of its recent occur- 
rence in the United States. 



Genus FLEGADIS Kaup. 

Plegadis Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. 1829, 82. Type, Tantalus falci- 
nellus Linn. = Tringa autumnalis Hasselq. 

186. Plegadis autumnalis (Hasselq.). 

Glossy Ibis. 

Tringa autumnalis Hasselquist, Raise nach Palast. Deutsche Ausg. 

1762, 306. 
Plegadis autujnnalis Stejn. Stand. Nat. Hist. IV. 1885, 160. 

[B 500, C 445, R 503, C 649.] 

Hab. Northern Old World, West Indies, and Eastern United 
States. Only locally abundant, and of irregular distribution in America. 

187. Plegadis guarauna (Linn.). 

White-faced Glossy Ibis. 

Scolopax guarauna Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 242. 

Plegadis guarauna Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. I. Oct. 2, 1878, 163. 

[B — , C 445 ^'^^^ 445 ^^^? ^^ 5^4, C 650.] 

Hab. Western United States (Texas, Utah, Nevada, Oregon, Cali- 
fornia, etc.), southward to Mexico, West Indies, and Central and South 
America. 



ORDER HERODIONES. 133 

Suborder CICONIyE. Storks, etc. 

Family OICONIID-^. Storks and Wood Ibises. 

Subfamily TANTALIN^. Wood Ibises. 

Genus TANTALUS Linnaeus. 
Tantalus Linn. S. N. ed. lo, I. 1758, 140. Type, T. loculator Linn. 

188. Tantalus loculator Linn. « 

Wood Ibis. 

Tantalus loculator Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 140. 

[B 497, C 444, R 500. C 648.] 

Hab. Southern United States, from the Ohio Valley, Colorado, 
Utah, California, etc., south to Buenos Ayres ; casually northward to 
Pennsylvania and New York. 

Subfamily CICONIIN-^. Storks. 

Genus MYCTERIA Linnaeus. 
Mycteria Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 140. Type, M. americana Linn. 

[189.] Mycteria americana Linn. 

Jabiru. 

Mycteria americana Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 140. 
[B— , C448^/i-, R499, C654.] 
Hab. Tropical America, north casually to Southern Texas. 



134 check-list of north american birds. 

Suborder HERODII. Herons, Egrets, Bitterns, etc. 

Family ARDEIDuE. Herons, Bitterns, etc. 

Subfamily BOTAURIN-.^. Bitterns^ 

Genus BOTAURITS Hermann. 

Subgenus BOTAURUS. 

Botaurus Hermann, Tabl. Affin. Anim. 1783, 135. Type, Ardea 
stellar is Linn. 

190. Botaurus lentiginosus (Montag.). 

American Bittern. 

Ardea lentiginosa Montag. Orn. Diet. Suppl. 1813, — . 
Botaurus lentiginosus Steph. Gen. Zool. XI. ii. 18 19, 592. 

[B 492, C 460, R 497, C ()(i(i^ 

Hab. Temperate North America, south to Guatemala and the West 
Indies. 

Subgenus ARDETTA Gray. 

Ardetta Gray, List Gen. B. App. 1842, 13. Type, Ardea minuta 
Linn. 

191. Botaurus exilis (Gmel.). 

Least Bittern. 

Ardea exilis Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 645. 
Botaurus exilis Reichenow, J. f. O. 1877, 244. 

[B 491, C 461, R 498, C 667.] 

Hab. Temperate North America, from the British Provinces to 
the West Indies and Brazil. 



ORDER HERODIONES. I35 

Subfamily ARDBINiE. Herons and Egrets. 

Genus ARDEA Linn. 
Subgenus ARDEA. 

Ardea Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 141. Type, by elimination, A. 
drier ea Linn. 

192. Ardea occidentalis Aud. 

Great White Heron. 

Ardea occidetitalis Aud. Orn. Biog. IIL 1835, 542- 
[B 489, C 451, R 486, C 656, /^r/.] 
Hab. Florida j Jamaica ; accidental in Southern Illinois. 

193. Ardea wardi Ridgw. 

Ward's Heron 

Ardea wardi Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan 1882, 5. 
[B _, C -, R - C -.] 
Hab. Florida. 

194. Ardea herodias Linn. 

Great Blue Heron. 

Ardea herodias Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 143. 
[B 487, C 449, R 487, C 655.] 

Hab. North America, from the Arctic regions southward to the 
West Indies and Northern South America. 

[195.] Ardea cinerea Linn. 

European Blue Heron. 

Ardea cinerea Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 143. 

[B — C — , R 488, C 657.] 

Hab. Most of the Eastern Hemisphere ; accidental in Southern 
Greenland. 



136 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Subgenus HERODIAS Boie. 

Herodias Boie, Isis, 1822, 559. Type, by elimination, Ardea egretta 
Gmel. 

196. Ardea egretta Gmel. 

American Egret. 

Ardea egretta Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 629. 

[B 486, 486* C 452, R 489, C 658.] 

Hab. Temperate and tropical America, from New Jersey, Minne- 
sota, and Oregon south to Patagonia ; casually on the Atlantic coast 
to Nova Scotia. 

Subgenus GARZETTA Kaup. 

Garzetta Kaup, Skizz, Entw. Gesch. 1829, 'jd. Type, Ardea gar^ 
zetta Linn. 

197. Ardea candidissima Gmel. 

Snowy Heron. 

Ardea candidissima Gmel. S. N. I. ii, 1788, 633. 
[B 48s, C 453, R 490, C 659.] 

Hab. Temperate and tropical America, from Long Island and 
Oregon south to Buenos Ayres ; casual on the Atlantic coast to Nova 
Scotia. 

Subgenus DICHROMANASSA Ridgway. 

Dichromanassa Ridgw. Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. IV. 
Feb. 5, 1878, 246. Type, Ardea rufa Bodd. 

198. Ardea rufa Bodd. 

Reddish Egret. 

Ardea rufa Bodd. Tabl. P. E. 1783, 54. 

[B 483, 482, C 455, R 491, C 661.] 

Hab. Gulf States and Mexico south to Guatemala, Jamaica, and 
Cuba ; north to Southern Illinois. 

Subgenus HYDRANASSA Baird. 

Hydranassa Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 660 (in text). Type, Ardea 
ludoviciana Wils. = A. t?'icolor Mull. 



ORDER HERODIONES. I37 

199. Ardea tricolor ruficollis (Gosse). 

Louisiana Heron. 

Egretta ruficollis Gosse, B. Jamaica, 1847, 338. 

Ardea tricolor ruficollis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355. 

[B 484, C 454, R 492, C 660.] 

Hab. Gulf States, Mexico, Central America, and West Indies, 
casually northward to New Jersey and Indiana. 

Subgenus FLORIDA Baird. 
Florida Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 671. Type, Ardea coerulea Linn. 

200. Ardea coerulea Linn. 

Little Blue Heron. 

Ardea coerulea Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 143. 

[B 490, C 456, R 493, C 662.] 

Hab. New Jersey, Illinois; and Kansas, southward through Central 
America and the West Indies to Guiana and New Grenada ; casually 
north on the Atlantic coast to Massachusetts and Maine. 

Subgenus BUTORIDES Blyth. 

Butorides "Blyth, 1849," Bonap. Consp. II. 1855, 128. Type, 
Ardea javanica HoRSF. 

201. Ardea virescens Linn. 

Green Heron. 

Ardea virescens Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 144. 

[B 493, C 457, R 494, C 667,.-\ 

Hab. Canada and Oregon, southward to Northern South America 
and the West Indies ; rare or absent in the Middle Province. 

Genus NYCTICORAX Stephens. 
Subgenus NYCTICORAX. 

Nycticorax Steph. Gen. Zool. XL ii. 18 19, 608. Type, Ardea 
nycticorax Linn. 



138 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

202. Nycticorax nycticorax nasvius (Bodd.). 

Black-crowned Niglit Heron. 

Ardea ncevia Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl. 1783, ^d. 

Nycticorax nycticorax ncevius Zeledon, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII., 
1885, 113. 

[B 495, C 458, R 495' C 664.] 

Hab. America, from the British Possessions southward to the Falk- 
land Islands, including part of the West Indies. 

Subgenus NYCTHERODIUB Reichenbach. 

Nyctherodius Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. xvi. Type, Ardea violacea 
Linn. 

203. Nycticorax violaceus (Linn.). 

Yellow-crowned Night Heron. 

Ardea violacea Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 143. 
Nycticorax violacea Vigors, Zool. Journ. III. 1827, 446. 

[B 496, C 459, R 496, C 665.] 

Hab. Warm-temperate Eastern North America, from the Carolinas 
and the Lower Ohio Valley south to Brazil ; casually north to Massa- 
chusetts and west to Colorado. 



Order PALUDICOL^ Cranes, Rails, etc. 

Suborder GRUES. Cranes. 

Family GRUID^E. Cranes. 

Genus GRIJS Pallas. 
Grus Pall. Misc. Zool. 1766, 66. Type, Ardea grus Linn. 



ORDER PALUDICOLiE. 1 39 

204. Grus americana (Linn.). 

Whooping Crane. 

Ardea americana Linn. S. N. ed. lo, L 1758, 142. 

Grus americana Sw. & Rich. Faun. Bor. Am. IL 1831, 372. 

[B 478, C 462, R 582, C 668.] 

Hab. Interior of North America, from the Fur Countries to Flor- 
ida, Texas, and Mexico, and from Ohio to Colorado. Formerly on the 
Atlantic coast, at least casually, to New England. 

205. Grus canadensis (Linn.). 

Little Brown Crane. 

Ardea canadensis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 141. 
Grus canadensis Temm. Man. I. 1820, p. c. 

[B 480, C 463, R 5S4. C 669.] 

Hab. Arctic and subarctic America, breeding from the Fur Coun- 
tries and Alaska to the Arctic coast, migrating south in winter into 
the Western United States. 

206. Grus mexicana (Mull.). 

Sandhill Crane. 

Ardea {grus^ ?nexicana Mull. S. N. Suppl. 1776, no. 
Grus mexicana Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIIL 1885, 356. 

[B 479. C -, R 583, C 670.] 

Hab. Southern half of North America ; now rare near the Atlantic 
coast, except in Georgia and Florida. 



Suborder RALLI. Rails, Gallinules, Coots, etc. 

Family ARAMID^. Courlans. 

Genus ARAMUS Vieillot. 
AramusVvsMA.. Analyse, 1816, 58. Type, Ardea scolopacea Gmel. 



140 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

207. Aramus giganteus (Bonap.). 

Limpkin. 

Rallus giganteus Bonap. Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. V. 1825, 31. 
Arainus giganteus Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, di"]. 

[B481, C 464, R581, C 671.] 

Hab. Florida, West Indies, and Atlantic coast of Central America. 



Family RALLID-ffl. Rails, Gallinules, and Coots. 

Subfamily RALLINuE. Rails. 

Genus RALLUS LiNNiEus. 
Rallus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 153. Type, R. aqtiaticus Linn. 

208. Rallus elegans Aud. 

King Rail. 

Rallus elegans Aud. Orn. Biog. III. 1835, 27, pi. 203. 

[B 552, C 466, R 569, C 676.] 

Hab. Fresh-water marshes of the Eastern Province of the United 
States, from the Middle States, Northern Illinois, Wisconsin, and Kan- 
sas southward. Casually north to Massachusetts, Maine, and Ontario. 

209. Rallus beldingi Ridgw. 

Belding's Kail. 

Ballus beldingi Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, 345. 
[B-C-R-C-.] 
Hab. Espiritu Santo Islands, Gulf of California. 

210. Rallus obsoletus Ridgw. 

California Clapper Rail. 

Rallus elegans var. obsoletus Ridgw. Am. Nat. VII T. 1871, in. 
Rallus obsoletus Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, V. July, 1880, 139. 



ORDER PALUDICOL^. I41 

[B — , C 466 a, R 570, C 674.] 

Hab. Salt marshes of the Pacific coast, from Washington Terri- 
tory (?) to Lower California. 

211. RaUus longirostris crepitans (Gmel.). 

Clapper Rail. 

Rallus crepitans Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 713. 

Ralhis lo7igirostris crepitans Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, V. July, 
1880, 140. 

[B 553, C 465, R 571, C 673.] 
Hab. Salt marshes of the Atlantic coast of the United States, from 
New Jersey southward ; resident from the Potomac southward. Casual 
north to Massachusetts. 

211^. Rallus longirostris satiiratus Hensh. 

Louisiana Clapper Rail. 

Rallus longirostris saturatzis " Henshaw MS." RiDGW. Bull. Nutt. 
Orn. Club, V. July, 1880, 140. 

[B— C— , R57i^, C675.] 

Hab. Salt marshes of the Gulf States, from Florida to Louisiana, 

« 

212. Rallus virginianus Linn, 

Virginia Rail. 

Rallus virginianus Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 263. 

[B 554, C 467, R 572, C 677.] 

Hab. North America, from the British Provinces south to Guate- 
mala and Cuba. 

Genus FORZANA Vieillot. 
Subgenus PORZANA. 
Porzana Vieill. Analyse, 1816, 61. Type, Rallus porzana Linn. 

[213.] Porzana porzana (Linn.). 

Spotted Crake. 

Rallus porzana Linn. S. N. ed. 12, L 1766, 262. 
Porzana porzana Boucard, Cat. Av. 1876, 7. 



142 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B -, C - R 573, C 678.] 
Hab. Northern parts of the Old World j occasional in Greenland. 

214. Porzana Carolina (Linn.). 

Sora. 

Rallus carolimis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 153. 
Porzana Carolina Baird, Lit. Rec. & Jour. Linn. Assoc. Penn. Coll. 
Oct. 1845, 255. 

[B 555, C 648, R 574, C 679.] 

Hab. Temperate North America, but most common in the Eastern 
Province, breeding chiefly northward. South to the West Indies and 
Northern South America. 

Subgenus COTURNICOPS Bonaparte. 

Coturnicops Bonap. Compt. Rend. XLIII. 1856, 599. Type, Fulica 
noveboracensis Gmel. 

215. Porzana noveboracensis (Gmel.). 

Yellow Rail. 

Fulica noveboracensis Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 701. 
Porzana noveboracensis Baird, Lit. Rec. & Jour. Linn. Assoc. Penn. 
Coll. Oct. 1845, 255, 

[B557, C469, R575.C680.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, from Nova Scotia and Hudson's 
Bay west to Utah and Nevada. No extralimital record except Cuba 
and the Bermudas. 

Subgenus CRECISCUS Cabanis. 
Creciscjts Cab. J. f. O. 1856, 428. Type, Rallus jajnaicensis LiNN. 

216. Porzana jamaicensis (Gmel.). 

Black Kail. 

Rallus jantaicensis Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 718. 
Porzana jajnaicensis Baird, Lit. Rec. & Jour. Linn. Assoc. Penn. 
Coll. Oct. 1845, 257. 

[B 556, C 470, R 576, C 681.] 



ORDER PALUDICOLiE. I43 

Hab. Temperate North America, north to Massachusetts, North- 
ern Illinois, and Oregon ; south to West Indies and in Western South 
America to Chili. 

216 a. Porzana jamaicensis coturniculus Baird. 

Farallone Rail. 

Po7'zaiia jamaiceitsis var. coturnictcltis ^^Baikt>, MS." Ridgw. Am. 
Nat. VIII. Feb. 1874, in. 

[B — , C 470 a, R 576 a, C 682.] 

Hab. Farallone Islands, California. 

Genus CREX Bechstein. 

Crex Bechst. Orn. Taschb. Deutschl. 1802, 336. Type, Rallus crex 
Linn. 

[217.] Crex crex (Linn.). 

Corn Crake. 

Rallus crex Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 153. 
Crex crex 'tiT'E.]^. Stand. Nat. Hist. IV. 1885, 128. 

[B 558, C 471, R 577, C 683.] 

Hab. Europe and Northern Asia ; casual in Greenland, Bermudas, 
and Eastern North America. 



Subfamily GALLINULIN-^. G.illinules. 

Genus IONORNIS Reichenbach. 
lononiis Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. xxi. Type, Fitlica martinica Linn. 
218. lonornis martinica (Linn.). 

Purple Gallinule. 

Fulica martinica Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 259. 
lononiis ynartiftica Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. xxi. 

[B 561, C 473, R 578, C 685.] 
Hab. South Atlantic and Gulf States, casually northward to Maine, 
New York, Wisconsin, etc. ; south throughout the West Indies to 
Brazil. 



144 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Genus GALLINULA Brisson. 
Gallinula Briss. Orn. VI. 1760, 2. Type, Fulica chloropus Linn. 
219. Gallinula galeata (Light.). 

Florida Gallinule. 

Crex galeata Light. Verz. Doubl. 1823, 80. 
Gallinula galeata Bonap. Am. Orn. IV. 1832, 128. 

[B 560, C 472, R 579, C 685.] 

Hab. Temperate and tropical xVmerica, from Canada to Brazil and 
Chili. 

Subfamily FULICIN-(E. Coots. 

Genus FULICA Linn^us. 
Fnlica Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 152. Type, F. atra Linn. 
[220.] Fulica atra Linn. 

European Coot. 

Ftilica atra Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 152. 

[B - C -, R -, C 885.] 

Hab. Northern parts of the Eastern Hemisphere in general ; acci- 
dental in Greenland. 

221. Fulica americana Gmel. 

American Coot. 

Fulica afnericana Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 704. 

[B 559, C 474, R 580, C 686.] 

Hab. North America, from Greenland and Alaska southward to 
the West Indies and Central America. 



ORDER LIMICOL^. 14S 



Order LIMICOL^. Shore Birds. 



Family PHALAROPODID^. Phalaropes. 

Genus CRYMOPHILUS Vieillot. 
Crymophilus Vieill. Anal. 18 16, 62. Type, Tringa fulicarius Linn. 

222. Crymophilus fiilicarius (Linn.). 

Red Plialarope. 

Tri7iga fulicaria Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 148. 
Crymophilus fuHcarius Stejn. Auk, IL 1885, 183. 

[B521, C 411, R 563, C 604.] 

Hab. North parts of Northern Hemisphere, breeding in the Arctic 
regions and migrating south in winter ; in the United States south 
to the Middle States, Ohio Valley, and Cape St. Lucas ; chiefly 
maritime. 

Genus PHALAROPUS Brisson. 

Subgenus PHALAROPUS. 

Phalaropus Briss. Orn. VL 1760, 12. Type, by ehmination, Tring-i 
lobata Linn. 

223. Phalaropus lobatus (Linn.). 

Northern Phalarope. 

Tringa lobata Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 148, 824. 
Phalaropus lobatus Stejn. Auk, II. 1885, 183 (nee Latham qui 
Crymophilus ftilicarius, nee Wilson qui Ph. tricolor). 

[B 520, C 410, R 564, C 603.] 

Hab. Northern portions of Northern Hemisphere, breeding in arc- 
tic latitudes ; south in winter to the tropics. 

Subgenus STEGANOPUS Vieillot. 

StegnnopusVmwA.. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXXII. 1819, 136. Type, 
S. tricolor Vieill. 

10 



146 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. - 

224. Phalaropus tricolor (Vieill.). 

Wilson's Phalarope. 

Steganopus tricolor V\YA\A.. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXXII. 1819, 136. 
Phalaropus tricolor Stejn. Auk, II. 1885, 183. 

[B519, C 409, R565, C 602.] 

Hab. Temperate North America, chiefly the interior, breeding 
from Northern Illinois and Utah northward to the Saskatchewan re- 
gion ; south in winter to Brazil and Patagonia. 



Family REOURVIROSTRID^. Avocets and Stilts. 

Genus RECURVIROSTRA Linn^us. 

Recurvirostra Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 151. Type, R. avosetta 

Linn. 

225. Recurvirostra americana Gm. 

American Avocet. 

Recurvirostra americana Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 693. 

[B517, C 407, R566, C 600.] 

Hab. Temperate North America, from the Saskatchewan and 
Great Slave Lake southward ; in winter, south to Guatemala and the 
West Indies. Rare in the Eastern Province. 

Genus HIMANTOPUS Brisson. 

Himantopus Briss. Orn. VI. 1760, 33. Type, Charadrius himanto- 
pus Linn. 

226. Himantopus mesicanus (Mull.). 

Black-necked Stilt. 

Charadrius mexiramis Mull. S. N. Suppl. 1776, 117. 
Himantopus i7texicanus Ord, Wils. Orn. VII. 1824, 52. 

[B518, C 408, R 567, C 601.] 

Hab. Temperate North America, from the Northern United States 
southward to the West Indies, Brazil, and Peru. Rare in the Eastern 
Province, except in Florida. 



ORDER LIMICOL.E. I47 

Family SCOLOPACID-ffi. Snipes, Sandpipers, etc. 

Genus SCOLOFAX Linn^us. 
Scolopax Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 145. Type, S. rusticola Linn. 
[227.] Scolopax rusticola Linn. 

Guropean Woodcock. 

Scolopax rusticola Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 146. 

[B — , C 413, R 524, C 606.] 

Hab. Northern parts of the Old World; occasional in Eastern 
North America. 

Genus PHILOHELA Gray. 
Philohela Gray, List Gen. B. 1841, 90. Type, Scolopax minor Gm. 
228. Philohela minor (Gmel.). 

American Woodcock. 

Scolopax 7tiinor Gmel. S. N. L ii. 1788, 661. 
Philohela minor Gray, List Gen. B. 1841, 90. 

[B 522, C 412, R 525, C 606.] 

Hab. Eastern Province of North America, north to the British 
Provinces, west to Dakota, Kansas, etc. ; breeding throughout its 
range. No extralimital records. 



'fc>^ 



Genus GALLINAGO Leach. 

Gallinago Leach, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mam. & Birds, 1816, 31. Type, 
Scolopax major Linn. 

[229.] Gallinago gallinago (Linn.). 

European Snipe. 

Scolopax gallinago Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 147. 
Gallinago gallinago Light. Nom. Mus. Berol. 1854, 93. 

[B — , C — R 526, C 607.] 

Hab. Northern parts of the Old World ; frequent in Greenland, 
accidental in the Bermudas. 



148 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

230. GaUinago delicata (Ord). 

Wilson's Snipe. 

Scolopax delicata Ord, Wils. Orn. IX. 1825, p. ccxviii. 
GaUinago delicata Ridgw. MS. 

[B523, €414,^526^, C 608.] 

Hab. North and Middle America, breeding from the Northern 
United States northward; south in winter to the West Indies and 
Northern South America. 



Genus MACRORHAMPHUS Leach. 

Macrorkamphus Leach, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mam. & B. 18 16, 31. Type 
Scolopax grisea Gmel. 

231. Macrorhamphus griseus (Gmel.). 

Dowitcher. 

Scolopax grisea Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 658. 

Macrorhamphus griseus Leach, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mam. & B. 1816, 31. 

[B 524, C 415. R 527, C 609.] 
Hab. Eastern North America, breeding far north. 

232. Macrorhamphus scolopaceus (Say). 

Long-billed Dowitcher. 

Li7nosa scolopacea Say, Long's Exp. II. 1823, 170. 
Macrorha7?iphus scolopaceus Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. V. 1852, 4, pi. i. 

[B 525, C 415 a, R 527 a, C 610.] 

Hab. Mississippi Valley and Western Province of North America, 
from Mexico to Alaska. Less common but of regular occurrence 
along the Atlantic coast of the United States. 



Genus MICROPALAMA Baird. 

Micropalama Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 726. Type, Tringa himanto- 
pus Bonap. 



ORDER LIMICOL.E. I49 

233. Micropalama himantopus (Bonap.). 

stilt Sandpiper. 

Tringa himantopus Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. Y. II. 1826, 157. 
Micropalama himantopus Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 726. 

[B 536, C 416, R 528, C 611.] 

Hab. Eastern Province of North America, breeding north of the 
United States, and migrating in winter to the West Indies and Cen- 
tral and South America. 



Genus THINGA Linn^us. 
Subgenus TRINGA. 

Tringa Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 148. Type, by elimination, T. 
canutus Linn. 

234 Tringa canutus Linn. 

Knot. 

Tringa canutus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 149. 

[B 526, C 426, R 529, C 626.] 

Hab. Nearly cosmopoUtan. Breeds in high northern latitudes, 
but visits the Southern Hemisphere during its migrations. 

Subgenus ARQUATBLLA Baird. 

Arquatella Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 714. Type, Tringa maritiJna 
Brunn. 

235. Tringa maritima Brunn. 

Purple Sandpiper. 

Tringa 7naritima Brunn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 54. 
[B 528, C 423, R 530, C 620.] 

Hab. Northern portions of the Northern Hemisphere ; in North 
America chiefly the northeastern portions, breeding in the high north, 
migrating in winter to the Eastern and Middle States, the Great Lakes, 
and the shores of the larger streams in the Mississippi Valley. 



ISO CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

236. Tringa couesi (Ridgw.). 

Aleutian Sandpiper. 

Arquatella couesi RmG^. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, V. July, 1880, 160. 
Tringa couesi Hartlaub, Journ. f. Orn. 1883, 280. 

[B-,C-, R531, C621.] 

Hab. Aleutian Islands and coast of Alaska, north to St. Michaers. 

237. Tringa ptilocnemis Coues. 

Prybilof Sandpiper. 

Tringa ptilocnemis Coues, Elliott's Alaska, 1873 (not paged). 
[B — , C 426 bis^ R 532, C 622.] 
Hab. Prybilof Islands, Alaska. 

Subgenus ACTODROMAS Kaup. 

Actodromas Kaup, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 1829, 37. Type, Tringa 
minuta Leisl. 

238. Tringa acuminata (Horsf.). 

Sharp-tailed Sandpiper. 

Totanus acumi7iatus Horsf. Linn. Trans. XIII. 1821, 192. 
Tringa acuminata Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, 315. 

[B- C— , R533, C619.] 

Hab. Eastern Asia, and coast of Alaska, migrating south to Aus- 
tralia. 

239. Tringa maculata Vieill. 

Pectoral Sandpiper. 

Tringa maculata Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XXXIV. 1819, 465. 

[B531, C 420, R534, C616.J 

Hab. The whole of North America, the West Indies, and the 
greater part of South America. Breeds in the Arctic regions. Of 
frequent occurrence in Europe. 



ORDER LIMICOL^. I5I 

240. Tringa fuscicollis Vieill. 

White-rumped Sandpiper. 

Tringa fuscicollis Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XXXIV. 1819, 461. 

[B 533, C 421, R 536, C 617.] 

Hab. Eastern Province of North America, breeding in the high 
north. In winter, the West Indies, Central and South America, south 
to the Falkland Islands. Occasional in Europe. 

241. Tringa bairdii (Coues). 

Baird's Sandpiper. 

A clodro7nas bairdii Co\jY.S, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. i86r, 194. 
Tringa bairdii Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, 332. 

[B— C419, R537, C615.] 

Hab. The whole of North and South America, but chiefly the in- 
terior of North and the western portions of South America. Rare 
along the Atlantic coast, and not yet recorded from the Pacific coast. 

242. Tringa minutilla Vieill. 

Least Sandpiper. 

Tringa minutilla Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XXXIV. 1819, 452. 

[B 532, C 418, R 538, C 614.] 

Hab. The whole of North and South America, breeding north of 
the United States. Accidental in Europe. 

Subgenus PELIDNA Cuvier. 
Pelidna Cuv. Regne An. 18 17, 490. Type, Tringa alpina Linn. 

[243.] Tringa alpina Linn. 

Dunlin. 

Tringa alpina Linn, S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 149. 

[B - C - R 539, C 623.] 

Hab. Northern parts of the Old World ;• accidental in North 
America. 



152 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

243 d!. Tringa alpina pacifica (Coues). 

Red-backed Sandpiper. 

Pelidna pacifica Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 189. 
Tringa alpina pacifica Ridgw. MS. 

[B 530, C 424, R 539 «, C 624.] 

Hab. North America in general, breeding far north. Eastern 
Asia. 

Subgenus ANCYLOCHEILUS Kaup. 

Ancylocheilus Kaup, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thiervv. 1829, 50. Type, Tringa 
subarquata Temm. = T. ferrugined Brunn. 

244. Tringa ferruginea Brunn. 

Curlew Sandpiper. 

Tringa ferruginea Brunn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 53. 
[B 529, C 425, R 540, C 625.] 
Hab. Old World in general j occasional in Eastern North America. 



Genus EURYNORHyNCHUB Nilsson. 

Eurynorhynchus NiLSS. Orn. Suec. II. 1821, 29. Type, Platalea 
pygi7zcea Linn. 

[245.] Eurynorhynchus pygmasus (Linn.). 

Spoon-bill Sandpiper. 

Platalea pygmcEa Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 140. 
Eurynorhynchus pygi7tcEus Pearson, Jour. As. See. Beng. V. 1836, 
127. 

[B -, C — , R 542^ C 884.] 

Hab. Asia; in summer along the Arctic coast, in winter Southern 
and Southeastern Asia. Accidental on the coast of Alaska. 

Genus EREUNETES Illiger. 

Ereunetes Illig. Prodr. 1811,262. Type, E. petrif.catus Illig. = 
Tringa pusilla Linn. 



ORDER LIMICOL^. 1 53 

246. Ereunetes pusillus (Linn.). 

Seniipalmated Sandpiper. 

Tringa pusilla Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 252. 
Ereunetes ptcsillus Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. i860, 195. 

[B 535, C 417, R541, C 612.] 

Hab. Eastern Province of North America, breeding north of the 
United States ; south in winter to the West Indies and South America. 

247. Ereunetes occidentalis Lawr. 

Western Sandpiper. 

Ereunetes occidentalis Lawr. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 107. 

[B — , C 417 a, R 541 a, C 613.] 

Hab. Chiefly Western Province of the United States, occasional 
eastward to the Atlantic coast ; breeding far north and migrating in 
winter to Central and South America. 

Genus CALIDRIS Cuvier. 

Calidris Cuv. Leg. Anat. Comp. L 1 799-1 800, tabl. ii. Type, Tringa 
arenaria LiNX. 

248. Calidris arenaria (Linn.). 

Sanderling. 

Tringa arenaria Linn, S. N. ed. 12, L 1766, 251. 

Calidris arenaria Leach, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mam. & B. 1 816, 28. 

[B 534, C 427, R 542, C 627.] 
Hab. Nearly cosmopolitan, breeding in the Arctic and Subarctic 
regions, migrating, in America, south to Chili and Patagonia. 

Genus LIMOSA Brisson. 
Limosa Briss. Orn. V. 1760, 261. Type, Scolopax limosa Linn. 

249. Limosa fedoa (Linn.). 

Marbled Godwit. 

Scolopax fedoa Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 146. 
Limosa fedoa Ord, Wils. Orn. VIL 1824, 30. 



154 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B 547, C 428, R 543, C 628.] 

Hab. North America ; breeding in the interior (Missouri region 
and northward), migrating in winter soutliward to Central America 
and Cuba. 

250. Limosa lapponica baneri (Naum.). 

Pacific God wit, 

Litiiosa baueri Naumann, Vog Deutschl. VIII. 1834, 429. 
Limosa lapponica baueri Stejn. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1885, 122. 

[B— , C 430, R 544, C 631.] 

Hab. Shores and islands of the Pacific Ocean, from Australia to 
Alaska. On the American coast recorded south of Alaska only from 
Lower California. 

251. Limosa haemastica (Linn.). 

Hudsoiiian Godwit. 

Scolopax hcEinastica Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 147. 
Limosa hcsmastica Coues, Birds Northwest, 1874, 760. 

[B548,, C429, R545, C629.] 

Hab. Eastern North America and the whole of Middle and South 
America. Breeds only in the high north. 

[252.] Limosa limosa (Linn.). 
Black-tailed Godwit. 

Scolopax limosa Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 147. 

Limosa limosa Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 356. 

[B -, C -, R 546, C 630.] 

Hab. Northern parts of the Old World \ accidental in Greenland. 



Genus TOTANUS Bechstein. 

Totanus Bech. Orn. Tasch. Deutschl. 1803, 282. Type, Scolopax 
totanus Linn. 



ORDER LIMICOL^. 155 

Subgenus GLOTTIS Koch. 

Glottis Koch, Baier. Zool. 1816, 304. Type, Totanus glottis Bechst. 
= Scolopax ?iebularii{s Gunner. 

[253.] Totanus nebularius (Gunn.). ' 

Green-shank. 

Scolopax nebularius Gunner, in Leem, Lapp. Beskr. 1767, 251. 
Totanus nebularius Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, yj. 

[B 538, C 434, R 547, C 635.] 
Hab. Eastern Hemisphere ; accidental in Florida. 

254. Totanus melanoleucus (Gmel.). 

Greater Yellow-legs. 

Scolopax melanoleuca Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 659. 
Totanus melanoleucus Vieill. Nouv. Diet. VI. 1816, 398. 

[B 539, C 432, R 548, C 6^7,^^ 

Hab. America in general, breeding in the cold temperate and sub- 
arctic portions of North America, and migrating south to Chili and 
Buenos Ayres. 

255. Totanus flavipes (Gmel.). 

Yellow-legs. 

Scolopax flavipes Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 659. 
Totanus flavipes Vieill. Nouv. Diet. VI. 1816, 410. 

[B 540, C 433, R 549, C 634.] 

Hab. America in general, breeding in the cold temperate and sub- 
arctic districts, and migrating south in winter to Southern South 
America. Less common in the Western than in the Eastern Province 
of North America. 

Subgenus RHYACOPHILUS Kaup. 

Rhyacophilus Kaup, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 1829, 140. Type, Tritiga 
slareola Linn. 



156 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH-AMERICAN BIRDS. 

256. Totanus solitarius (Wils.). 

Solitary Sandpiper. 

Tringa solitaria Wils. Am. Orn. VII. 1813, 53, pi. 58, fig. 3. 
Totanus solita7'ius Bonap. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. V. 1825, 86. 

[B 541, C 435> R 550, C 637.] 
Hab. North America, breeding occasionally in the Northern United 
States, more commonly northward, and migrating southward as far as 
Brazil and Peru. 

[257.] Totanus ochropus (Linn.). 

Green Sandpiper. 

Tringa ochrophus (err. typ.) Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 149. 
Totanus ochropus Temm. Man. 181 5, 420. 

[B— C-, R551, C636.] 

Hab. Northern parts of the Old World. Accidental in Nova 
Scotia. 

Genus SYMPHEMIA Rafinesque. 

Symphe77ua Rafinesque, Jour, de Phys. VII. 1819, 418. Type, Sco- 
lopax se77zipal7nata Gmel. 

258. Bymphemia semipalmata (Gmel.). 

Willet. 

Scolopax se7nipal7nata Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 659. 
Sy7nphemia sefnipabnata Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1845, 342. 

[B537, C 431,^552, C 632.] 

Hab. Temperate North America, south to the West Indies and 
Brazil. 

Genus HETERACTITIS Stejneger. 

Heteractitis Stejn. Auk, I. July, 1884, 236. Type, Scolopax inca- 
nus Gmel. 

259. Heteractitis incanus (Gmel.). 

Wandering Tatler. 

Scolopax iiicatius Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 658. 
■ Heteractitis i7icanus Stejn. Auk, I. July, 1884, 236. 



ORDER LIMICOL^E. 1 57 

[B 542, C 440, R 553. C 642.] 

Hab. Eastern islands and shores of the Pacific Ocean ; frequent 
during migrations on the coast of Alaska. 

Genus PAVONCELLA Leach. 

Pavoncella Leach, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mam. & B. 1816, 29. Type, 
Tringa pug?iax LiNN. 

[260.] Pavoncella pugnax (Linn.). 

Ruff. 

Tri7iga pug7iax Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 148. 

Pavoncella pugnax Leach, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mam. & B. 1816, 29. 

[B 544, C 437. K. 554, C 639.] 

Hab. Northern parts of the Old World, straying occasionally to 
Eastern North America. 



Genus EARTRAMIA Lesson. 

Bartraviia Less. Traite, 183 1, ^^t^. Type, B. laticatida Less. = 
Trmga longicauda Bechst. 

261. Bartramia longicauda (Bechst.). 

Bartramian Sandpiper. 

Tringa lo?igicauda Bechst. Uebers. Lath. Ind. Orn. IL 1812, 453. 
Bartramhis longicajidus Bonap. Rev. et Mag. Zool. XX. 1857, 59. 

[B 545, C 438, R 555. C 640.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, north to Nova Scotia and Alaska, 
breeding throughout its North American range ; migrating in winter 
southward, as far even as Southern South America. Occasional in 
Europe. 

Genus TRYNGITES Cabanis. 

Tryiigites Cab. Jour, fur Orn. 1856, 418. Type, Tringa rufescens 
ViEiLL. = T. siibruficollis Vieill. 



158 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

262. Tryngites subruficoUis (Vieill.). 

BuflF-breasted Sandpiper, 

Tringa subrujlcollis YiEiUL. Nouv, Diet. XXXIV. 18 19, 465. 
Tryngites subruficoUis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 356. 

[B 546, C 43% R 556, C 641.] 

Hab. North America, especially in the interior ; breeds in the 
Yukon district and the interior of British America, northward to the 
Arctic coast ; South America in winter. Of frequent occurrence in 
Europe. 

Genus ACTITIS Illiger. 
Actitis Illig. Prodr. 181 1, 262. Type, Tringa hypoleucos Linn. 

263. Actitis macularia (Linn.). 

Spotted Sandpiper. 

Tringa macularia Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 249. 

Actitis macularia Naumann, Vog. Deutschl. VIII. 1836, 34. 

[B 543, C 436, R 557. C 638.] 

Hab. North and South America, south to Brazil. Breeds through- 
out temperate North America. Occasional in Europe. 



Genus NUMENIUS Brisson. 
Numenius Briss. Orn. VI. 1760, 311. Type, Scolopax arquata Linn. 

264. Numenius longirostris Wils. 

Long-billed Curlew. 

Ntunenius longirostris WiLS. Am. Orn. VIII. 18 14, 24, pi. 64, fig. 4. 
[B 549, C 441, R 55S, C 643.] 

Hab. Temperate North America, migrating south to Guatemala 
and the West Indies. Breeds in the South Atlantic States, and in the 
interior through most of its North American range. 



ORDER LIMICOLiE. 1 59 

265. Numenius hudsonicus Lath. 

Hudsonian Curlew. 

Numenius hudsonicus Lath. Ind. Orn. II. 1790, 712. 

[B 550, C 442, R 559, C 645.] 

Hab. All of North and South America, including the West Indies ; 
breeds in the high north, and winters chiefly south of the United 
States. 

2%^, Numenius borealis (Forst.). 

^Eskimo Curlew. 

Scolopax borealis Forst. Phil. Trans. LXII. 1772, 411, 431. 
Numetiius borealis Lath. Ind. Orn. II. 1790, 712. 

[B 551, C 443, R 560, C 646.] 

Hab. Eastern Province of North America, breeding in the Arctic 
regions, and migrating south to the southern extremity of South 
America. 

[267.] Numenius phseopns (Linn.). 

Wliimbrel. 

Scolopax phcBopus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 146. 
Numenius pJicEopus Lath. Ind. Orn. II. 1790, 711. 

[B - C -, R 561, C 644.] 

Hab. Northern parts of the Old World ; occasional in Greenland. 

[268.] Numenius tahitiensis (Gmel.). 

Bristle-thighed Curlew. 

Scolopax tahitiensis Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 656. 
Numenizis tahitiensis Ridgvv. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 1880, 
201. 

[B — , C 442 his, R 562, C 647.] 

Hab. Islands of the Pacific Ocean. Occasional on the coast of 

Alaska. 



l60 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Family OHARADRIID^. Plovers. 

Genus VANELLUS Brisson. 
Vanellus Briss. Orn. V. 1760, 94. Type, Trmga vaiiellus Linn. 
[269.] Vanellus vanellus (Linn.). 

Lapwing. 

Tringa vanellus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 148. 
Vanellus vanellus Light. Nom. Mus. Berol. 1854, 95. 

[B— ,C— R512, Cs93.] 

Hab. Northern parts of Eastern Hemisphere. In North America, 
occasional in Greenland and the islands in Norton Sound, Alaska. 

Genus CHARADRIUS Linn^us. 

Subgenus SQUATAROLA Cuvier. 

Squatarola Guv. Reg. An. I. 181 7, 467. Type, Tringa squatarola 
Linn. 

270. Charadrius squatarola (Linn.). 

Black-bellied Plover. 

Tringa squatarola Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 149. 
Charadrius squatarola Naum. Vog. Deutschl. VII. 1834, 250. 

[B 510, C 395, R 513, C 580.] 

Hab. Nearly cosmopolitan, but chiefly in the Northern Hemi- 
sphere, breeding far north, and migrating south in winter ; in America, 
to the West Indies, Brazil, and New Grenada. 

Subgenus CHARADRIUS Linn^us. 

Charadrius Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 150. Type, C. apricarius 
Linn. 

[271.] Charadrius apricarius Linn. 
Golden Plover. 

Charadrius apricarius Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 150. 



ORDER LIMICOLyE. l6l 

[B- C- R514, C583.] 
Hab. Europe, south to Africa in winter; Greenland. 

272. Charadrius dominicus Mull. 

American Golden Plover. 

Charadriics dominicus Mull. S. N. Suppl. 1776, 116. 

[B 503, C 396, R 515, C 581.] 

Hab. Arctic America, migrating southward throughout North and 
South America to Patagonia. 

272^. Charadritis dominicus falvus (Gmel.). 

Pacific Golden Plover. 

Charadrius fidviis Gmel. S. N, I. ii. 1788, (iZf . 

Charadrius dominicus fulvus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. 1880, 
198. 

[B- C- R5i5^, C582.] 

Hab. Asia, and islands of the Pacific Ocean ; in North America, 
Prybilof Islands and coast of Alaska. 

Genus ^GIALITIS Boie. 
Subgenus OXYECHUS Reichenbach. 

Oxyechus Reich. Syst. Av. 1853, p. xviii. Type, Charadrius vo- 
ciferus Linn. 

273. -aigialitls vocifera (Linn.). 

Killdeer. 

Charadrius vociferus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 150. 
^gialites vociferus Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 45. 

[B504, C397, R516, C584.] 

Hab. Temperate North America, migrating in winter to the West 
Indies, and Central and Northern South America. 

II 



l62 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Subgenus -SGIALITIS Bote. 

uEgialiiis BoiE, Isis, 1822, 558. Type, by elimination, Charadrius 
hiaticula Linn. 

274. iEgialitis semipalmata Bonap. 

Semipalmated Plover. 

jEgialites semipalmatus^O'^^KV . Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 45. 

[6507,0399, R 517, C 586.] 

Hab. Arctic and subarctic America, migrating south throughout 
tropical America, as far as Brazil and Peru. 

275. .aigialitis hiaticula (Linn.). 

Ring Plover. 

Charadrius hiaticula Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 150. 
^gialitis hiaticula Boie, Isis, 1822, 558. 

[B— , C- R518, C589.] 

Hab. Northern parts of the Old World and portions of Arctic 
America, breeding on the west shore of Cumberland Gulf. 

[276.] .ZEgialitis dubia (Scop.). 

Little Ring Plover. 

Charadrius dubitis Scopoli, Delic. F. et Fl. Insubr. II. 1786, 93. 
^gialites dubizts Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. VIII. ii. 1872, 89. 

[B — , C 400 ^/j", R 519, C 590.] 

Hab. Most of the Eastern Hemisphere, breeding northward. Ac- 
cidental on the coast of California and in Alaska. 

277. iEgialitis meloda (Ord). 

Piping Plover. 

Charadrius melodiis Ord, ed. Wils. VII. 1824, 71. 
^gialites melodus Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 45. 

[B 508, C 400, R 520, C 587.] 

Hab. Eastern Province of North America, breeding from the coast 
of Virginia (at least formerly) northward ; in winter, West Indies. 



ORDER LIMICOL^. 163 

277 a. JEgialitis meloda circumcincta Ridgw. 

Belted Piping Plover. 

JEgialiiis inelodus var. circumcinctus Ridgw. Am. Nat. VIII. 1874, 
109. 

[B — , C 400 a, R 520 a, C 588.] 

Hab. Missouri River region ; occasional eastward to Atlantic coast» 
278. JEigialitis nivosa Cass. 

SnoTvy Plover. 

jEgialitis nivosa Cass, in Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 696. 

[B 509, C 401, R 521, C 591.] 

Hab. Western Province of North America ; in winter, both coasts 
of Central America, and Western South America to Chih'. 

[279.] .ZEgialitis mongola (Pall.). 

Mongolian Plover. 

Charadrius mongolus Pall. Reise Russ. Reich. III. 1776, 700. 
^gialiies mongolus Swinh. P. Z. S. 1870, 140. 

[B _ C - R - C -.] 

Hab. Northern Asia, southward to Northeastern Africa, India, 
Malay Archipelago, and Australia. Choris Peninsula, Alaska ; acci- 
dental. 

Subgenus OCHTHODROMUS Reichenbach. 

OcJithodromus Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. xviii. Type, Charadrius 
wilsonius Ord. 

280. .ffigialitis wilsonia (Ord). 

Wilson's Plover. 

Charadrius wilsonia Ord, Wils. Orn. IX. 1814, 'j'j, pi. 73, fig. 5. 
jEgialites wilsonius Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 45. 

[B 506, C 398, R 522, C 585.] 

Hab. Coasts of North and South America, from Long Island and 
Lower California southward to Brazil and Peru, including the West 
Indies. Casual north to Nova Scotia. 



164 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Subgenus PODASOCYS Coues. 

Podasocys Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 96. Type, Chara- 
driiis moHtaiius Towns. 

281. iEgialitis montana (Towns.). 

Mountain Plover. 

Charadritis 7nonta7ius Towns. Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. 1837, 

192. 
^gialitis 7no7tta?ms Cass, in Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 693. 

[B 505, C 402, R 523, C 592.] 

Hab. Temperate North America, from the Great Plains westward ; 
accidental in Florida. 



Family APHRIZID-^. Surf Birds and Turnstones. 
Subfamily APHRIZIN^. Surf Birds. 

Genus AFHRIZA Audubon. 

Aphriza AuD. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 249. Type, A. townsendii Aud. 
= Trhtga virgata Gmel. 

282. Aphriza virgata (Gmel.). 

Surf Bird. 

Tringa virgata Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 674. 
Aphriza virgafa Gray, Gen. B. III. 1847, pi. cxlvii. 

[B 511, C 403, R 5ii» C 594.] 

Hab. Pacific coast of America, from Alaska to Chili ; Sandwich 
Islands. 

Subfamily ARENARIIN-<S3. Turnstones. 

Genus ARENARIA Brisson. 
Arc7taria Briss. Orn. V. 1760, 132. Type, Tringa interpres LiJjn. 



ORDER LIMICOL^. l6$ 

283. Arenaria interpres (Linn.), 

Turnstone. 

Trifiga interpres Linn. S. N. ed. lo, I. 1758, 148. 
Arenaria interpi'es Vieill. Gal. Ois. II. 1834, 102. 

[B 515, C 406, R 509, C 598.] 

Hab. Nearly cosmopolitan. In America from Greenland and 
Alaska to the Straits of Magellan ; more or less common in the 
interior of North America, on the shores of the Great Lakes and the 
larger rivers. Breeds in high northern latitudes. 

284 Arenaria melanocephala (Vic). 

Black Turnstone. 

Strepsilas melanocephalns ViG. Z00I. Jour. IV. Jan. 1829, 356. 
Arenaria melanocephala Stejn. Auk, I. July, 1884, 229. 

[B516, C 406^, R 510, C 599.] 

Hab. Pacific coast of North x\merica, from Alaska to Monterey, 
California ; breeding in Alaska. 



Family H-^MATOPODIDiB. Oyster catchers. 

Genus H^MATOPUS Linn^us. 

HcEinatopus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 152. Type, H. ostralegus 
Linn. 

[285.] Hsematopus ostralegus Linn. 

Oyster-catcher. 

Hczmatoptis ostralegus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 152. 

[B -, C ~, R 506, C 595.] 

Hab. Sea-coasts of the Eastern Hemisphere ; occasional in Green- 
land. 

286. Hsematopus palliatus Temm. 

American Oyster-catcher. 

Hcemaiopus palliatus Temm. Man. II. 1820, 532. 



1.66 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[Bsi2, C 404, R 507. C 596.] 

Hab. Sea-coasts of temperate and tropical America, from New 
Jersey and Lower California to Patagonia ; occasional or accidental 
on the Atlantic coast north to Massachusetts and Grand Menan. 

287. Hssmatopus bachmani Aud. 

Black Oyster-catcher. 

Hcematopus bachtnani Avd. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 245, pi. 427. 

[B 513, C 405, R 508, C 597.] 

Hab. Pacific coast of North America, from Alaska to Lower Cali- 
fornia. 



Family JACANID-ffi. Jacanas. 



Genus JACANA Brisson. 

Jacana Briss. Orn. V. 1760, 121. Type, by elimination, Fulica spi- 
nas a Linn. 

[288.] Jacana gymnostoma (Wagl.). 

Mexican Jacana. 

Parra gvmnostofnaV^KGUEK, I sis, 183 1, 517. 

Jacana gymnostoma Zeledon, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 114. 

[B— , C— R568, C 672.] 

Hab. Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, south to Central America ; 
Cuba. 



ORDER GALLING. 167 

Order GALLING. Gallinaceous Birds. 



Suborder PHASIANI. Pheasants, Grouse, Par- 
tridges, Quails, etc. 

Family TETRAONID-^. Grouse, Partridges, etc. 
Subfamily PERDICIN-^. Partridges. 

Genus COLINUB Lesson. 

Coliniis Less. Man. d'Orn. IL 1828, 190. Type, Tetrao virginianus 
Linn. 

289. CoHnus virginianus (Linn.). 

Bob-white. 

Tetrao viroinianus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 161. 
Colinus virginiaims Stejn. Auk, IL Jan. 1885, 45. 

[B 471, C 389, R 480, C 571.] 

Hab. Eastern United States and Southern Canada, from South- 
ern Maine to the South Atlantic and Gulf States ; west to Dakota, 
Eastern Kansas, and Eastern Texas. 

289 dJ. Coliniis virginianns floridanus (Coues). 

Florida Bob-white. 

Ortyx virgiiiiamis \-\r. floridanus Coues, Key, 1872, 237. 
Colinus virginiamis fioridaniis Stejn. Auk, 1 1. Jan. 1885, 45. 

[B— , C389^, R48o^, C572.] 

Hab. Florida. 

289^. Colinns virginianiis texaniis (Lawr.). 

Texan Bob-white. 

Oj'tyx texanns Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. VI. April, 1853, i. 
Coli7ius virginiamis texanus Stejn. Auk, II. Jan. 1885, 45. 



l68 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B 472, 0389^, R 480 <^,C 573.] 
Hab. Southern and Western Texas, north to Western Kansas. 

290. Colinus graysoni (Lawr.). 

Grayson's Bob-white. 

Ortyx g7'ayso7ii Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. VIII. May, 1867, 476. 
Colinus grayso7zi STKjti. Auk, II. Jan. 1885, 45- 

[B - C - R -, C -.] 

Hab. Mexico, north into Southern Arizona. 

291. Colinus ridgwayi Brewst. 

Masked Bob-white. 

Colinus ridgwayi Brewst. Auk, II. April, 1885, 199* 
[B - C -, R -, C -.] 
Hab. Mexican border of Arizona and southward. 

Genus OREORTYX Baird. 
Oreortyx Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 642. Type, Ortyx picta DouGL. 

292. Oreort3rs: pictus (Dougl.). 

Mountain Partridge. 

07'tyx picta Dougl. Trans. Linn. Soc. XVI. 1829, 143. 
Oreortyx pictus Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 642. 

[B 473, C 390, R481, C 574.] 

Hab. Washington Territory, Oregon, and northern coast region of 
California. 

292(3!. Oreortyx pictus plumiferus (Gould). 

Plumed Partridge. 

Ortyx pluinif era Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, 42. 

Oreortyx pictus ^jdiX . plunziferus RiDGW. in Hist. N. Am. B. IIL 1874, 
476. 

[B— , C— , R48i^, C— .] 

Hab. Sierra Nevada, and southern coast ranges of California to 
Cape St. Lucas. 



I 



ORDER GALLIN^E. 169 

Genus CALLIPEPLA Wagler. 

Subgenus CALLIPEPLA. 

Callipepla Wagler, Isis, 1832, 277. Type, C. sirenua Wagl. = 
Ortyx sqtiainatiis ViG. 

293. Callipepla squamata (Vic.). 

Scaled Partridge. 

Oi'tyx squa?naius ViG. Zool. Jour. V. 1830, 275. 
Callipepla squamata Gray, Gen. III. 1846, 514. 

[B 476, C 393, R 484, C 577.] 

Hab. Table-lands of Mexico, into Western Texas, New Mexico, 
and Arizona. 

293^. Callipepla squamata castanogastris Brewst. 

Chestnut-bellied Scaled Partridge. 

Callipepla squamata castanogastris Brewst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 
VIII. Jan. 1883, 34. 

[B - C - R - C -.] 

Hab. Eastern Mexico and Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas. 

Subgenus LOPHORTYX Bonaparte. 

Lophortyx Bonap. Geog. &: Comp. List, 1838, 42, Type, Teirao cali- 
fornicus Shaw. 

294. Callipepla californica (Shaw). 

California Partridge. 

Tetrao californicus Shaw, Nat. Misc. 1797 (?), pi. cccxlv. 
Callipepla californica Gould, Mon. Odont. 1850, pi. xvi. 

[B 474, C 391, R 482, C 575.] 

Hab. Coast region of California and Oregon. 

294 <j. Callipepla californica vallicola Ridgway. 

Valley Partridge. 

Callipepla californica vallicola Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI I L 
1885, 355. 



I/O CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B -, C -, R -, C -.] 

Hab. Interior valleys and foot-hills of the Pacific Province, south 
to Cape St. Lucas. 

295. Callipepla gambeli (Nuttall). 

Ganibel's Partridge. 

Lophoriyx gamheli " Nuttall," Game. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 

1843, 260. 
Callipepla ga7Jibeli Go\j'LT>, Mon. Odont. 1850, pi. xvii. 

[B 475, C 392, R 483, C 576.] 

Hab. Western Texas, New Mexico, Southern Utah, Arizona, Lower 
Colorado Valley, and southward into Western Mexico. 

Genus CYRTONYX Gould. 

Cyj'totiyx Gould, Mon. Odont. 1850, 14. Type, Ortyx 7nassena Less. 
= O. montezMincB ViG. 

296. Cyrtonyx montezumas (Vig.). 

Massena Partridge. 

Oriyx mojitezttmce Vigors, Zool. Journ. V. 1830, 275. . 
Cyrtonyx 7no7itezui}ice Stejn. Auk, II. Jan. 1885, 46. 

[B 477, C 394, R 485, C 578.] 

Hab. Northwestern Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Northwest- 
ern Mexico. 

Subfamily TETRAONIN^. Grouse. 

Genus DENDRAGAPUS Elliot. 
Subgenus DENDRAGAPUS. 

Dendra^aptts Elliot, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 23. Type, Tetrao 
obscu7'us Say. 

297. Dendragapus obscurus (Say). 

Dusky Grouse. 

Tetrao obscurus Say, Long's Exp. H. 1823, 14. 

De7idragapus obscurus Elliot, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 23.' 



ORDER GALLIN.E. 171 

[B 459, C 381, R 471, C 557.] 

Hab. Rocky Mountains, from Central Montana to New Mexico 
and Arizona. 

297^. Dendragapus obsciirus fuliginosus Ridgw. 

Sooty Grouse. 

Cariace obscura var. fuliginosa Ridgw. Bull. Essex Inst. V. Dec. 

1873, 199. 
Dendragapits obscurus fuliginosus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 

1885, 355- 

[B— ,€381^, R 471^, C 559.] 
Hab. Northwest coast mountains, from California to Sitka. 

2^1 b. Dendragapus obscurus richardsonii (Sab.). 

Richardson's Grouse. 

Tetrao richardsonii "Sab. MS." Dougl. Linn. Trans. XVI. iii. 

1829, 141. 
Dendragapiis obscu7'us richardsoni Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 

1885, 355. 

[B-, C38i^, R47i^, C558.] 

Hab. Rocky Mountains, from Central Montana northward into 
British America. 



Subgenus CANACHITES Stejneger. 

Canachites Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI 1 1. 1885, 410. Type, Teirao 
canadensis Linn. 

298. Dendragapus canadensis (Linn.). 

Canada Grouse. 

Tetrao canadensis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 159. 

Detidragapns cajiadcnsis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355. 

[B 460, C 380, R 472, C 555.] 

Hab. British America, east of the Rocky Mountains, from Alaska 
south to Northern Michigan, Northern New York, and Northern New 
England. 



172 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

299. Dendragapus franklinii (Dougl.). 

Franklin's Grouse. 

Tetrao franklinii T)o\iG\.. Trans. Linn. Soc. XVI. iii. 1829, 139. 
Deiidragapits franklinii Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355- 

[B 461, C 380 a, R 472 a, C 556.] 

Hab. Northern Rocky Mountains (chiefly north of the United 
States) to the Pacific coast. 

Genus BONASA Stephens. 

Bonasa Steph. Gen. Zool. XI. 1819, "298. Type, Tetrao umbellus 
Linn. 

300. Bonasa umbellus (Linn.). 

Ruffed Grouse. 

Tetrao umbellus Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 275. 
Bonasa umbelhis Steph. Gen. Zool. XI. 1819, 300. 

[B 465, C 385, R 473, C 565.] 
Hab. Eastern United States, south to North Carolina, Georgia, 
Mississippi, and Arkansas. 

300^. Bonasa umbellus togata (Linn.). 

Canadian Ruffed Grouse. 

Tetrao togatus Linn. S. N. ed. 12, 1766, 275. 

Bonasa umbellus togata Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355. 

[B — , C — , R — , C — .] 

Hab. The densely timbered portions of Northern Maine and the 
British Provinces, west to Eastern Oregon and Washington Territory. 

300^. Bonasa umbellus umbelloides (Dougl.). 

Gray Ruffed Grouse. 

Tetrao umbelloides Dougl. Trans. Linn. Soc. XVI. 1829, 148. 
Bonasa umbellus var. umbelloides Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 925. 

[B465*, C385^, R473«, C566.] 

Hab. Rocky Mountain region of the United States and British 
America, north to Alaska. 



ORDER GALLINyE. 1 73 

300^. Bonasa umbellus sabini (Dougl.). 

Oregon Ruffed Grouse. 

Tetrao sabini Dougl. Trans. Linn. Soc. XVI. iii. 1829, 137. 
Bonasa umbellus var. sabinei Coues, Key, 1872, 235. 

[B 466, C 385 b, R 473 ^; C 567.] 

Hab. Coast mountains of Oregon, Washington Territory, and Brit- 
ish Columbia. 



Genus LAGOPUS Brisson. 
Lagop2is Briss. Ornith. I. 1760, 181. Type, Tetrao lagopus Linn. 

301. Lagopus lagopus (Linn.). 

Willow Ptarmigau. 

Tetrao lagopus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 159. 

Lagopus lagopus Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI IL 1885, 20. 

[B 467, 470, C 386, R 474, C 568.] 

Hab. Arctic regions ; in America, south to Sitka, British Prov- 
inces, and Northern New York. 

301^. Lagopus lagopus alleni Stejn. 

Allen's Ptarmigan. 

Lagopus alba alleni Stejn. Auk, I. 1884, 369. 

Lagopus lagopus alle7ii Sty.]:^. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 20. 

[B _ C -, R -, C -.] 

Hab. Newfoundland. 

302. Lagopus rupestris (Gmel.). 

Rock Ptarmigan. 

Tetrao rupestris Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 751. 
Lagopus rupestris Leach, Zool. Misc. II. 181 7, 290. 

[B468, C387, R475,C569.] 

Hab. Arctic America, from Alaska to Labrador. 



174 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

302 a. Lagopns rnpestris reinhardti (Brehm). 

Keinhardt's Ptarmigan. 

Lagoptis 7'einhardi (err. typ.) Brehm, Lehrb. Eur. Vog. 1823, 440. 
Lagopus rupestris reinhardti Blasius, List Eur. B. 1862, 16. 

[B _ C -, R - C -.] 

Hab. Greenland, and western shores of Cumberland Gulf. 

Z02b, Lagopus rnpestris nelsoni Stejn. 

Nelson's Ptarmigan. 

Lagopus rupestris nelsoni Stejn. Auk, I. 1884, 226. 
[B -, C - R - C -.] 
Hab. Island of Unalashka. 

302 <:. Lagopns rnpestris atkhensis (Turner). 

Turner's Ptarmigan. 

Lagopus inutus atkhensis Turner, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. July 29, 

1882, 227, 230. 
Lagopus rupestris atkhensis Nelson, Cruise Corwin, 1883, 56 e -{- 82. 

[B -, C - R - C -.] 

Hab. Atkha Island, Aleutian Islands. 

303. Lagopus welchi Brewst. 

Welch's Ptarmigan. 

Lagopus welchi Brewst. Auk, II. April, 1885, 194. 
[B -, C - R -, C -.] 
Hab. Newfoundland. 

304. Lagopus leucurus Swains. 

White-tailed Ptarmigan. 

Lagopus leucurus Swains. Fauna Bor. Amer. II. 183 1, pi. 63. 

[B 469,0 388, R 476, C 570.] 

Hab. Alpine summits of the mountains of Western North America, 
from New Mexico north into British America. 



ORDER GALLINyE. 175 

Genus TYMPANUCHUS Gloger. 

Tympamichus "Gloger, 1842," fide Sundev. Met. Nat. Av. Disp. 
1874, 114. Type, Tetrao ctipido Linn. 

305. Tympanuchus americanus (Reich.). 

Prairie Heu. 

Cupido7iia ajnericamis Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. xxix. ; based on 

Vollst. Naturg. Huhnen., pi. 217, figs. 1896-1898. 
Tympaniichits ctipido americanus Ridgw. MS. 

[B 464, C 384> R 477, C 563.] 

Hab. Prairies of the Mississippi Valley, south to Louisiana, east 
to Kentucky and Indiana. 

306. Tympanuchus cupido (Linn.). 

Heath Hen. 

Tetrao cupido Linn, S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 160. 

Tympanuchus citpido Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII L 1885, 355. 

[B 464, /^r/, C 2,^4, part, R a.'j'j^part, C 563,/<3;r/.] 

Hab. Island of Martha's Vineyard, Mass. 

307. Tympanuchus pallidicinctus (Ridgw.). 

Lesser Prairie Hen. 

Cupidonia cupido V3.x. pallidicincta Ridgw. Bull. Essex Inst. V. Dec. 

1873, 199- 
Tympanuchus pallidicinctus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI II. 

1885, 355- 

[B — C 384^, R 477 a, C 564.] 
Hab. Eastern edge of the Great Plains, from Texas northward. 



Genus PEDIOC-SITES Baird. 

PedioccBtes Baird, B. N. Am, 1858, 625. Type, Tetrao phasianellus 
Linn 



1/6 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

308. PediocsBtes phasianellus (Linn.). 

Sharp-tailed Grouse. 

Tetrao phasiafiellus Linn. S. N. ed. lo, I. 1758, 160. 
PedioccEtes phasianellus Elliot, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862,403 (nee 
Baird, 1858, qui subsp. columbianus). 

[B -, C 383, R 478, C 561.] 

Hab. British America, from the northern shore of Lake Superior 
and British Columbia to Hudson's Bay Territory and Alaska. 

308^. PediocaBtes phasianellus colnmbianus (Ord). 

Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse. 

Phasianus columbianus Ord, Guthrie's Geog. 2d Am. ed. II. 1815, 

Pedicecetes phasianellus var. columbianus Coues, Key, 1872, 234. 
[B463, €383^, R 478 ^,0562.] 
Hab. Plains of the Northwestern United States. 

308^. Pediocsetes phasianellus campestris Ridgw. 

Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse. 

Pedicecetes phasianelhis campestris Ridgw. Proc. Biol. See. Wash. 
II. April 10, 1884, 93. 

[B -, C - R - C -.] 

Hab. Plains and prairies of the United States east of the Rocky 
Mountains, south to New Mexico. 



Genus CENTROCERCUS Swatnson. 

Centrocercus Swains. Fauna Bor. Am. II. 1831, 358, 496. Type, 
Tetrao urophasianus Bonap. 

309. Centrocercus urophasianus (Bonap.). 

Sage Grouse. 

Tetrao urophasianus Bonap. Zool. Journ. III. 1827, 213. 
Centrocercus urophasia7ius SwAiNS. Fauna Bor. Am. II. 1831, 497, 
pi. 58. 



ORDER GALLIN.E. 1 77 

[B 462, C 382, R 479. C 560.] 

Hab. The sage plains of the Rocky Mountain plateau and west- 
ward, from Dakota, Colorado, and New Mexico, to Nevada, Eastern 
California, Oregon, and Washington Territpry. 



Family PHASIANID-^. Pheasants, etc. 
Subfamily MELEAGRIN-^. Turkeys. 

Genus MELEAGRIS Linnaeus. 
Meleagris Linn. S. N. ed. 10, 1. 1758, 156, Type, M. gallopavo Linn. 

310. Meleagris gallopavo Linn. 

WUd Turkey. 

Meleagris gallopavo Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 156. 

[B 457, C 379^, R 470 ^> C 554.] 

Hab. United States, from Southern Canada to the Gulf coast, and 
west to the Plains, along the timbered river valleys ; formerly along 
the Atlantic coast to Southern Maine. 

310^. Meleagris gallopavo mexicana (Gould). 

Mexican Turkey. 

Meleagris mexicana Gould, P. Z. S. 1856, 61. 

Meleagris gallopavo var. 7nexicana Baird, Hist. N. Am. B. HL 
1874, 410. 

[B 458, C 379, R 470, C 553.] 

Hab. Southwestern United States, from Texas to Arizona, south 
over the table-lands of Mexico. 



12 



178 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Suborder PENELOPES. Curassows and Guans. 

Family ORACIDjE. Curassows and Guans. 
Subfamily PENELOPIN-^. Guans. 



Genus ORTALIS Merrem. 

Ortalis Merr. Av. Rar. Icones et Desc. II. 1786, 40. Type, Phasia- 
nus motmot Linn. 

311. Ortalis vetula maccalli Baird. 

Chachalaca. 

Ortalida maccalli Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 611. 

Ortalida vetula var. maccalli Baird, Hist. N. Am. B. III. 1874, 398. 

[B 456, C 378, R 469, C 552.] 

Hab. Valley of the Rio Grande, and southward into Mexico. 



Order COLUMB^. Pigeons. 



Family COLUMBID-^. Pigeons. 



Genus COLUMBA Linn^us. 

Columba Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 162. Type, by elimination, C. 
(£7ias Linn. 

312. Columba fasciata Say. 

Band-tailed Pigeon. 

Cohimba fasciata Say, Long's Exp. II. 1823, 10. 



ORDER COLUMB^. 1 79 

[B 445, C 367, R 456, C 539.] 

Hab. Western United States, from Washington Territory and New 
Mexico south to Guatemala. 

313. Columba flavirostris Wagl. 

Red-billed Pigeon. 

Columba flavirostris Wagl. I sis, 1 831, 519. 

[B 446, C 368, R 457. C 540.] 

Hab. Southern border of the United States, from Arizona and the 
Rio Grande Valley south to Costa Rica. 

314. Columba leucocephala Linn. 

White-crowned Pigeon. 

Columba leucocephala Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 164. 

[B 447, C 369, R 458, C 541.] 

Hab. Southern Keys of Florida, Greater Antilles, and coast of 
Honduras. 

Genus ECTOPISTES Swainson. 

Ectopistes Swains. Zool Jour. IIL 1827, 362. Type, Columba migra- 
toria Linn. 

315. Ectopistes migratorius (Linn.). 

Passenger Pigeon. 

Columba migratoria Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 285 (^). 
Ectopistes 77tigratoria Swains. Zool. Journ. IIL 1827, 362. 

[B448, C 370, R459. C 543.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, from Hudson's Bay southward, and 
west to the Great Plains , straggling westward to Nevada and Wash- 
ington Territory. 

Genus ZENAIDURA Bonaparte. 

Zenaidura Bonap. Consp. Av. II. Dec. 1854, 84. Type, Columba 
carolinensis Linn. = C. fnacroura Linn. 



l80 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

316. Zenaidura macroura (Linn.). 

Mourning Dove. 

Columba 7nac7'oura Linn. S. N. ed. lo, 1758, 164 (part). 
Zenaidura macro7ira Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355' 

[B451, C371, R460, C 544.] 

Hab. North America, from Southern Maine, Southern Canada, and 
Oregon, south to Panama and the West Indies. 

Genus ZENAIDA Bonaparte. 

Zenaida Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 41. Type, Columba 
zenaida Bonap. 

317. Zenaida zenaida (Bonap.). 

Zenaida Dove. 

Columba zenaida Bonap. Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. V. 1825, 30. 
Zenaida zenaida Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355. 

[B 449, C 372, R 462, C 545.] 

Hab. Florida Keys, Greater Antilles, and coast of Yucatan. 

Genus ENGYPTILA Sundevall. 

Engyptila Sundev. Met. Nat. Av. Disp. 1872, 156. Type, Columba 
r7if axilla Rich. & Bern. 

318. Engyptila albifrons (Bonap.). 

White-fronted Dove. 

Leptoptila albifrons Bonap. Consp. Av. II. Dec. 1854, 74. 
Engyptila albifro7is Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, V. April, 1880, 100. 

[B -, C -, R 463, C 542.] 

Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, and southward to 
Guatemala. 

Genus MELOFELIA Bonaparte. 

Melopelia Bonap. Consp. Av. II. Dec. 1854, 81. Type, Colutnba leu- 
copter a Linn. 



ORDER COLUMB^. l8l 

319. Melopelia leucoptera (Linn.). 

White-winged Dove. 

Columba leucoptera Linn. S. N. ed, lo, L 1758, 164. 
Melopelia leucoptera Bonap. Consp. Av. IL Dec. 1854, 81. 

[B 450, C 373, R 464, C 546.] 

Hab. Southern border of the United States, from Texas, New 
Mexico, Arizona, and Lower California, southward to Costa Rica and 
the West Indies. 

Genus COLUMBIGALLINA Bote. 
Columbigallina Boie, I sis, 1826, 977. Type, Columba passerina Linn. 

320. Columbigallina passerina (Linn.). 

Ground Dove. 

Columba passeruia Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, L 1758, 165. 
Columbigallina passerina Zeledon, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI I L 1885, 

112. 

[B 453, C 374, R 465, C 547.] 

Hab. South Atlantic and Gulf States, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, 
and California, south to the West Indies and Northern South America. 

Genus BCARDAFELLA Bonaparte. 

Scardafella Bonap. Consp. Av. 1 1. Dec. 1854, 85. Type, Columba 
squamosa Temm. 

321. Scardafella inca (Less.). 

Inca Dove. 

Chamcepelia inca Lesson, Descr. Qtiadr. etc. Buffon, 1850, 211. 
Scardafella inca Bonap. Consp. Av. II. Dec. 1854, 85. 

[B 452, C 375, R 466, C 549.] 

Hab. Rio Grande Valley, Arizona, and Lower California, south to 
Guatemala. 

Genus GEOTRYGON Gosse. 

Geotrygon Gosse, B. Jam. 1847, 316, foot-note. Type, G. sylvatica 
Gosse = Columba cristata Temm. 



1 82 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[322.] Geotrygon martinica (Gmel.). 

Key West Quail-dove. 

Columba martinica Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 781.. 
Geotrygon martinica Bonap. Consp. Av. II. Dec. 1854, 74. 

[B 454, C 376, R 467, C 550.] 

Hab. Key West, Florida, and West Indies. 

Genus STARNCENAS Bonaparte. 

Starncenas Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 41. Type, Columba 
cyanocephala Linn. 

[323.] Starncenas cyanocephala (Linn.). 

Blue-headed Quail-dove. 

Columba cyanocephala Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 163. 
Starncenas cyanocephala Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 41. 

[B 455, C 377, R 468, C 551.] 

Hab. Florida Keys and Cuba. 



Order RAPTORES. Birds of Prey. 



Suborder SARCORHAMPHI. American Vultures. 



Family CATHARTID^. American Vultures. 



Genus PSEUDOGRYPHUS Ridgway. 

Pseudogryphus Ridgw. Hist. N. Am. B. III. Jan. 1874, 337, 338. 
Type, Vtiltur calif ornianus SYi.A.Vf . 



ORDER RAPTORES. 1 83 

324. Pseudogryphus californianus (Shaw). 

California Vulture. 

Vuhur calif ornianus Shaw, Nat. Misc. IV. 1797, pi. ccci. 
Pseudogryphus californianus Ridgw. Hist. N. Am. B. III. 1874, 338. 

[B 2, C 364, R 453, C 536.] 

Hab. Pacific coast region of the United States, from Oregon south- 
ward, and in the interior to Southern Utah. 



Genus CATHARTES Illiger. 

Cathartes Illig. Prodr. 181 1, 236. Type, by elimination, Vultur 
aura Linn. 

325. Cathartes aura (Linn). 

Turkey Vulture. 

Vult2ir aura Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 86. 
Cathartes attra Spix, Aves Bras. I. 1825, 2. 

[B I, C 365, R 454, C 537.] 

Hab. Temperate North America, from New Jersey, Ohio Valley, 
Saskatchewan region, and Washington Territory southward to Pata- 
gonia. Casual northward on the Atlantic coast to Maine. 

Genus CATHARISTA Vieillot. 

Catha7'ista Vieill. Analyse, 1816, 21. Type, by elimination, Vultur 
atratus Bartr. 

326. Catharista atrata (Bartr.). 

Black Vulture. 

Vultur atratus Bartr. Trav. Car, 1792, 285. 
Catharista atrata Gray, Handl. I. 1869, 3. 

[B 3, C 366, R 455, C 538.] 

Hab. South Atlantic and Gulf States, north to North Carolina and 
the Lower Ohio Valley, west to the Great Plains, and south through 
Mexico and Central America, the West Indies, and most of South 
America. Straggling north to New York and Maine. 



1 84 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 



Suborder FALCONES. Vultures, Falcons, Hawks, 
Buzzards, Eagles, Kites, Harriers, etc. 



Family FALOONID^. Vultures, Falcons, Hawks, 
Eagles, etc. 

Subfamily ACCIPITRIN-<^. Kites, Buzzards, Hawks, Goshawks, 

Eagles, etc. 

Genus ELANOIDES Vieillot. 

ElanoidesNiKiUL. Nouv. Diet. XXIV. 1818, loi. Ty^^t^ Falco furca- 
tus = F. forjicatus Linn. 

327. Elanoides forficatus (Linn.). 

Swallow-tailed Kite. 

Falco forficatus LiNN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 89. 

Elanoides forjicatus Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1875, 345* 

[B 34? C 337, R 426, C 493.] 

Hab. Southern United States, especially in the interior, from Penn- 
sylvania and Minnesota southward, throughout Central and South 
America ; westward to the Great Plains. Casual eastward to Southern 
New England. Accidental in England. 

Genus ELANI7S Savigny. 

Elaitus Savig. Descr. de I'figypte, 1809, 97. Type, E. ccesius =. 
Falco melanopierus Daud. 

328. Elanus leucurus (Vieill.). 

White-tailed Kite. 

Milvus leucurus Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XX. 18 18, 563 (errore 556). 
Elanus leucurus Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 4 

[B 35? C 336, R 427, C 492.] 

Hab. Southern United States, from South Carolina, Southern Illi- 
nois, and California, southward to Chili and Buenos Ayres. 



ORDER RAPTORES. 1 85 

Genus ICTINIA Vieillot. 
Ictinia Vieill. Analyse, 1816, 24. Type, Falco 7nississippiensisV^lLS. 

329. Ictinia mississippiensis (Wils.). 

Mississippi Kite, 

Falco mississippiensis WiLS. Am. Orn. III. 181 1, 80, pi. 25, fig. i. 
Ictinia mississippieiisis Gray, Gen. B. I. 1845, 26. 

[B36, C335, R428, C49I-] 

Hab. Southern United States, southward from South Carolina on 
the coast, and Wisconsin and Iowa in the interior, to Mexico. 

Genus ROSTRHAMUS Lesson. 
Rostrhajnus Less. Traite, 1831, 55. Type, Falco hamaius Illig. 

330. Rostrhamus sociabilis (Vieill.). 

Everglade Kite. 

Herpetotheres sociabilis NiYiiA.. Nouv. Diet. XVIIL 1818, 318. 
Rostrhamus sociabilis D'Orb. Voy. Ois. IL 1847, 73. 

[B 37^ C 334, R 429, C 490.] 

Hab. Florida, Cuba, Eastern Mexico, Central America, and East- 
ern South America, to the Argentine Republic. 



Genus CIRCUS Lacep^de. 

Circus Lacep. Mem. de I'lnst. III. 1801, 506. Type, Falco cyaneus 
Linn. 

33L Circus hudsonius (Linn.). 

Marsli Ha-wk. 

Falco hudsonius Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 128. 
Circus hudsojiius Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, pi. 9. 

[B 38, C ^Z2>. R 430, C 489.] 
Hab. North America in general, south to Panama. 



1 86 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Genus ACCIPITER Brisson. 
Subgenus ACCIPITER. 

Accipiter Briss. Orn. I. 1760, 310. Type, by elimination, Falco nisus 
Linn. 

332. Accipiter veloz (Wils.). 

Sliarp-shinned Hawk. 

Falco velox Wils. Am. Orn. V. 1812, 116, pi. 45, fig. i. 
Accipiter velox Vigors, Zool. Journ. I. 1824, 338. 

[B 17, C zzZ, R 432, C 494.] 
Hab. North America in general, south to Panama. 

333. Accipiter cooperi (Bonap.). 

Cooper's Hawk. 

Falco cooperi ^OY^KY. Am. Orn. II. 1828, i, pi. x. fig. i. 
Accipiter cooperi G^PlY^ List B. Brit. Mus. Accipitres, 1844, 38. 

[B 15, 16, C 339, R 431, C 495.] 

Hab. North America in general, south to Southern Mexico. 

Subgenus ASTUR LAcifip^DE. 

Astur Lacep. Mem. de ITnst. III. 1801, 505. Type, Falco paluinba- 
rius Linn. 

334. Accipiter atricapillus (Wils.). 

American Goshawk. 

Falco atricapillus Wils. Am. Orn. VI. 18 12, 80, pi. 52, fig. 3. 
Accipiter atricapillus Seebohm, Brit. Birds, I. 1883, iv. 

[B 14, C 340, R 433, C 496.] 

Hab. Northern and Eastern North America, breeding mostly north 
of the United States, south in winter to the Middle States. Acciden- 
tal in England. 

334 a. Accipiter atricapillus striatulus Ridgw. 

Western Goshaw^k. 

Astur atricapillus var. striatulus Ridgw. in Hist. N. Am. B. III. 

1874, 240. 
Accipiter atricapillus striatulus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 

1885,355. 



ORDER RAPTORES. 1 87 

[B— C— , R433^, C497-] 
Hab. Western North America. 

Genus PARABUTEO Ridgway. 

Parabuteo Ridgw. in Hist. N. Am. B. III. Jan. 1874, 250. Type, 
Falco harrisi AUD. 

335. Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi (Aud.). 

Harris's Hawk. 

FalcQ harrisi Aud. B. Am. V. 1839, 3O5 P^- 392- 

Parabuteo unicinctus var. harrisi Ridgw. in Hist. N. Am. B. III. 
Jan. 1874, 254. 

[B46, C348, R434, C512.] 

Hab. Mississippi, Texas, and Arizona, southward to Panama. 

Genus BUTEO Cuvier. 

Buteo Cuv. Leg. Anat. Comp. I. tabl. ii. Ois. 1 779-1800. Type, 
Falco buteo Linn. 

[336.] Buteo buteo (Linn.). 
European. Buzzard. 

Falco buteo Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 90. 
Buteo buteo Light. Nomencl. Mus. Berol. 1854, 3. 

[B - C -, R 435, C -.] 

Hab. Europe and Western Asia. Accidental in North America 
(Michigan ?). 

337. Buteo borealis (Gmel.). 

Red-tailed Hawk, 

Falco borealis Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 266. 
Buteo borealis Vieill. Nouv. Diet. IV. 1816, 478. 

[B23, C351, R 436, C 516.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, west to the Great Plains. 



l88 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

337 a. Buteo borealis kriderii Hoopes. 
Krider's Hawk. 

Buteo borealis var. kriderii Hoopes, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1873, 
238, pi. 5. 

[B— , C 351 r, R 436^, C 519.] 
Hab. Plains of the United States^ from Minnesota to Texas. 

337^. Buteo borealis calnrus (Cass.). 

Western Red-tail. 

Buteo calurus Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. 1855, 281. 
Buteo borealis vzx. calurus Ridgw. Bull. Essex Inst. V. Nov. 1873, 
186. 

[B 20, 24, C 351^; R 436^, C 517.] 

Hab. Western North America, from the Rocky Mountains to the 
Pacific, south into Mexico ; casual east to Illinois. 

337 r. Buteo borealis lucasanus Ridgw. 

Saint Lucas Red-tail. 

Buteo borealis var. lucasanus Ridgw. in Coues's Key, 1872, 216 
(under B. borealis). 

[B- €351^. R 436^, C 518.] 

Hab. Peninsula of Lower California. 

338. Buteo harlani (Aud.). 

Harlan's Ha^vk. 

Falco harlani Aud. B. Am. I. 1830, 441, pi. '^(i. 
Buteo harlani Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 3. 

[B22, C350, R438, C51S.] 

Hab. Kansas, Louisiana, and Texas, south to Central America. 
Casual in Southern Illinois and Pennsylvania. 

339. Buteo lineatus (Gmel.). 

Red-shouldered Hawk. 

Falco lineatus Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 268. 

Buteo lineatus Jard. ed. Wils. Am. Orn. II. 1832, 290. 



ORDER RAPTORES. 1 89 

[B 25, C 352, R 439, C 520.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, west to Texas and the Plains, south 
to the Gulf coast and Mexico. 

339^. Buteo lineatns alleni Ridgw. 

Florida Red-shouldered Hawk. 

Buteo lineatus alleni Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. Jan. 19, 
1884, 514- 

[B -, C -, R -, C -.] 

Hab. Florida. 
339/^. Buteo lineatus elegans (Cass.). 

Red-bellied Hawk. 

Buteo el egaiis Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 281. 
Buteo lineatus var. elegans Ridgw. in Hist. N. Am. B. III. Jan. 
1874, 257, 277. 

[B 26, C 352^, R439^^ ^ 52I-] 
Hab. Western United States, from Western Texas to California, 
and south into Mexico. 

340. Buteo abbreviatus Cab an. 

Zone-tailed Haw^k. 

.Btiteo abbreviatus Cab. in Schomb. Raise Brit. Guian. III. 1848, 739. 

[B — , C 353, R 440, C 522.] 

Hab. Texas, Arizona, and Southern California, south to Northern 
South America. 

341. Buteo albicaudatus Vieill. 

White-tailed Hawk. 

Buteo albicaudatus Vieill. Nouv. Diet. IV. 1816, 477. 

[B-,C-, R441, C513.] 

Hab. Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and southward through Mexico 
and Central America, and most of South America. 

342. Buteo swainsoni Bonap. 

Swainson's Hawk. 

Buteo swainsoni ^O-SAV. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 3. 



190 CHECK-LIST OF ISORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B iS, 19, 21, 28, C 354, R 442, C 523.] 

Hab. Western North America, from Wisconsin, Illinois, Arkansas, 
and Texas to the Pacific coast ; north to the arctic regions, and south 
to Buenos Ayres. Casual east to Massachusetts. 

343. Buteo latissimus (Wils.). 

Broad-winged Hawk. 

Falco latissimus Wils. Am. Om. VI. 181 2, 92, pi. 54, fig. i. 
Buteo latissiimis Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. I. Accip. 1874, 193. 

[B 27, C 355, R 443, C 524.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, from New Brunswick and the Sas- 
katchewan region to Texas and Mexico, and thence southward to Cen- 
tral America, Northern South America, and the West Indies. 

Subgenus BUTEOLA Bonaparte. 

Buteola Bonap. Compt. Rend. XLI. 1855, 651. Type, Buteo bra- 
chyurus Vieill. 

[344.] Buteo brachyurus Vieill. 

Short-tailed Hawk. 

Buteo brachyurus ViETLL. Nouv. Diet. IV. 1816, 477. 

[B -, C - R - C -.] 

Hab. Mexico, Central America, and most of South America. 
Florida (accidental?). 

Genus URUBITINGA Lesson. 

Urubitinga Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, 132- iCf' Compl. Buff. VII. 1837, 
64 ) Type, Falco urubitinga Gmel. 

345. Urubitinga anthracina (Light.). 

Mexican Black Hawk. 

Falco anthi'acimis Light. Preis-Verz 1830, 3. 
Urubitinga anthracina Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, 241. 

[B— C— , R444, C528.] 

Hab. Arizona, southward to Northern South America. 



ORDER RAPTORES. I91 

Genus ASTURINA Vieillot. 
Asturina Vieill. Analyse, t8i6, 24. Type, Falco nitidus Gmel. 

348. Asturina plagiata Schlegel. 

Mexican Goshawk. 

A stiiri7ia plagiata " Light." Schlegel, Mus. P. B. Asturinas, 1862, i. 

[B Z2>, C 358, R 445. C 527.] 

Hab. Southwestern border of the United States, southward to 
Panama, Southern Illinois (accidental ?). 

Genus ARCHIBUTEO Brehm. 
Archihifeo Brehm, Isis, 1828, 1269. Type, Falco lagopus Gmel. 

[347.] Archibuteo lagopus (Brunn.). 

Rough-legged Hawk. 

Falco lagopus Brunn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 4. 
Archibuteo lagopus Gray, List Gen. B. ed. 2, 1841, 3. 

[B-C-, R-C-.] 

Hab. Northern parts of the Old World \ Alaska. 

347^. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmel.). 

American Rough-legged Hawk. 

Falco sancti-johannis Gmel. S. N. L ii. 1788, 273 
Archibuteo lagopus var. sancti-johannis RiDGW. in CouES's Key, 
1872, 218. 

[B 30, 31; C 356, R 447, C 525.] 

Hab. Whole of North America north of Mexico, breeding chiefly 
north of the United States. 

348. Archibuteo ferrugineus (Light.). 

Ferruginous Rough-leg. 

Falco ferrugineus Light. Abh. K. Akad. Berl. 1838, 428. 
Archibuteo ferrugineus Gray, Gen. B. fol. ed. 1849, 12. 

[B 32, C 357. R 448, C 526.] 



192 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Hab. Western North America, from the Plains (Iowa to Texas) 
westward to the Pacific, and from the Saskatchewan region south into 
Mexico. 

Genus AQUILA Brisson. 
Aquila Briss. Orn. I. 1760, 419. Type, Falco chrysa'etos Linn. 
349. Aquila chrysaetos (Linn.). 

Golden Eagle, 

Falco chrysaetos Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 88. 
Aquila chrysaetus Dumont, Diet. Sci. Nat. I. 181 6, 339. 

[B 39? C 361, R 449, C 532.] 

Hab. North America south to Mexico, and northern parts of the 
Old World. 

Genus THRASAETUS Gray. 
Thrasaetus Gray, P. Z. S. 1837, 108. Type, Vultur harpy ia Linn. 

[350.] Thrasaetus harpyia (Linn.). 
Harpy Eagle. 

Vultur harpyia Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 86. 
Thrasaetus harpyia Gray, P. Z. S. 1837, 108. 

[B— , C— , R450. C631.] 
Hab. Lower Rio Grande Valley, casual, south to Paraguay. 

Genus HALIwffiETtJS Savigny. 

Haliceetiis Savigny, Descr. de r:£gypte, 1809, 35. Type, Falco albi- 
cilla Linn. 

[351.] Haliaeetus albicilla (Linn.). 

Gray Sea Eagle. 

Falco albicilla Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 89. 

HalicEctiis albicilla Leach, Syst. Cat. M. B. Br. Mus. 1816, 9. 

[B 42, C — , R 452, C 533.] 
Hab. Northern Europe and Asia ; Greenland. 



ORDER RAPTORES. I93 

352. Haliasetus leucocephalus (Linn.). 

Bald Eagle. 

Falco leucocephalus Linn. S. N. ed. 12, L 1766, 124. 
HalicBtus leucocephalus Boie, I sis, 1822, 548. 

[B 41, 43, C 362, R 451, C 534.] 

Hab. North America at large, south to Mexico. 

Subfamily FALC0NIN-<3E. Falcons. 

Genus FALCO Linn^us. 

Falco Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 88. Type, by elimination, F. siibbu- 
teo Linn. 

Subgenus HIEROPALCO Cuvier. 

Hierofalco Cuv. Reg. An. L 1817, 312. Type, Falco candicans 
Gmel. =z F. islandus Brunn. 

353. Falco islandus Brunn. 

White Gyrfalcon. 

Falco islandus Brunn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 2. 

[B II, C 341 a^ R 412, C 501.] 
Hab. Arctic regions, including Arctic America and Greenland. 

354. Falco rusticolus Linn. 

Gray Gyrfalcon. 

Falco rusticolus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 88. 

[B 12, C — , R 412 (3!, C 500.3 

Hab. Iceland, Southern Greenland, and Northeastern North Amer- 
ica, straggling southward in winter to Southern New England. 

354^. Falco rusticolus gyrfalco (Linn.). 

Gyrfalcon. 

Falco gyrfalco Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 91. 
Falco rusticolus g)'?falco Stejn. Auk, II. 1885, 187. 

13 



194 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B — , C 341, R 412 h, C 498.] 
Hab. Interior of Arctic America, from Hudson's Bay to Alaska. 

354^. Falco rusticolus obsoletus (Gmel.). 

Black Gyrfalcon. 

Falco obsoletus Gmel. S. N. I. i. 1788, 268. 

Falco rusticolus obsoletus Stejn. Auk, II. 1885, 187. 

[B — , C — , R 412 r, C 499.] 

Hab. Labrador, south in winter to Maine and New York. 

355. Falco mexicanus Schleg. 

Prairie Falcon. 

Falco mexicanus Schleg. Abh. Geb. Zool. 1841, 15. 

[B 10, C 342, R 413, C 502.] 

Hab. United States, from the eastern border of the Plains to the 
Pacific, south into Mexico ; casual eastward to Illinois. 

Subgenus RHYNCHODON Nitzsch. 

Rhynchodon Nitzsch, Pterylog. 1840, y^. Tj-pe, by elimination, Falco 
peregrinus Lath. 

356. Falco peregrinus anatum (Bonap.). 

Duck Hawk. 

Falco anatum Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 4. 
Falco peregrinus ^. ajiatui7t Blasius, List B. Eur. 1862, 3. 

[B 5, 6, C 343, R 414, C 503.3 

Hab. North America at large. 

356 «. Falco peregrinns pealei Ridgw. 

Peale's Falcon. 

Falco communis V2S. pealei "Rydgw . Bull. Essex Inst.V. Dec. 1873, 201. 
Falco peregrinus pealei Ridgw. Pr.U. S. Nat. Mus. HI. Aug. 24, 
1880, 192. 

[B — , C 343 a, R 414^, C 504.] 

Hab. Pacific coast region of North America, from Oregon to the 
Aleutian and Commander Islands. 



ORDER RAPTORES. 195 

Subgenus ^SALON Kaup. 

jEsalon Kaup, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 1829, 40. Type, Falco (zsalon 
Gmel. = F. reguliis Pall. 

357. Falco columbarius Linn. 

Pigeon Hawk. 

Falco columbarius Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 90. 
[B7, C344, R417. C 505.] 

Hab. The whole of North America, south to the West Indies and 
Northern South America. 

357 d!. Falco columbarins suckleyi Ridgw. 

Black Merlin. 

Falco cohmibarius var. stickleyi Ridgw. Bull. Essex Inst. V. Dec. 
1873, 201. 

[B — C 344^, R 417^' C 506.] 

Hab, Northwest coast region of North America, from California to 
Sitka. 

358. Falco richardsonii Ridgw. 

Richardson's Merlin, 

Falco {Hypotriorchis) richardsonii Ridgw. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 
Dec. 1870, 145. 

[B — C 345, R 418, C 507.] 

Hab. Interior and western plains of North America, from the Mis- 
sissippi River to the Pacific coast, and from the Arctic regions to 
Texas. 

Subgenus RHYNCHOPALCO Ridgway. 

RhyncJiofalco Ridgw. Pr. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 1873, 46. Type, 
Falco femoralis Temm. = F. fusco-coerulescens Vieill. 

359. Falco fussco-ccerulescens Vieill. 

Aplomado Falcon. 

Falco fusco-coerulescens Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XL 1817, 90. 



196 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B9, C347; R419, C 511.] 
Hab. Texas and New Mexico, south to Patagonia. 

Subgenus TINNUNCULUS Vieillot. 
Timmnculus Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, 39. 

360. Falco sparverius Linn. 

American Sparrow Hawk. 

Falco sparverius Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 90. 

[B 13, C 346, 346 <2, R 420, 420.^, C 508, 509.] 
Hab. Whole of North America, south to Northern South America. 

[361.] Falco sparverioides Vig. 

Cuban Sparrow Hawk. 

Falco sparverioides Vig. Zool. Jour. III. Aug.-Nov. 1827, 436. 
[B— C— R 421, C 510.] 
Hab. Cuba. Accidental in Florida. 

Genus POLYBORUS Vieillot. 
Polyborus Vieill. Analyse, 18 16, 22. Type, Falco tharus MoL. 

362. Polyborus cheriway (Jacq.). 

Audubon's Caracara. 

Falco cherhvay Jacq. Beitr. 1784, 17, tab. 4. 

Polyborus chcj-iivay Cab. in Schomb. Guiana. III. 1848, 741. 

[B 45, C 363, R 423, C 535.] 

Hab. Southern border of the United States (Florida, Texas, Ari- 
zona), and Lower California, south to Ecuador and Guiana. 

363. Polyborus lutosus Ridgw. 

Guadalupe Caracara. 

Polyborus lufos2is Ridgw. Bull. U. S. Geog. & Geol. Surv. Terr. No. 
6, 2d ser. Feb. 8, 1876, 459. 



ORDER RAPTORES. I97 

[B — , C — , R 424, C — .] 
Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 

Subfamily PANDIONIN^. Ospreys. 



Genus PANDION Savigny. 

Pandion Savign. Descr. de I'figypte, Ois. 1809, 95. Type, Falco 
haliaetus Linn. 

364. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmel.). 

American Osprey. 

Falco carolinensis Gmel. S. N. L i. 1788, 263. 

Pajidion haliaetus var. carolinensis RiDGW. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 
Dec. 1870, 143. 

[B 44, C 360, R 425, C 530.] 

Hab. North America, from Hudson's Bay and Alaska south to the 
West Indies and Northern South America. 



Suborder STRIGES. Owls. 

Family STRIGID^E. Barn Owls. 

Genus STRIX Linn^us. 
Strix Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 92. Type, ^S*. ahcco Linn. ed. 10. 

365. Strix pratincola Bonap. 

American Barn Owl. 

Strix pratincola Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 7. 
[B47, C316, R 394, C 461.] 



198 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Hab. Warmer parts of North America, from the Middle States, 
Ohio Valley, and California southward through Mexico. 



Family BUBONID-^. Horned Owls, etc. 

Genus ASIO Brisson. 
Asio Briss. Orn. I. 1760, 28. Type, Strix otus Linn. 

Wo. Asio wilsonianus (Less.). 

American liong-eared Owl. 

Otus wilsonianus Less. Traite, 1831, no. 

Asio wilsonianus Coues, Check List, ed. 2, 1882, 81, No. 472. 

[B51, C320, R395, C 472.] 

Hab. Temperate North America. 

367. Asio accipitrinus (Pall.). 

Short-eared Owl. 

Strix accipiti'ijia Pall. Reise Russ. Raichs. I. 1771, 455. 
Asio accipitrinus Newt. Yarr. Brit. B. ed. 4, I. 1872, 163. 

[B52, C321, R 396, C 473.] 

Hab. Throughout North America ; nearly cosmopolitan. 

Genus SYRNIUM Savigny. 

Syrnium Savign. Descr. de I'figypte, Ois. 1809, 298. Type, Strix 
stridula Linn. 

368. Syrnium nebulosum (Forst.). 

Barred Owl. 

Strix nebulas a Forst. Philos. Trans. XXII. 1772, 386. 
Syrnium nebulosiwi Boie, Isis, 1828, 315. 

[B54, C 323, R397, C476.] 



ORDER RAPTORES. I99 

Hab. Eastern United States, west to Minnesota and Texas, north 
to Nova Scotia and Quebec. 

SGSa. Syrnmm nebnlosum alleni Ridgw. 

Florida Barred Owl. 

S^ri'x nebulosa alleni Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. March 27, 
1880, 8. 

[B- C-, R397«,C477.] 

Hab. Florida. 

369. Syrnium occidentale Xantus. 

Spotted Owl. 

Syrnium occidentale Xantus, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 193. 

[B — , C 324, R 398, C 478.] 

Hab. Southwestern United States (New Mexico^ Arizona, Cali- 
fornia), and Lower California and Mexico. 

Genus ULULA Cuvier. 
Uhda Guv. Reg. An. I. 1817, 329. Type, Strix uralensis Pall. 

370. Ulula cinerea (Gmel.). 

Great Gray Owl. 

Strix cinerea Gmel. S. N. I. i. 178S, 291. 
Ulula cinerea Bonap. Consp. A v. I. 1850, 53. 

[B 53, C 322, R 399, C 474.] 

Hab. Arctic America, straggling southward, in winter, to the north- 
ern border of the United States. 

[370^.] Ulula cinerea lapponica (Retz.). 

Lapp Owl. 

Strix lapponica Retz. Faun. Suec. 1800, 79. 

Ulula cinerea lapponica Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 
1880, 191. 

[B— , C— , R399^, C 475.] 

Hab. Arctic portions of the Old World ; accidental in Alaska. 



200 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Genus NYCTALA Brehm. 
Nyctala Brehm, I sis, 1828, 1271. Type, Strix tengmahni Qyisx.. 

371. Nyctala tengmalmi richardsoni (Bonap.). 

Ricliardson's Owl. 

Nyctale richardso?ii Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 7. 

Nyctale teiigmalmi var. richardsoni Ridgw. Am. Nat. VI. 1872, 283. 

[B 55, C 327, R 400, C 482.] 

Hab. Arctic America, south occasionally in winter into the North- 
'ern United States. 

372. Nyctala acadica (Gmel.). 

Saw^-whet Owl. 

Sirix acadica Gmel. S. N. I. 1788, 296. 

Nyctale acadica Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 7. 

[B 56, 57, C 328, R 401, C 483.] 

Hab. North America at large, breeding from the Middle States 
northward. 

Genus MEGASCOPS Kaup. 
Megascops Kaup, I sis, 1848, 765. Type, Sirix asio Linn. 

373. Megascops asio (Linn.). 

Screech Owl. 

Sirix asio Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, I. 1758, 92. 
Megascops asio Stejn. Auk, II. April, 1885, 184. 

[B 49,/^^/, C 318, R 402, C 465-] 

Hab. Temperate Eastern North America, south to Georgia, and 
west to the Plaiiis. Accidental in England. 

373^. Megascops asio floridanus (Ridgw.). 

Florida Screech Owl. 

Scops asio vTiX.floridaniis Ridgw. Bull. Essex Inst. Dec. 1873, 200. 
Meoascops asio floridanus Stejn. Auk, II. April, 1885, 184. 



ORDER RAPTORES. 201 

[B— , €318^, R402^, C 469.] 
Hab. Southern Georgia and Florida. 

373^. Megascops asio mccallii (Cass.). 

Texan Screech Owl. 

Scops mccallii Cass. Illust. B. Cal. Tex. etc. July, 1854, 184. 

Megascops asio jfiaccalU Stejn. Auk, II. April, 1885, 184. 

[B 50, C 318 /^, R 402 b, C 468.] 

Hab. Valley of the Lovv^er Rio Grande in Texas, south to Guate- 
mala. 

373^. Megascops asio bendirei (Brewst.). 

California Screech Owl. 

Scops asio bendirei Brewst. Bull. Nutt. Orn, Club, VII. Jan. 1882, 31. 

Megascops asio bendirei ST-E^-i^. Auk, II. April, 1885, 184. 

[B _, C - R -, C -.] 

Hab. Coast region of California. 

373^. Megascops asio kennicottii (Elliot). 

Kennicott's Screech Owl. 

Scops ke?micotlii Y.IAAOT, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1867, 69. 
Megascops asio ken?iicotli ST^E^t^. Auk, II. April, 1885, 184. 

[B — , C 318 rt:, R 402^, C 466.] 

Hab. Northwest coast region, from Sitka to Oregon, and eastward 
to Idaho and Montana. 

373^. Megascops asio maxwelliae (Ridgw.). 

Rocky Mountain Screech Owl. 

Scops asio var. maxweUicE Ridgw. Field & Forest, June, 1877, 210, 213. 
Megascope asio maxwellice Stejx. Auk, II. April, 1885, 184. 

[B— , C— , R402r, C 467.] 

Hab. Rocky Mountains, from Colorado to Montana. 



202 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

373/. Megascops asio trichopsis (Wagl.). 

Mexican Screech Owl, 

Scops trichopsis Wagl. Isis, 1832, 276. 

Megascops asio trichopsis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355. 

[B — , C — R 403, C 470.] 

Hab. New Mexico, Arizona, Lower California, and Western Mexico. 

374 Megascops flammeolus (Kaup). 

Flamniulated Screech Owl, 

Scops flaj!i77ieola Kaup, Trans. ZooL Soc. Lond. IV. 1862, 226. 
Megascops Jianuneolus Stejn. Auk, II. April, 1885, 184. 

[B— , C 319, R 404, C 471.] 

Hab. Guatemala and Central Mexico, north to Colorado and 
California. 

Genus BUBO Cuvier. 
Bubo (Z\5V. Reg. An. 1817, 351. Type, Strix bubo LiNN. 

375. Bnbo virginianus (Gmel.). 

Great Horned Owl. 

Strix virginia?ia Gmel. S. N. I. i. 1788, 287. 

Bubo virginianus Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 6. 

[B48, C317, R405, C462.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, west to the Mississippi Valley, and 
from Labrador south to Costa Rica. 

375 d;. Bubo virginiaiiTis subarcticus (Hoy). 

Western Horned Owl. 

Bubo S7ibarcticus Hoy, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VI. 1852, 211. 
Bubo virginianus 1^. S2ibarctictis Ridgw. Orn. 40th Par. 1877, 572. 

[B /s,Z,part, C ^ij a,part, R 405 a, part, C 46$, part.] 

Hab. Western United States from the Great Plains westward; 
southward to the Mexican table-lands. East, casually, to Wisconsin 
and Illinois. 



ORDER RAPTORES. 203 

375^. Bubo virginianns arcticus (Swains.). 

Arctic Horned Owl. 

Strix {Bubo) arctica Swains. Fauna Bor. Am. ii. 1831, 86, pi. 30. 
Bubo virginianus var. arcticus Cass. Illust. B. Cal. etc. 1854, 178. 

[B i\Z,part, C Ty\^a,part^^ 405 '^j C 463,/^/-/.] 

Hab. Interior of Arctic America (Fur Countries), south, in winter, 
to Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming. 

375 r. Bubo virginianus saturatus Ridgw. 

Dusky Horned Owl. 

Bubo virginianus saturatus Ridgw. Orn. 40th Par. 1877, 572, foot-note. 

[B 48, /^r/, C 317 b, R 405 c, C 464.] 

Hab. Northwest coast region, from the Columbia River northward j 
Labrador. 

Genus NYCTBA Stephens. 

Nyctea Steph. Gen. Zool. XIII. ii. 1826, 63. Type, Strix nyctea 
Linn. 

376. Nyctea nyctea (Linn.). 

Snowy Owl. 

Strix 7iyctea Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 93. 
Nyctea nyctea Light. Nomen. Mus. Berol. 1854, 7. 

[B 61, C 325, R 406, C 479.] 

Hab. Northern portions of the Northern Hemisphere. In North 
America breeding mostly north of the United States ; in winter mi- 
grating south to the Middle States, straggling to South Carolina, 
Texas, and the Bermudas. 

Genus SURNIA Dumeril. 
Surnia Dumer. Zool. Anal. 1806, 34. Type, Strix ulula Linn. 

[377.] Surnia ulula (Linn.). 

Hawk Owl. 

Strix ulula LixN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 93. 
Surnia ulula BOx\AP. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. 1842, 22. 



204 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B — , C — , R 407 a, C 481.] 
Hab. Arctic portions of the Old World. Casual in Alaska. 

377^. Surnia ulula caparoch (Mull.). 

American Hawk Owl, 

Strix caparoch Mull. S. N. Suppl. 1776, 69. 
Surnia ulula caparoch Stejn. Auk, I. Oct. 1884, 363. 

[B 62, C 326, R 407, C 480.] 

Hab. Arctic America, migrating in winter to the northern border 
of the United States. Occasional in England. 

Genus SPEOTYTO Gloger. 

Speotyto Glog. Handb. Naturg. 1842, 226. Type, Strix cunicu- 
laria MoL. 

378. Speotyto cunicularia hypogasa (Bonap.). 

Burrowing Owl. 

Strix hypogcEa Bonap. Am. Orn. I. 1825, 72. 

Spheotyto cunicularia var. hypogcca Ridgw. in Coues's Key, 1872, 208. 

[B 58, 59, C 332, R 408, C 487.] 
Hab. United States, from the Pacific coast to the Great Plains, 
south to Central America. Accidental in Massachusetts. 

378 «. Speotyto cunicnlaria floridana Ridgw. 

Florida Burrowing Owl. 

Speotyto cunicularia var. floridana Ridgw. Am. Sportsm. V. July 4, 
1874, 216. 

[B — , C — , R 408 a, C 488.] 
Hab. Florida. 

Genus GLAUCIDIUM Boie. 
Glaucidium Boie, Isis, 1826, 970. Type, St7'ix nana King. 

379. Glaucidium gnoma Wagl. 

Pygmy Owl. 

Glauciditwi gno7na Wagl. Isis, 1832, 275. 



ORDER PSITTACI. 205 

[B 60, C 329, R 409, C 484.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the Pacific coast to Colorado, 
and from British Columbia south to the table-lands of Mexico. 

380. Glaucidium phalaenoides (Daud.). 

Ferruginous Pygmy Owl. 

Strix phalcBHoides Daud. Traite Orn. II. 1800, 206. 
Glaucidiuin phalcB7ioides Cab. J. f. O. 1869, 208. 

[B — , C 330, R 410, C 485.] 

Hab. Southern border of the United States (Texas to Arizona), 
south to Southern Brazil. 



Genus MICRATHENE Coues. 

Mzcrathene Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 51. Type, Athene 
whitneyi Cooper. 

381. Micrathene whitneyi (Cooper). 

Elf Owl. 

Athene whitneyi Coov^v., Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci. 1861, ri8. 
Micrathene whii^ieyi Co\je,s, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 51. 

[B— , C331, R4ii,C486.] 

Hab. Southern and Lower California and Arizona, south into 
Mexico. 



Order PSITTACI. Parrots, Macaws, Par- 
oquets, ETC. 

Family PSITTACID^E. 

Genus CONURUS Kuhl. 

Conurus Kuhl, Consp. Psitt. 1820, 4. Type, Psitiacus carolimnsis 
Gmel. 



206 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

382. Conurus carolinensis (Linn.). 

Carolina Paroquet, 

Psittaais carolinensis Linn. S. N. ed. lo, I. 1758, 97. 
Conurus carolinensis Less. Traitd, 1831, 211. 

[B63, C 315, R392, C 460.] 

Hab. Formerly Florida and the Gulf States north to Maryland, the 
Great Lakes, Iowa, and Nebraska, west to Colorado, the Indian Ter- 
ritory, and Texas, and straggling northeastward to Pennsylvania and 
New York. Now restricted to the Gulf States and the Lower Missis- 
sippi Valley, and of local occurrence only. 



Order COCCYGES. Cuckoos, etc. 

Suborder CUCULI. Cuckoos, etc 

Family CUCULID^. Cuckoos, Anis, etc. 
Subfamily CROTOPHAQINJE. Anis. 

Genus CROTOPHAGA Linn^us. 

Crotophaf^a Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 105. Type, C. am Linn. 

[383.] Crotophaga ani Linn. 

Ani. 

Crotophaga ani Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 105. 

[B d^, 67, C 288, R 389, C 425.] 

Hab. West Indies, and Eastern South America. Rare or casual 
in Southern Florida, and accidental near Philadelphia. 



ORDER COCCYGES. 20'J 

384. Crotophaga sulcirostris Swains. 

Groove-billed Ani. 

Crotophaga sulcirostris Swains. Philos. Mag. I. 1827, 440. 

[B— C— R390/C426.] 

Hab. Lower California, and valley of the Lower Rio Grande in 
Texas, south to Northern South America. 

Subfamily COCCYGtIN--^. American Cuckoos. 

Genus GEOCOCCYX Wagler. 

Geococcyx Wagler, Isis, 1831, 524. Type, G. variegata Wagl. = 
Saurothera calif orniana Less. 

385. Geococcyx californianus (Less.). 

Road-runner. 

Saurothera californiana Lesson, Compl. Buff. VI. 1829 (?), 420. 
Geococcyx californianus Baikd, B. N. Am. 1858, 73. 

[B 68, C 289, R 385, C 427.] 

Hab. Texas, New Mexico, Southern Colorado, and westward to 
California; south into Mexico. 



Genus COCCYZUS Vieillot. 
Coccystis YiKiA.. Analyse, 18 16, 28. Type, Cuculus aniericanus Linn. 

386. Coccyzus minor (Gmel.). 

Mangrove Cuckoo. 

Cuculus 7ni?ior Gmel. S. N. I. i. 1788, 411. 
Coccyzus minor Cab. J. f. O. 1856, 104. 

[B 71, C 292, R 386, C 429.] 

Hab. Southern Florida, Louisiana, the West Indies, and Central 
America to Northern and Eastern South America. 



208 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

387. Coccyzus americanus (Linn.). 

Yellow-billed Cuckoo. 

Cuculus a7fiericanus Linn. S. N. ed. lo, I. 1758, in. 

Coccyzus americanus Bonap. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. III. ii. 

1824, 367. 

[B69, C 291, R387, C 429.] 

Hab. Temperate North America, from New Brunswick, Canada, 
Minnesota, Nevada, and Oregon south to Costa Rica and the West 
Indies. Less common from the eastern border of the Plains west- 
ward. 

388. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wils.). 

Black-billed Cuckoo. 

Cuculus erythrophthalmus Wils. Am. Orn. IV. 18 11, 16, pi. 28. 
Coccyzus erythrophthabmis Bonap. Journ. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila. III. 
ii. 1824, 367. 

[B 70, C 290, R 388, C 428.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, from Labrador and Manitoba south 
to the West Indies and the valley of the Amazon ; west to the Rocky- 
Mountains. Accidental in the British Islands and Italy. 



Suborder TROGONES. Trogons. 

Family TROGONIDiiB. Trogons. 

Genus TROG-ON Linn^us. 
Trogo7i Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 167. Type, T. viridis Linn. 

[389.] Trogon ambiguus Gould. 

Coppery-tailed Trogon. 

Trogon ambiguus Gould, P. Z. S. 1835, 30. 

[B 65, C 284, R 3S4, C 422.] 

Hab. Mexico, north to the valley of the Lower Rio Grande in 
Texas. 



order coccyges. 209 

Suborder ALCYONES. Kingfishers. 

Family ALCEDINIDiE. Kingfishers. 

Genus CERYLE Boie. 
Ceryle Boie, Isis, 1828, 316. Type, Alcedo rudis Linn. 

Subgenus STREPTOCERYLB Bonaparte. 

Streptoceryle Bonap. Consp. Vol. Anisod. 1854, 10. Type, Alcedo 
torqtiata LiNN. 

390. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.). 

Belted Kingfisher. 

Alcedo alcyon Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 115. 
Ceryle alcyon Bonap. P. Z. S. 1837, 108. 

[B 117, C 286, R 382, C 423.] 
Hab. North America, south to Panama and the West Indies. 

Subgenus CHLOROCERYLB Kaup. 

Chloroceryle Kaup, Fam. Eisv. 1848, 8. Type, Alcedo superciliosa 
Linn. 

391. Ceryle cabanisi (Tschudi). 

Texan Kingfisher. 

Alcedo cabanisi Tschudi, Faun. Per. Orn. 1844, 253. 
Ceryle cabanisi Bonap. Consp. Av. I. 1850, 160. 

[B 118, C 287, R 383,0 424.] 

Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande, Texas, and Lower Colorado 
River, Arizona, south to Ecuador and Western Peru. 



14 



210 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Order PICI. Woodpeckers, Wrynecks, etc. 

Family PIOID-ffi. Woodpeckers. 

Genus CAMPEPHILUS Gray. 

Campephilus Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, 54. Type, Picus principalis 
Linn. 

392. Campephilus principalis (Linn.). 

Ivory-billed Woodpecker. 

Picus principalis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 113. 
Campephilus principalis Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, 54. 

[B72, C293, R359, C431.] 

Hab. Formerly South Atlantic and Gulf States, from North Caro- 
lina to Texas, north in the Mississippi Valley to Missouri, Southern 
Illinois, and Southern Indiana. Now restricted to the Gulf States and 
the Lower Mississippi Valley, where only locally distributed. 

Genus DRYOBATES Boie. 
Dryobates Boie, Isis, 1826, 977. Type, Picus pubescens Linn. 

393. Dryobates villosus (Linn.). 

Hairy Woodpecker. 

Picus villosus Linn. S. N. ed. 12, L 1766, 175. 

Dlryobatesl villosus Cabanis, Mus. Hein. IV. June 15, 1863, 66. 

[B "J ^, part, C 2()%, party R 360, C 438, /<3!r/.] 

Hab. Middle portion of the Eastern United States, from the Atlan- 
tic coast to the Great Plains. 

393^. Dryobates villosus leucomelas (Bodd.). 

Northern Hairy Woodpecker. 

Picus leucomelas Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl. 1783, 21. 

Dryobates villosus leucomelas RiDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 

1885,355- 



ORDER PICI. 211 

[B "j^jpart^ C 298,/^r/, R 360 a^ C 438, /^r/.] 

Hab. Northern North America, south to about the northern border 
of the United States. 



393^. Dryobates villosus audubonii (Swains.). 

Southern Hairy Woodpecker. 

Picus audubonii Swains. & Rich. Fauna Bor. Am. II. 1831, 306. 
Dryobates villosus audubonii Ridgw. Pr U. S. Nat. Mus VIII. 

1885, 3SS' 
[B "J 4^ part, C 298,/^;-/, R 2,^0, part, C 438, /^r/.] 
Hab. Southern portions of the United States, east of the Plains. 

393 <:. Dryobates villosus harrisii (Aud.). 

Harris's Woodpecker. 

Picus harrisii Aud. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, ^9^' 

Dryobates villosus harrisii Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 
1885, 355. 

[B 75, C 298 a, R 360 b, C 439.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to the 
Pacific coast, south into Mexico and Central America. 

394. Dryobates pubescens (Linn.). 

DoTvny Woodpecker. 

Picus pubescens Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 175. 

E^ryobaiesl pubescens Cabanis, Mus. Hein. IV. June 15, 1863, 62. 

[B 76, C 299, R 361, C 440.] 

Hab. Northern and Eastern North America, from British Columbia 
and the eastern edge of the Plains northward and eastward. 

394^. Dryobates pubescens gairdnerli (Aud.). 

Gairdner's Woodpecker. 

Picus gairdnerii Aud. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 3I7* 
Dryobates pubescens gairdnerii Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 
1885, 355. 



212 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B 77, C 299 a, K ^61 a, C 441.] 
Hab. Western United States, from the Rocky Mountains westward. 

395. Dryobates borealis (Vieill.). 

Red-cockaded Woodpecker. 

Picus borealis ViYiiA.. Gis. Am. Sept. II. 1807, 6^. 

Dryobates borealis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355. 

[B 80, C 296, R 362, C 433.] 

Hab. Southeastern United States, from New Jersey (at least for- 
merly), Tennessee, and Indian Territory south to Eastern Texas and 
the Gulf coast. 

396. Dryobates scalaris (Wagl.). 

Texan Woodpecker 

Picus scalaris V^ AGUER, Isis, 1829, 511. 

Dryobates scalaris Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355. 

[B 79, C 297, R 363, C 434.] 

Hab. Southern border of the United States, from Texas to Cali- 
fornia, south into Mexico. 

396^. Dryobates scalaris kicasaniis (Xantus). 

Saint Lucas Woodpecker. 

Picus lucasanus Xantus, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sol. Phila. 1859, 298. 
Dryobates scalaris lucasanus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 
1885, 2>SS- 

[B — , C 297 h, R z^Z (t, C 436.] 
Hab. Lower California. 

397. Dryobates nuttallii (Gamb.). 

Nuttall's Woodpecker. 

Picus nuttallii Gambel, Pr. Ac. Nat". Scl. Phila. April, 1843, 259. 
Dryobates 7tut ta I Hi Ridg^w . Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355. 

[678,0 297^, R364, C435.] 
Hab. California. 



ORDER PICI. 213 

398 Dryobates Strickland! (Malh.). 

Strickland's Woodpecker. 

Picus stricklandi Malherbe, Rev. Zool. 1845, ZTh- 

Dryobates slricklcifidi Kir>G\Y. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355. 

[B- C-, R365, C437-] 
Hab. Southern Arizona, south into Western Mexico. 

Genus XENOPICUS Baird. 

Xenopicus BairD; B. N. Am. 1858, 83. Type, Leuconerpes albolarva' 
tus Cass. 

399. Xenopicus albolarvatus (Cass.). 
White-headed Woodpecker. 

Leuconerpes albolarvatus Cassin, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Oct. 1850, 

106. 
Xenopicus albolarvatus Malherbe, Monogr. Pic. II. 1862, 221. 

[B81, C295, R366,C442.] 

Hab. Pacific coast region, from Washington Territory south to 
Southern California, east to the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada. 



Genus FICOIDES Lacep^de. 

Picoides Lacepede, Mem. de ITnst. III. 1801, 509. Type, Picus 
tridactylus Linn. 

400. Picoides arcticus (Swains.). 

Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker. 

Picus {Apternus) arcticus Swains. Fauna Bor. Am. IT. 1831, 313. 
Picoides arcticus Gray, Gen. B. I. 1845, 434. 

[B 82, C 300, R 367, C 443-] 

Hab. Northern North America, from the arctic regions south to 
the northern border of the United States ; much further south in the 
western part of the United States (Nevada, California), along the 
mountain ranges. 



214 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

401. Ficoides americanus Brehm. 

American Three-toed Woodpecker. 

Picoides americanus Brehm, Handb. Vog. Deutschl. 1831, 195. 

[B 83, C 301, R 368, C 444-] 

Hab. Northern North America, from the arctic regions southward, 
in winter, to the Northern United States. 

401^. Picoides americanus alascensis (Nels.). 

Alaskan Three-toed Woodpecker. 

Picoides tridactylus alascensis Nelson, Auk, I. April, 1884, 165. 
Picoides americanus alascensis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 
1885, 355. 

[B- C-,R-,C-.] 
Hab. Alaska. 

401^. Picoides americaims dorsalis Baird, 

Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker. 

Picoides dorsalis Baird, B, N. Am. 1858, 100. 

Picoides americanus dorsalis Baird, Orn. Calif. I. 1870, 386. 

[B84, C 301^, R 368 ^,€445-] 

Hab. Rocky Mountain region of the United States, south into New 
Mexico. 



Genus SPHYRAPICUS Baird. 
Sphyrapicus Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, loi. Type, Picus varius Linn. 

402. Sph3nrapicus varius (Linn.). 
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. 

Picus varius Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 176. 
Sphyrapicus varius Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 103. 

[B 85, C 302, R 369, C 446.] 

Hab. North America north and east of the Great Plains, south to 
the West Indies, Mexico, and Guatemala. 



ORDER PICI. 215 

402^. SphyrapicTis varins nuchalis Baird. 

Bed-uaped Sapsucker. 

Sphyrapicus varius var. nuchalis Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 103. 

[B Zdy C 302 «, R 369. <35, C 447.] 

Hab. Rocky Mountain region of the United States, south into 
Mexico. 

403. Sphyrapicus ruber (Gmel.). 

Red-breasted Sapsucker. 

Picus ruber Gmel. S. N. I. 1788, 429. 
Sphyrapicus ruber Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 104. 

[B Zt, C 302 b, 303 ? R 369 b, C 448.] 

Hab. Pacific coast region of the United States. 

404. Sphyrapicus thyroideus (Cass.). 

Williamson's Sapsucker. 

Picus thyroideus Cassin, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1850-185 1, 349. 
Sphyrapicus thyroideus Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 106. 

[B 2>Z, 89, C 304, 305, R 370, C 449-] 

Hab. Rocky Mountain region of the United States, west to the 
Pacific coast. 

Genus CEOPHLCEUS Cabanis. 

Ceophloeus Cabanis, Journ. f. Orn. 1862, 176. Type, Picus pileatus 
Linn. 

405. Ceophloeus pileatus (Linn.). 

Pileated Woodpecker, 

Picus pileatus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 113. 
C[eophloeu si pileatus Cabanis, J. f. O. 1862, 176. 

[B90, C 294, R371, C 432.] 

Hab. Formerly whole wooded region of North America ; now rare 
or extirpated in the more thickly settled parts of the Eastern States. 



2l6 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Genus MELANERPES Swainson. 

Subgenus MELANERPES. 

Melanerpes Sv/ains. Fauna Bor. Am. II. 1831, 316. Type, Picus 
erythrocephalus Linn. 

406. Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linn.). 

Ked-headed Woodpecker. 

Picus erythrocephalus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 113. 
Melanerpes erythrocephalzLs Swains. Fauna Bor. Am. II. 1831, 316. 

[B 94, C 309, R 375, C 453.] 

Hab. United States, west to the Rocky Mountains, straggling west- 
ward to Salt Lake Valley ; rare or local east of the Hudson River. 

407. Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi Ridgw. 

Californian Woodpecker. 

Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi Ridgw. Bull. No. 21 U. S. Nat. Mus. 
1881, 34, Zs- 

[B95, C310, R377, C454.] 

Hab. Pacific coast region of the United States, east into Arizona, 
south into Mexico. 

407 a. Melanerpes formicivorus angustifrons Baird. 

Narrow-fronted Woodpecker. 

Melanerpes formicivorus var. angustifrons Baird, Orn. Cal. I. 1870, 
405- 

[B — , C 310 a, R 377 a, C 455.] 

Hab. Lower California. 

Subgenus ASYNDESMUS Coues. 

Asyndesmus Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 55. Type, Picus 
torquatus WiLS. 

408. Melanerpes torquatus (Wils.). 

Le-wis's Woodpecker. 

Picus torquatus Wilson, Am. Orn. III. 1811, 31, pi. xx. fig. 3. 
Melanerpes torquatus BoNAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 40. 

[B96, C311, R376, C456.] 



ORDER PICI. 217 

Hab. Western United States, from the Black Hills and the Rocky 
Mountains to the Pacific. 

Subgenus CENTURUS Swainson. 

Centiinis Swains. Classif. B. II. 1837. 310. Type, Picus carolinus 
Linn. 

409. Melanerpes carolinus (Linn.). 

Ked-bellied Woodpecker. 

Picus carolinus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 113. 

Melajierpes carolinus Ridgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. X. Jan. 1874, y]Z. 

[B91, C306, R372, C 450.] 

Hab. Eastern United States, to the Rocky Mountains ; rare or 
accidental east of the Hudson River. 

410. Melanerpes aurifrons (Wagl.). 

Golden-fronted Woodpecker. 

Picus aurifrojisW AG\.^i^, Isis, 1829, 512. 

Melanerpes aurifrons Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355. 

[B92, C307, R 373, C 451.] 

Hab. Southern Texas and Eastern Mexico. 

411. Melanerpes uropygialis (Baird). 

Gila Woodpecker. 

Centurus uropygialis Baird, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. June, 1854, 120, 
Melanerpes ztropygialis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355. 

[B 93, C 308, R 374, C 452.] 

Hab. Southern Arizona, Southeastern California, Lower California, 
and Western Mexico. 

Genus COLAPTES Swainson. 

Colaptes Swains. Zool. Journ. III. Dec. 1827, 353. Type, Cuculus 
auratus Linn. 

412. Colaptes auratus (Linn.). 

Flicker. 

Cticulus auratus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 112. 
Colaptes auyatas Vigors, Zool. Journ. III. 1827, 444. 



2l8 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B97, C312, R378, C457.] 

Hab. Northern and Eastern North America, west to the eastern 
slope of the Rocky Mountains and Alaska. Occasional on the Pacific 
slope, from California northward. Accidental in Europe. 

413. Colaptes cafer (Gmel.). 

Ked-shafted Flicker. 

Picus cafer Gmel. S. N. I. 1788, 431. 

Colaptes cafer Stejn. Stand. Nat. Hist. IV. 1885, 428. 

[B98, C314, R378^, C459-] 
Hab. Rocky Mountain region of the United States, to the Pacific 
coast j north to Sitka, south to Southern Mexico, 

413^. Colaptes cafer saturatior Ridgw. 

Northwestern Flicker. 

Colaptes mexicanus saturatior Ridgw. Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash. II. April 

10, 1884, 90. 
Colaptes cafer saturatior Ridgw. MS. 

[B -, C — , R - C -.] 

Hab. Northwest coast, from Columbia River to Sitka. 

414. Colaptes chrysoides (Malh.). 

Gilded Flicker. 

Geopicus chrysoides Malh. Rev. et Mag. Zool. IV. 1852, 553. 
Colaptes chrysoides Reich. Handb. Spec. Ornith. Scansorias, 1854,413. 

[B99, C313, R379. C4S8.] 
Hab. Southern Arizona and Southern California, south to Cape St. 
Lucas. 

415. Colaptes rufipileus Ridgw. 

Guadalupe Flicker. 

Colaptes 7nexicanus rufipileus Ridgw. Bull. U. S. Geo!. & Geog. Surv. 

Terr. II. No. 2, April i, 1876, 191. . 
Colaptes rufipileus Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II. July, 1877, 60. 

[B - C — , R 380, C -.] 

Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 



ORDER MACROCHIRES. 219 

Order MACROCHIRES. Goatsuckers, 
Swifts, etc. 

Suborder CAPRIMULGL Goatsuckers, etc. 
Family OAPRIMULGIDJB. Goatsuckers, etc. 

Genus ANTROSTOMUS Gould. 

Antrostomus Gould, Icones Avium, 1838. Type, Caprimulgus caro- 
Imensis Gmel. 

416. Antrostomus carolinensis (Gmel.). 

Chuck- will's- widow. 

Caprimulgus carolinensis Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 1028. 
Antrostomus carolinensis Gould, Icones Avium, 1838. 

[B III, C 264, R353j C 396.] 

Hab. South Atlantic and Gulf States, south through Eastern Mexico 
to Central America ; Cuba. North, in the interior, to Southern lUinois. 

417. Antrostomus vociferus (Wils.). 

Whip-poor-will. 

Caprimulgus vociferus "WiLS. Am. Orn. V. 18 12, 71, pi. 41, figs. 1-3. 
Antrostomus vociferus Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 8. 

[B 112, C 265, R 354, C 397.] 

Hab. Eastern United States to the Plains, south to Guatemala. 

417 dj. Antrostomus vocifenis arizonae Brewst. 

Stephens's Whip-poor-will. 

Antrostomus vociferus arizoncB Brewst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. 
Oct. 1882, 211. 

[B— , C— , R— C 881.] 

Hab. Arizona, and table-lands of Mexico. 



220 CHECK-LIST OF l^ORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Genus PHAL-SNOPTILUS Ridgway. 

PhalcBnoptilus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. March 27, 1880, 5. 
Type, Capriinulgus nzittalli Aud. 

418. Phalsenoptilus nuttalli (Aud.). 

Poor-will. 

Caprimzdgus nutialH Aud, B. Am. VII, 1843, 350, pi, 495. 
PhalcBuoptiliis mittalli Kidg\n . Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. 1880, 5. 

[B113, C266, R35S.C398.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the Pacific coast eastward to 
Eastern Nebraska and Eastern Kansas, south to Southern Mexico. 



Genus NYCTIDROMUB ' Gould. 

Nyctidromus Gould, Icones Avium, II, 1838, pi. ii. Type, N. de7'bya- 
nus Gould = Caprimulgus albicollis Gmel. 

419. Nyctidromus albicollis (Gmel.). 

Parauque. 

. Caprimulgus albicollis Gmel, S. N. I, ii, 1788, 1030. 
Nyctid?'omiLS albicollis Burm, Th. Bras. II. 1856, 389. 

[B- C-, R356, C395-] 
Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande, south through Central and 
most of South America. 

Genus CHORDEILES Swainson. 

Chordeiles Swains. Fauna Bor. Am. II. 183 1, 496. Type, Capri- 
7nulgus virginianns Gmel, 

420. Chordeiles virginianus (Gmel.). 

Niglitliawk. 

Cai)rimulgus virginianus Gmel. S. N. I, ii. 1788, 1028, 
Chordeiles virginianus Swains. Fauna Bor. Am. II. 1831, 496. 

[B 114, C 267, R3575 C 399.] 

Hab. Northern and Eastern North America, east of the Great 
Plains, south through tropical America to Buenos Ayres. 



ORDER MACROCHIRES. 221 

420^. Chordeiles virginianus henryi (Cass.). 

Western Niglitliawk. 

Chordeiles henryi Cass. Illustr. B. Cal. Tex. etc. I. 1855, 233. 
Chordeiles virginiamis var. henryi Coues, Ke}^, 1872, 181. 

[B 1 15, C 267 ^, R 357 ^, C 400.] 

Hab Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific coast, 
south into Mexico. 

[420 Z'.] Chordeiles virginianus minor (Cab.). 

Cuban Nighthawk. 

Chordeiles minor Cab. J. f. O. 1856, 5. , 

Chordeiles virginianus c. minor Coues, Birds Northwest, 1874, 264. 

[B-,C-- R357^, C401.] 
Hab. Cuba and Southern Florida. 

421. Chordeiles texensis Lawr. 

Texan Nighthawk. 

Chordeiles texerisis Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. VL Dec 1856, 167. 

[B 116, C 268, R358, C 402.] 

Hab. Southern border of the United States, from Texas to Cali- 
fornia ; south to Central America. 



Suborder CYPSELI Swifts. 

Family MIOROPODID^. Swifts. 
Subfamily CHJETURINJE. Spine-tailed Swifts. 

Genus CYPSELOIDES Streubel. 

Cypseloides Streubel, Isis, 1848, 366. Type, Hemichelidon fumi- 
gata NuTT. 



222 CHECK- LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

422. Cypseloides niger (Gmel.). 

Black Swift. 

Hirundo nigra Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 1025. 
Cypseloides niger Scl. P. Z. S. June 27, 1865, 615. 

[B 108, C 270, R 350, C 404.] 

Hab, Rocky Mountain region (Colorado), west to the Pacific coast 
north to British Columbia, and south to Mexico and the West Indies. 



Genus CHJEITURA Stephens. 

ChcEtura Steph. Gen. Zool. XIII. pt. ii. 1825, yG. Type, Hirundo 
pelagica Linn. 

423. Chaetura pelagica (Linn.). 

Chimney Swift. 

Hirundo pelagica Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 192. 
ChcBtura pelasgia Steph. Gen. Zool. XIII. pt. ii. 1825, 76. 

[B 109, C 271, R35i» C405.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, north to Labrador ' and the Fur 
Countries, west to the Plains, and passing south of the United States 
in winter. 

424. Chastura vauxii (Towns.). 

Vaux's Swift. 

Cypselus vauxii Towns. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII L 1839, 148. 
ChcBtura vauxii DeKay, Zool. N. Y. II. 1844, "^^G. 

[B no, C 272, R 352, C 406.] 

Hab. Pacific slope, from British Columbia south into Mexico. 



Subfamily MICROPODINJE. 



Genus MICROPUS Meyer & Wolf. 

Micropus Meyer & Wolf, Taschb. Deutsch. Vog. I. 1810, 280. 
Type, Hirundo apus Linn. 



ORDER MACROCHIRES. 223 

425. Micropus melanoleucus (Baird). 

Wtdte-throated Swift. 

Cypselus 7nelanoleucus Baird, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. June, 1854, 

118. 
Micropus melanoleucus Ridgw. Auk, I. July, 1884, 230. 

[B 107, C 269, R 349, C 403.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to the 
Pacific, and south to Central America. 



Suborder TROCHILI. Hummingbirds. 



Family TR0CHILID-<E. Hummingbirds. 

Genus EUG-ENES Gould. 

Eugenes Gould, Mon. Troch. pt. xii. 1856. Type, Trochilus fulgens 
Swains. 

126. Eugenes fulgens (Swains.). 

Rivoli Hummingbird. 

Trochilus fulgens Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827, 441. 
Eugenes fulgens Gould, Mon. Troch. II. 1856, pi. 59. 

[B — , C 274^/5, R 334, C 408.] 

Hab. Southern Arizona, through Mexico to Guatemala. 

Genus CCELIG-ENA Lesson. 

Caeligena Less. Ind. & Synop. Gen. Troch. 1832, p. xviii. Type, 
Ornismya clemencice Less. 

427. Cc3eligena clemenciae Less. 

Blue-throated Hummingbird. 

Ornismya clemencicE Less. Ois. Mouch. 1829, 216, pi. 80. 
Cceligena clemencice Less. Ind. & Synop. Gen. Troch. 1832, p. xviii. 



224 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B-C-R-C— .] 
Hab. Mexico and Southern Arizona. 

Genus TROCHILUS Linn^us. 
Subgenus TROCHILUS. 

Trochilus Linn. S. N. ed. lo, I. 1758, 119. Type, by elimination, T. 
colubris Linn. 

428. Trochilus colubris Linn. 

Ruby-throated Huminingbird. 

Trochilus colubris Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 120, 

[B loi, C 275, R335, C409.] 

Hab. Eastern North America to the Plains, north to the Fur Coun- 
tries, and south, in winter, to Cuba and Veragua. 

429. Trochilus alexandri Bourc. & Muls. 

Black-chinned Hummingbird. 

Trochihis alexandri Bourc. & Muls. Ann. Soc. Agric. Lyons, IX. 
1846, 330. 

[B 102, C 276, R336, C 410.] 

Hab. Pacific coast region, from California east to Utah and Ari- 
zona, and southward. 

Subgenus CALYFTB Gould. 

CalypU Gould, Introd. Troch. 1861, Zt. Type, Ornistnya costce 
Bourc. 

430. Trochilus costas (Eourc). 

Costa's Hummingbird. 

Ornismya costcs Bourc Rev. Zool. 1839, 294 
Trochilus costce Gray, Handl, I. 1869, 145. 

[B 106, C 280, R 337, C 415-] 

Hab. Southern California, Arizona, and Western Mexico. 



ORDER MACROCHIRES. .; 225 

431. Trochilus anna (Less). 

Anna's Hummiuglbird, 

Oniisinya anna Less. Suppl. Ois. Mouch. 1831, 115, pi. vii. 
Trochilus anna Jardine, Nat. Lib. Orn. L 1833, 93. 

[B 105, C 279, R 338, C 415-] 

Hab. Southern California, Southern Arizona, and Mexico. 

Subgenus SELASPHORUS SwaiNson. 

Selasphonis Swains. Fauna Bor. Am. II. 1831, 324. Type, Trochilus 
•rufus Gmel. 

432. Trochilus platycercus Swains. 

Broad-tailed Hummingbird. 

Trochilus platycercus Swains. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 441. 
[B 104, C 278, R 339, C 413-] 
Hab. Rocky Mountain plateau region, south to Guatemala. 

433. Trochilus rufus Gmel. 

Rufous Hummingbird. 

Trochilus rufus GxMEL. S. N. I. i. 1788, 497. 

[B 103, C 277, R 340, C 411.] 

Hab. Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, north to Sitka, south into 
Mexico. 

434. Trochilus alleni (Hensh.). 

Allen's Hummingbird. 

Selasphorus alleni Hensh. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II. 1877, 54. 
Trochilus alleni Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI I L 1885, 355. 

[B— , C— , R34i,C4i2.] 

Hab. Pacific coast, north to British Columbia, east to Southern 
Arizona. 

15 



226 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Subgenus ATTHIS Reichenbach. 

Atthis Reich. Aufz. der Colib. 1853, 12. Type, Ornysjnia heloisa 
Less. & DeLatt. 

435. Trochilus heloisa (Less. & DeLatt.). 

Heloise's Hummingbird. 

Ornysniia heloisa Less. & DeLatt. Rev. Zool. 1839, 15. 
Trochilus heloisa Gray, Handl. L 1869, 145. 

[B— , C 281, R342, C416.] 

Hab. Southern Texas and Eastern Mexico. 

Subgenus STELLULA Gould. 

Stellula Gould, Introd. Troch. 1861, 90. Type, Trochilus calliope 
Gould. 

436. Trochilus calliope Gould. 

Calliope Hummingbird. 

Trochilus {Calothorax) calliope Gould, P. Z. S. 1847, n* 

[B— , C 282, R3435 C 417.] 

Hab. Mountains of the Pacific slope, from British Columbia south 
to Lower California, and east to Montana, Nevada, and New Mexico. 

Subgenus CALOTHORAX Gray, 
Calothorax Gray, Gen. B. 1840, 13. Type, Cynanthus lucifer Swains. 

437. Trochilus lucifer (Swains.). 

Lucifer Hummingbird. 

CynantJms lucifer Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827, 442, 
Trochilus I Jicifer GiK^^-L, Thes. Orn. III. 1877,683. 

[B — C -, R 344, C 418.] 

Hab. Mexico and Southern Arizona. 

Genus AMAZILIA Reichenbach. 

Amazilia Reich. Syst. Av. 1849, pi. 39. Type, Orthorhynchus 
ainazili Less. 



ORDER MACROCHIRES. 22/ 

438. Amazilia fuscicaudata (Fraser). 

Rieffer's Hummingbird. 

Trochilus fuscicaudatiis Fras. P. Z. S. 1840, 17. 
A77tazilia fuscicaudata Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. I. Oct. 2, 1878, 
147. 

[B - C -, R 345, C 419-] 
Hab. Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas, south through Eastern 
Mexico to Central America and Northern South America. 

439. Amazilia cerviniventris Gould. 

Buff- bellied Hummingbird. 

Amazilius cerviniventris Gould, P. Z. S. 1856, 150. 
[B - C - R 346, C 420.] 
Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande south into Eastern Mexico. 

Genus BASILINNA Boie. 
Basilinna Boie, I sis, 1831, 546. Type, Trochilus leucotis YiYAiA.. 

440. Basilinna xantusi (Lawr.). 

Xantus's Hummingbird. 

Ainazilia xa7itusi Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i860, 109. 

Basilittna xanthusi Elliot, Class. & Synop. Troch. March, 1879, 227. 

[B— , C 273, R347, C 407.] 

Hab. Lower California. 

Genus IACHE Elliot. 

lache Elliot, Class. & Synop. Troch. March, 1879, 234. Type, 
Cynatithus latirostris Swains. 

441. lache latirostris (Swains.). 

Broad-billed Hummingbird. 

Cynanthus latirostris Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827, 441. 

lache latirostris Elliot, Class. & Synop. Troch. March, 1879, 235. 

[B— C— R348, C421.] 
Hab. Southern Arizona and Western Mexico. 



228 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 



Order PASSERES. Perching Birds. 



Suborder CLAMATORES. Songless Perching 

Birds. 

Family TYRANNIDJE. Tyrant Flycatchers. 

Genus MILVULUS ■ Swainson. 

Milvulus Swainson, Zool. Journ. III. July, 1827, 165. Type, Tyran- 
nus savanna Vieill. = Muscicapa ty?'annus Linn. 

[442.] Milvulus tjrrannus (Linn.). 

Fork-tailed Flycatcher. 

Muscicapa tyrannus Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 325. 
Milvulus tyrannus Bonap. Geogr. & Comp. List, 1838, 25. 

[B 122, C 240, R 302, C 366.] 

Hab. Mexico and southward throughout Central and most of South 
America. Accidental in the United States (Mississippi, Kentucky, 
New Jersey). 

443. Milvulus forficatus (Gmel.). 

Scissor-tailed Flycatcher. 

Muscicapa forficata Gmel. S. N. I. i. 1788, 931. 
Milvulus forficatus Swains. Classif. B. II. 1827, 225. 

[B 123, C 241, R 301, C 367.] 

Hab. Texas and Indian Territory, casually north to Kansas and 
Missouri ; south to Central America. Accidental in Virginia, New 
Jersey, New England, Manitoba, and at York Factory, Hudson's Bay. 

Genus TYRANNUS Cuvier. 

Tyrannus Cuvier, Leg. d'An. Comp. I. 1799, tabl. ii. {Cf. Tabl. 
Elem. 1797, p. 201.) Type, Lanius tyranmis Iah'H. 



ORDER PASSERES. 229 

444. Tjnrannus tyrannus (Linn.). 

Kingbird. 

Laniiis tyrannus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 94. 
Tyrannus ty inanities Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 4, 1884, 96. 

[B 124, C 242, R 304, C 368.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, from the British Provinces south to 
Central and South America. Rare west of tlie Rocky Mountains 
(Utah, Nevada, Washington Territory, etc.). 

445. Tjrrannus dominicensis (Gmel.). 

Gray Kingbird. 

Lajiius tyraniitis /3. doinhiicensis Gmel. S. N. I. 1788, 302. 
Tyrannus doniinicensis Richardson, Rep. Sixth Meet. Brit. Ass. V. 
1837, 170. 

[B 125, C 243, R 303, C 369.] 

Hab. South Atlantic States (South Carolina, Georgia, Florida), 
West Indies, Atlantic coast of Central America, and Northern South 
America. Accidental in Massachusetts. 

446. T3n:annus melancholicus couchii (Baird). 

Couch's Kingbird. 

Tyrannus couchii Baird, B, N. Am. 1858, 175. 

TyrajtJius melancholicus var. couchii CouES, Checkl. ed. i, Dec. 
1873, 51- 

[B128, 129, C 246, R 305, C 372.] 

Hab. Southern border of the United States (Texas, Arizona), south 
to Guatemala. 

447. Tjrrannus verticalis Say. 

Arkansas Kingbird. 

Tyrannus ve^^ticalis Say, Long's Exp. II. 1823, 60. 

[B 126, C 244, R 306, C 370.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific, south 
to Guatemala. Accidental in Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and 
Maine. 



230 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

448. Tyrannus vociferans Swains. 

Cassin's Kingbird. 

Tyrannus vociferans Swains. Quart. Jour. Sci. XX. 1826, 273. 

[B 127, C 245, R 307, C371.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the western border of the Plains 
to Southern California, south to Guatemala. 

Genus PIT ANGUS Swainson. 

Pitangus Swainson, Zool. Journ. III. July, 1827, 165. Type, Tyran- 
nus sulphuratus Vieill. 

449. Pitangus derbianus (Kaup). 

Derby Flycatcher. 

Saurophag2is derbianus Kaup, P. Z. S. 1851, 44, pi, xxxvi. 
Pitangus derbianus Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 297. 

[B -, C - R 308, C 364.] 

Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, south to Northern 
South America. 



Genus MYIOZETETES Sclater. 

Myiozetetes Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, 46. Type, Muscicapa cayennensis 
Linn. 

[450.] Myiozetetes texensis (Giraud), 

Giraud's Flycatcher. 

Muscicapa texensis Giraud, Sixteen Texas B. 1841, pi. i. 
Myiozetetes texensis Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, 56. 

[B -, C ^, R 309, C -.] 

Hab. "Texas" (Giraud), south to Central America and Northern 
South America. 



Genus MYIODYNASTES Bonaparte. 

Myiodynastes Bonap. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandee, II. 1857, 35- 
Type, Muscicapa audax Gmel. 



ORDER PASSERES. 23 I 

451. Myiodynastes luteiventris Scl. 

Sulpliur-bellied Flycatcher. 

Myiodynastes luteiventris ScL. P. Z. S. 1859, 42 (ex BONAP. Compte 
Rend. XXXVIII. 1854, 657, nomen nudum). 

[B-, C-, R310, C365.] 
Hab. Southern Arizona, south to Costa Rica. 

Genus MYIARCHUS Cabanis. 

Myiarc/iics Cab. Faun. Per. Aves, 1844-46, 152. Type, Muscicapa 
ferox Gmel. 

452. Myiarchus crinitus (Linn.). 

Crested Flycatcher. 

Muscicapa crinita Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 325. 
Myiarchus crinitus Light. Nomencl. Mus. Berol. 1854, 16. 

[B. 130, C 247, R312, C 373.] 

Hab. Eastern United States and Southern Canada, west to the 
Plains, south through Eastern Mexico to Costa Rica. 

453. Myiarchus mexicanus (Kaup). 

Mexican Crested Flycatcher. 

Tyr\annula'\ 7nexica7ia Kaup, P. Z. S. 185 1, 51. 

Myiarchus viexicanus Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. IX. May, 1869, 202. 

[B132, C-, R3ii,C374.] 

Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, southward to 
Guatemala. 

453^. Myiarchus mexicanns magister Ridgw. 

Arizona Crested Flycatcher. 

Myiarchus inexicanus magister Ridgw. Pr. Biol. See. Wash. II. 
April 10, 1884, 90. 

[B -, C -, R - C -.] 
Hab. Southern Arizona, south into Western Mexico. 



232 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

454. Myiarchus cinerascens Lawr. 

Ash-throated Flycatcher. 

Tyratinula cinerascens Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. V. 185 1, 121, 
M[_yiarchus'\ cinerascens Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. VII. May, i860, 285. 

[B 131, C 248, R 313, C 375.] 

Hab. Western United States, north to Oregon, Nevada, Utah, and 
Colorado, south to Guatemala. 

[455.] Myiarchus lawrenceii (Gir.). 

Liawrence's Flycatcher. 

Muscicapa lawrenceii GiRAUD, Sixteen Sp. Texas B. 1841, 9 (by 

actual counting, the text not being paged). 
Myiarchus lawrenciiV>AiKT>, B. N. Am. 1858, 181. 

[B 133, C 248, R 314, C 376.] 

Hab. " Texas " (Giraud) and Eastern Mexico. 

455 «. MyiarcliTis lawrencei olivascens Ridgw. 

Olivaceous Flycatcher. 

Myiarchus lawrencei olivascens Ridgw. Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash. IL 
April 10, 1884, 91. 

[B - C -, R -, C -.] 
Hab. Arizona and Western Mexico. 

Genus SAYORNIS Bonaparte. 

Sayornis Bonap. Coll. Delattre, 1854, Z']. Type, Tyrannula nigri- 
cans Swains. 

456. Sayornis phoebe (Lath.). 

Phoehe. 

Miiscicapa phoebe Latham, Jnd. Orn. II. 1790, 489. 
Sayornis phcebe Stejn. Auk, II. Jan. 1885, 51. 

[B 135, C 252, R315, C379.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, from the British Provinces south to 
Eastern Mexico and Cuba, wintering from the South Atlantic and 
Gulf States southward. 



ORDER PASSERES. 233 

457. Sayornis saya (Bonap.). 

Say's Phoebe. 

Mtiscicapa saya Bonap. Am. Orn. I. 1825, 20. 
Sayornis saytis Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 185. 

[B 136, C 250, R316, C 377.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific, south 
into Mexico. 

458. Sayornis nigricans (Swains.). 

Black Phoebe. 

Tyraiinula nigricans Swains. Philos. Mag. I. May, 1827, 367. 
Sayornis nigricans Bonap. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 87. 

[B 134, C 251, R 317, C 378.] 

Hab. Southwestern United States, from Texas through Southern 
New Mexico and Arizona to California, and northward along the coast 
to Oregon ; south to Southern Mexico. 

Genus CONTOPUS Cabanis. 

Contopiis Cab. J. f. O. III. Nov. 1855, 479. Type, Muscicapa virens 
Linn. 

459. Contopus borealis (Swains.). 

Olive-sided Flycatcher. 

Tyrannus borealis Swains. F. B. A. II. 1831, 141, pi. 35. 
Contopus borealis Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 188. 

[B 137, C 253, R 318, C 380.] 

Hab. North America, breeding from the northern and the higher 
mountainous parts of the United States northward. In winter, south 
to Central America and Colombia. 

460. Contopus pertinax Cab. 

Coues's Flycatcher. 

Myiarchus pertiiiax Light. Nomen. Mus. Berol. 1854, 16 (nomen 

nudum). 
Contoptis pei'tinax Cab. Mus. Hein. II. Sept. 30, 1859, 72. 



234 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B- C254, R 319, C 381.] 
Hab. SDuthern Arizona, Mexico, and Guatemala. 

4G1. Contopus virens (Linn.). 

AVood Pewee. 

Muscicapa virens Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 327. 
Contopus virens Cab. J. f. O. III. Nov. 1855, 479. 

[B 139, C 255, R320, C 382.] 

Hab. Eastern North America to the Plains, and from Southern 
Canada southward. 

462. Contopus nohardsonii (Swains.). 

Western Wood. Pewee. 

TyrajLuiila richardsonii Swains. F. B. A. II. 1831, 146, pi. 46. lower 

fig- 

Contopus richardsonii Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 189. 

[B138, C 255 a, R 321, C 383.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific, south 
through Central America to Colombia. 

Genus EMPIDONAX Cabanis. 
EjHpidonax Cab. J. f . O. 1855, 480. Type, Tyrannula piisilla Swains. 

463. Empidonax flaviventris Baird. 

Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. 

Tyratmula flaviventris Baird (W. M. & S. F,), Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. 

Phila. July, 1843, 283. 
Empidonax flaviventris Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 198. 

[B 144, C 259, R 322, C 388.] 

Hab. Eastern North America to the Plains, and from Southern 
Labrador south through Eastern Mexico to Panama, breeding from the 
Northern States northward. 

464. Empidonax diflacilis Baird. 

Baird's Flycatcher. 

■ Einpido7tax difficilis Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 198 (in text). 



ORDER PASSERES. 235 

[B 144^?, C 259 /^/Y, R 323, C 3S9.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific, south 
through Western Mexico to Costa Rica. 

4G5. Empidonax acadicus (Gmel.). 

Acadian Flycatcher. 

Mtcscicapa acadica Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 947. 
Empidonax acadicus Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 197. 

[B 143, C 256, R 324, C 384.] 

Hab. Eastern United States, chiefly souihvvard, west to the Plains, 
south to Cuba and Costa Rica. 

468. Empidonax pusillus (Swains.). 

Little Flycatcher. 

Platyrhynchu^: pusillus Swains. Phil. Mag. I. May, 1827, ^66. 
Empidonax pusiilus Cabanis, J. f. O. 1855, 480. 

[B141, C 257 a, R 325, C 386.] 

Hab. Western North America, from the western border of the 
Plains to the Pacific, and from the Fur Countries south into Mexico. 

466^. Empidonax pusillus traillii (Aud.). 

Traill's Flycatcher. 

Muscicapa traillii Aud. Orn. Biog. I. 1832, 236. 
Empidonax pusillus var. traillii B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. H. 1874, 
369- 

[B 140, C 257, R 325 a, C 385.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, breeding from the Middle States 
(Southern Illinois and Missouri) northward ; in winter south to Cen- 
tral America. 

467. Empidonax minimus Baird. 

Least Flycatcher. 

Tyrannula minima Baird (W. M. & S. F.), Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 

July, 1843, 284. 
Empidonax minimus Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 195. 



236 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B 142, C 258, R 326, C 387.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, south in winter to Central America. 
Breeds from the Northern States northward. 

468. Empidonax hammondi (Xantus). 

Hammond's Flycatcher. 

Tyraniiula hai7imondi Xantus, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. May, 1858, 

117. 
Empidonax ha?n7nondi ^AiK'D, B. N. Am. 1858, 199. 

[B 145, C 260, R.327,. C 390.] 

Hab. Western North America, from the western border of the 
Plains westward, north to the Lesser Slave Lake, and south to South- 
ern Mexico. 

469. Empidonax obscurus (Swains.). 

Wright's Flycatcher. 

Tyrannula obscura Swains. Phil. Mag. L May, 1827, 367. 
Empidonax obsciirtcs Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 200. 

[B146, C261, R328, €39^-] 

Hab. Western United States, north to Oregon and Montana, and 
south to Southern Mexico. 

[470.] Empidonax fulvifrons (Giraud). 

Fulvous Flycatcher. 

Muscicapa fulvifrons Giraud, Sixteen Tex. B.''i84i, pi. ii. 
Empidonax fulvifro7is SCL. P. Z. S. 1858, 301. 

[B — C - R 329, C — .] 

Hab. " Texas " (Giraud), and probably Northeastern Mexico. 
470^. Empidonax fulvifrons pygmaens (Coues). 

Buff-breasted Flycatcher. 

Empido7iax pygmcEus CouES, Ibis, 1865, 537. 

E77tpidonax fulvifrons pygmcp.us RiDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 
1885,356. ■ ' . 



ORDER PASSERES. 237 

[B — , C 262, K 329 a, C 392.] 

Hab. Western New Mexico and Southern Arizona, south probably 
into Western Mexico. 

Genus PYROCEPHALUS Gould. 

Pyrocephalus Gould, Zool. Voy. Beag. 1841, 44. Types, ^^ Pyro- 
cephalus parvirosU'is (Gould), and Muscicapa coronata (AucT.)." 

471. Pyrocephalus rubineus mexicanus (Scl.). 

Vermilion Flycatcher. 

Pyrocephalus iiiexicamcs Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, 45. 
Pyrocephalus rubineus var. mexicanus Coues, Key, 1872, 177. 

[B 147, C 263, R 330, C 394.] 

Hab, Southern Arizona and valley of the Lower Rio Grande in 
Texas, south to Guatemala. 

Genus ORNITHION Hartlaub. 
Ornithion Hartlaub, J. f. O. 1853, 35. Type, O. iner77ie Hartl. 

472. Ornithion imberbe (Scl.). 

Beardless Flycatcher. 

Camptostoma imberbe Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, 203. 
Ornithion imberbe Lawr. Ibis, 1876, 497. 

[B- C-, R33i,C393-] 

Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, south into East- 
ern Mexico. 

472 «. Ornithion imberbe ridgwayi Brewst. 

Ridgway's Flycatcher, 

Ornithiu7n imberbe ridgwayi Brewst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. CI. VH. Oct. 
1882, 208. 

[B - C -, R -, C -.] 

Hab. Southern Arizona and Western Mexico. 



238 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 



Suborder OSCINES. Song Birds. 



Family ALAUDID^E. Larks. 



Genus ALAUDA Linnaeus. 

Alauda Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 165. Type, by elimination, A. 
arvensis LiNN. 

[473.] Alauda arvensis Linn. 

Skylark. 

Alauda arvensis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 165. 

[B— , C55^/^, R299, C88.] 

Hab. Europe and Asia. Accidental in Greenland and the Ber- 
mudas. 

Genus OTOCORIS Bonaparte. 

Otocoris Bonap. Faun. Ital. Ucc. Introd. 1839. Type, Alauda alpes- 
iris Linn. 

474. Otocoris alpestris (Linn.). 

Horned Lark. 

Alauda alpestris Linn. S. N. ed. 10, 1758, 166. 

Otocoris alpestris Bonap. Fauna Ital. Uccelli, Introd. 1839 ^^^ P^g^d)- 

[B 302, C 53, R 300, C 82.] 

Hab. Northeastern North America, Greenland, and northern parts 
of the Old World ; in winter south in the Eastern United States to the 
Carolinas, Illinois, etc. 

474^. Otocoris alpestris lencolsema (Coues). 

Pallid Horned Lark. 

Eremophila alpestris b. leucolcema CouES, B. N. W. 1875, 38 (part). 
Otocoris alpestris leucolcEjna Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 5, 
1882, 34. 



ORDER PASSERES. 239 

[B— C53<5, R300^, C83.] 

Hab. Interior of British America, and Alaska, south in winter into 
Western United States. 

474^. Otocoris alpestris praticola Hensh. 

Prairie Horned Lark. 

Oyocorys] alpestris praticola Hensh. Auk, I. July, 1884, 264. 
[B — , C — R — C -.] 
Hab. Upper Mississippi Valley and the region of the Great Lakes. 

474 r. Otocoris alpestris arenicola Hensh. 

Desert Horned Lark. 

0{tocorys'\ alpestris arenicola Hensh. Auk, I. July, 1884, 265. 

[B -, C -, R -, C -.] 

Hab. Rocky Mountain region and Great Basin of the United 
States. 

474^. Otocoris alpestris giraudi Hensh. 

Texan Horned Lark. 

Otocorys alpestris giraudi Hensh. Auk, I. July, 1884, 266. 
[B — , C — R -, C — .] 
Hab. Eastern and Southeastern Texas. 

474^. Otocoris alpestris chrysolaema (Wagl.). 

Mexican Horned Lark. 

Alanda chrysolcema Wagl. Isis, 1831, 530. 

Otocoris alpestris chrysolcBina Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat, Mus. V. June 5, 
1882, 34. 

[B— €53^, R 300^,084.] 

Hab. Southern Arizona and Southern New Mexico, south into 
Mexico. 



240 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

474/ Otocoris alpestris rubea Hensh. 

Ruddy Horned Lark. 

Ol^ocorys^ alpestris riibeus Hensh. Auk, I. July, 1884, 267. 
[B-,C-,R-,C-.] 
Hab. California. 

474^. Otocoris alpestris strigata Hensh. 

streaked Horned Lark. 

0\tocorys'\ alpestris strigata Hensh. Auk, I. July, 1884, 267. 

[B- C-, R-,.C-.] 

Hab. Coast region of Washington Territory, Oregon, and British 
Columbia. 

Family CORVID-^, Crows, Jays, Magpies, etc. 
Subfamily GARRULINJE. Magpies and Jays. 

Genus PICA Brisson. 
Pica Briss. Orn. II. 1760, 35. Type, Corvus pica Linn. 

475. Pica pica hudsonica (Sab.). 

American Magpie. 

Corvtis Jiudsonicus Sab. App. Frankl. Journ. 1823, 25, 671. 
Pica pica hudsonica Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 4, 1884, 94. 

[B 432, C 233, R 286, C 347.] 

Hab. Northern and Western North America, casually east and 
south to Michigan (accidental in Northern Illinois in winter) and the 
Plains, and in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico and Arizona, 
mainly replaced in California by the next species. 

476. Pica nuttalli Aud 

Yellow-billed Magpie. 

Pica nuttalli Aud. Orn. Biog. IV. 1838, 450, pi. 362. 



ORDER PASSERES. 24I 

[B433'C233^, R287, C348.] 
Hab. California. 

GENtJS CYANOCITTA Strickland. 

Cyanocitta Strickl. Ann. Nat Hist. XV. 1845, 261. Type, Corvus 
cristatus Linn. 

477. Cyanocitta cristata (Linn.). 

Blue Jay. 

Corvus cristatus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 106. 
Cyanocitta cristata Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. XV. 1845, 261. 

[B 434, C 234, R 289, C 349.] 

Hab. Eastern North America to the Plains, and from the Fur 
Countries south to Florida and Eastern Texas. 

477^. Cyanocitta cristata florincola Coues. 

Florida Blue Jay. 

Cyanocitta cristata fiorincola Coues, Key, ed. 2, 1884, 421. 
[B— C— , R— ,.C— .] 
Hab. Florida. 

478. Cyanocitta stelleri (Gmel.). 

Steller's Jay. 

Corvus stelleri Gmel. S. N. L 1788, 370. 

Cyanocitta stelleri Strickl. Ann. N. Hist. XV. 1845, 261. 

[B 435, C 235, R 290, C 350.] 

Hab. Pacific coast of North America, from the Columbia River to 
Sitka, and northern Coast Range in California. 

478^. Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis (Ridgw.). 

Blue-fronted Jay. 

Cyanura stelleri var. fi'ontalis Ridgw. Am. Journ. Sc. & Arts, 3d ser. 

V. Jan. 1873, 41. 
Cyanocitta stelleri V2X . fro7it alls Boucard, Qat. Av. 1876, 279. 

[B — , C 235 h, R 290^, C 353.] 
16 



242 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Hab. Sierra Nevada of California and Western Nevada, from Fort 
Crook to Fort Tejon. 

478^. Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha (Baird). 

Long-crested Jay. 

Cya7iocitta macrolopha Baird, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. June, 1854, 118. 
Cyanocitta stelleri 7itacrolopha Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CI. V. April, 
1880, 98. 

[B 436, C 235^, R 290^, 290 r, C 352.] 

Hab. Central Rocky Mountains, from British America to New 
Mexico and Southern Arizona. 

Genus APHELOCOMA Cabanis. 



Cabanis, Mus. Hein. I. Oct. 15, 1851, 221. Type, Gar- 
rulus californicus ViG. 

479. Aphelocoma Soridana (Bartr.). 

Florida Jay. 

Corvus fioridamis Bartr. Trav. Carol. 1791, 291. 
Aphelocoma floridana Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 185 1, 221. 

[B 439, C 236, R 291, C 354.] 
Hab. Florida. 

480. Aphelocoma woodhousei (Baird). 

Woodhouse's Jay. 

Cyanocitta woodhousei V>kikd^ B. N. Am. 1858, pi. 59. 
Aphelocoma woodhousii Ridgw. Field and Forest, June, 1877, 208. 

[B438, C 236^, R 292, C355.] 

Hab. Middle Province of the United States, north to Eastern 
Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming, east to Colorado and New 
Mexico, west to Nevada and Arizona. 

481. Aphelocoma californica (Via.). 

California Jay, 

Gamiliis californicus V\Q. Zool. Beech. Voy. 1839, 21, pi. v. 
A\_pheloco7na'\ californica Cab. Mus. Hein. I. Oct. 15, 1851, 221. 



ORDER PASSERES. 243 

[B437, 0236^^, R293, C356.] 

Hab. Pacific coast region, including both slopes of the Sierra Ne- 
vada, from the Columbia River to Cape St. Lucas. 

482. Aphelocoma sieberii arizonse Ridgw. 

Arizona Jay. 

Cyanocitia ultramarina var. arizoncs Ridgw. Bull. Essex Inst. V. 

Dec. 1873, 199. 
Aphelocoma sieberii ariz once Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mas. VIII. 1885, 

[B 440, C 237, R 295, C 357.] 
Hab. Southern New Mexico and Arizona. 

Genus XANTHOURA Bonaparte. 

Xanthoura Bonap. Consp. Av. I. May 6, 1850, 380. Type, Corvus 
yncas Bodd. 

483. Xanthoura luxuosa (Less.). 

Green Jay. 

Garrulus liixuosus Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, 100, 
Xa7ithoura luxuosa Bonap. Consp. Av. I. 1850, 380. 

[B 442, C 238, R 296, C 358.] 

Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, and southward 
into Eastern Mexico. 

Genus PERISOREUS Bonaparte. 
Perisoreus Bonap. Saggio, 1831, 43. Type, Corvus infaustus LiNN. 

484. Perisoreus canadensis (Linn.). 

Canada Jay. 

Corvus canadensis Linn. S. N. ed. 12, L 1766, 158. 
Perisoreus canadensis Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 27. 

[B 443, C 239, R 297, C 359.] 



244 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Hab. Northern New England, Michigan, and Canada, northward 
to Arctic America. 

484 «. Perisoreus canadensis capitalis Baird. 

Rocky Mountain Jay. 

Perisomis canadensis var. capitalis "Baird MS." Ridgw. Bull. 
Essex Inst. V. Nov. 1873, I93- 

[B— , C 239^, R 297^, C 362.] 

Hab. Rocky Mountain region of the United States, south to New 
Mexico and Arizona. 

484/'. Perisoreus canadensis fumifrons Ridgw. 

Alaskan Jay. 

Perisoreus canadensis f2nnifro7ts Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. 
March 27, 1880, 5. 

[B -, C ~, R 297 b, C 360.] 

Hab. Alaska. 

484^. Perisoreus canadensis nigricapillns Ridgw. 

Labrador Jay. 

Perisorens canadensis nigricapillus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 
June 5, 1882, 15. 

[B - C -, R - C -.] 
Hab. Coast district of Labrador, north to Ungava Bay. 

485. Perisoreus obscurus (Ridgw.). 

Oregon Jay. 

Perisorens canadensis var. obscuims Ridgw. Bull. Essex Inst. Nov. 

1873^ 194- 
Perisoreus obscnrtis Sharpe, Brit. Mus. Cat. B. III. 1877, 105. 

[B — , C 239 «, R 298, C 361.] 

Hab. Northwest Coast, from the Sierra Nevada, in California, to 
British Columbia. 



ORDER PASSERES. 245 

Subfamily CORVINE. Crows. 

Genus CORVUS Linn^us. 

Corvus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 105. Type, by elimination, C. 
cor ax Linn. 

486. Corvus cor ax sinuatus (Wagl.). 

American Raven. 

Corv2is simiatiis Wagler, Isis, 1829, 748. 

Corvus corax simiatus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI I L 1885, 355. 

[B 423, 424, C 226, R 280, C ZZ^,~\ 

Hab. Continent of North America, from the Arctic regions to 
Guatemala, but local and not common in the United States east of the 
Mississippi River. 

487. Corvus cryptoleucus Couch. 

White-necked Raven. 

Corv2is cryptoleucus CoucH, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. April, 1854, 66. 

[B425, C 227, R 281, C 339.] 

Hab. Southern border of the United States, from Texas to South- 
ern California, north to Colorado, and south into Mexico. 

488. Corvus americanus Aud. 

American Crow. 

Corvus americanus Aud. Orn. Biog. IL 1834, 317. 
[B 426, C 228, R 282, C 340.] 
Hab. North America, from the Fur Countries to Mexico. 

488^. Corvus americanus floridanus Baird. 

Florida Crow. 

Corvus ainericaims v2X.Jloridanus Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 568. 
[B 427, C 228^, R 282^, C 341.] 
Hab. Florida. 



246 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

489. Corvus caurinus Baird. 

Northwest Crow. 

Corvus caui'inus Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 569. 

[B 428, C 228 b, R 282 b, C 342.] 
Hab. Northwest coast, from California to Sitka. 

490. Corvus ossifragus Wils. 

Fish Crow. 

Corvus ossifragus Wils. Am. Orn. V. 18 12, 27, pi. 37, fig. 2. 
[B 429, C 229, R 283, C 343.] 
Hab. Atlantic coast, from Long Island to Florida. 

Genus PICICORVXJS Bonaparte. 

Picicorvus Bonap. Consp. Av. I. 1850, 384. Type, Corvus Columbia- 
71US Wils. 

491. Picicorvus columbianus (Wils.). 

Clarke's Nutcracker. 

Corvus colu7nbianus Wils. Am. Orn. III. 18 11, 29, pi. 20, fig. 3. 
Picicorvus columbianus Bonap. Consp. Av. I. 1850, 384. 

[B 430, C 230, R 284, C 344.] 

Hab. Western North America, from Arizona to Sitka, and east to 
the Plains.. 

Genus CYANOCEPHALUS Bonaparte. 

Cyanocephalus Bonap. Oss. Stat. Zool. Eur. Vertebr. 1842, 17. Type, 
Gymuorhinus cyanocephalus Wied, 

492. Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus (Wied). 

Pinon Jay. 

Gy?nnorhinus cyanocephalus Wied, Reise N. Amer. II. 1841, 21. 
Cyanocephahis cyanocephalus Stejn. Auk. I. 1884, 230. 

[B 431, C 231, R 285, C 345] 



ORDER PASSERES. 247 

Hab. Rocky Mountain region, westward to the Cascade range and 
Sierra Nevada, and from Mexico north into British America. 



Family STURNID^. .Starlings. 

Genus STURNUS Linn^us. 

Stur7ius Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 167. Type, by elimination, 6". 
vulgaris Linn. 

[493.] Stiirnus vulgaris Linn. 

Starling. 

Sturnus vulgaris Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 167. 
[B- C- R 279, C 363.] 
Hab. Europe and Northern Asia ; accidental in Greenland. 



Family ICTERID^. Blackbirds, Orioles, etc. 

Genus DOLICHONYX Swainson. 

Dolichonyx Swains. Phil. Mag. L June, 1827, 435. Type, Fringilla 
oryzivora Linn. 

494. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linn.). 

Bobolink. 

Fringilla oryzivora Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 179. 
Dolichonyx oryzivorus Swains. ZooL Jour. IIL 1827, 351. 

[B 399, C 210, R 257, C 312.] 

Hab. Eastern North America to the Great Plains ; north to South- 
ern Canada ; south, in winter, to the West Indies and South America. 
Breeds from the Middle States northward, and winters south of the 
United States. 

494^. Dolichonyx oryzivorus albinucha Ridgw. 

Western Bobolink. 

Dolichonyx oryzivorus var. albinucha Ridgw. Bull. Essex Inst. V. 
Nov. 1873, 191- 



248 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B _ C -, R -, C -.] 
Hab. Dakota, westward to Utah and Nevada, north to Manitoba. 

Genus MOLOTHRXJS Swainson. 

Molothrus Swains. F. B. A. II. 1831, 277. Type, Fringilla pecoris 
Gmel. = Oriohis ater Bodd. 

495. Molothrus ater (Bodd.). 

Cowbird. 

Orwius aterBoTiT). Tabl. PI. Enlum. 1783, 37. 
Molothrus ater Gray, Handl. B. II. 1870, 36. 

[B 400, C 211, R 258, C 313.] 

Hab. United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, north into 
Southern British America, south, in winter, into Mexico. 

495^. Molothrus ater obscurus (Gmel.). 

Dwarf Cowbird. 

Sturnus obscurus Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 804. 

M\olothrus'\ aterv2ir. obsmrus Coues, B. N. W. 1874, 180, in text. 

[B — , C 211a, R 2 58 <:?, C 314-] 

Hab. Southern United States, from Texas to Arizona and Lower 
California, south into Mexico. 

496. Molothrus aeneus (Wagl.). 

Bronzed Cowbird. 

Psarocolius ceneus Wagl. Isis, 1829, 758. 
Molothrus cEneus Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1851, 192. 

[B- C- R259, C315.] 

Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, and southward. 



Genus XANTHOCEPHALUS Bonaparte. 

Xanthocephalus Bonap. Consp. Av. I. 1850, 431. Type, Icterus icte- 
rocephalus Bonap. = /. xanthocephalus Bonap. 



ORDER PASSERES. 249 

497. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonap.). 

Yellow-headed Blackbird. 

Icterus xanthocephalus Bonap. Journ. Ac. Nat. Spi. Phila. V. 1826, 

223. 
Xanthocepkaliis xanthocepkalus ]0KT)AN,'M2in. Vert. ed. 4, 1884, 92.' 

[B 404, C 213, R 260, C 319.] 

Hab. Western North America, from Wisconsin, Illinois, and Texas 
to the Pacific coast. Accidental in the Atlantic States (Massachu- 
setts, South Carolina, Florida). 

Genus AGELAIUS Vieillot. 
Agelaius Vieill. Analyse, 18 16, ^tl)- Type, Oriolus phceniceus Linn. 

498. Agelaius phcjeniceus (Linn.). 

Red-winged Blackbird. 

Oriolus phcsniceus Linn. S. N. ed. 12, L 1766, i6t. 
Agelaius phceniceus Swains. F. B. A. IL 1831, 280. 

[B 401, C 212, R 261, C 316.] 

Hab. North America in general, from Great Slave Lake south to 
Costa Rica. 

499. Agelaius gubernator (Wagl.). 

Bicolored Blackbird, 

Psarocolius gubernator W AGi.. Isis, IV. 1832, 281. 
Agelaius gubernator Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 29. 

[B 402, C 212 a, R 261a, C 317.] 

Hab. Pacific Province of the United States, south into Western 
Mexico. 

500. Agelaius tricolor (Nutt.). 

Tricolored Blackbird. 

Icterus tricolor "Nutt." Aud. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, P^- 3^8, fig. i. 
Agelaius tricolor Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 29. 



[B 403, C 212 b^ R 262, C 318.] 



250 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Hab. Pacific Province of the United States, from the Columbia 
River southward. 

Genus STUHNELLA Vieillot. 
Sturnella Vieill. Analyse, 18 16, 34. Type, Alauda magna Linn. 
501. Sturnella magna (Linn.). 

Meadowlark. 

Alauda magna Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 167. 
Sturnella magna Swains. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 436. 

[B 406, C 214, R 263, C 320.] 

Hab. Eastern United States and Southern Canada to the Plains. 

501 fij. Sturnella magna mexicana (Scl.). 

Mexican Meadowlark. 

Sturnella mexica?ia Scl. Ibis, 1861, 179. 

St24.rnella magna var. mexicana B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. II. 1874, 
172. 

[B — , C — , R 263^, C 321.] 
Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande, and Arizona, southward. 

601^. Sturnella magna neglecta (Aud.). 

Western Meadowlark. 

Sturnella neglecta Aud. B. Am. VII. 1843, 339, pi. 487. 
Sturnella 7nagna var. neglecta Allen, Bull. M. C. Z. III. No. 2, July, 
1872, 178. ' 

[B 407, C 214^, R 264, C 322.] 

Hab. Western United States, from Wisconsin, IlUnois, Iowa, Texas, 
etc., west to the Pacific coast. 

Genus ICTERUS Brisson. 

Subgenus ICTERUS. 

Icterus Briss. Orn. 11. 1760, 85. Type, by eliminadon, Oriolus icte- 
rus Linn. 



ORDER PASSERES. 25 1 

[502.] Icterus icterus (Linn.). 

Troupial. 

Oriolus icterus Linn. S. N. ed. 12, \. 1766, 161. 

Icterus icterus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI IL 1885, 355. 

[B 408, C — , R 265, C 323.] 

Hab. West Indies (introduced) and Northern South America. 
Accidental at Charleston, S- C. (Audubon). 

503. Icterus audubonii Giraud. 

Audubon's Oriole. 

Icterus audubonii Giraud, Sixteen Texas B. 1841, 3. 
[B 409, C 220, R 266, C 330.] 
Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, and southward. 

504. Icterus parisorum Bonap. 

Scott's Oriole. 

Icterus parisorum Bonap. P. Z. S. 1837, 109. 

[B 411, C 219, R 268, C 329.] 

Hab. Southern border of the United States, from Texas to Lower 
California, and southward. 

Subgenus PENDULINUS Vieillot. 
Pendulinus Vieill. Analyse, 1816, 33. Type, Oriolus spwius Linn. 

505. Icterus cucuUatus Swains. 

Hooded Oriole. 

Icterus ctccullatus Swains. Phil. Mag. L 1827, 436. 

[B 413, C 218, R 269, C 328.] 

Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, and southward 
through Eastern and Southern Mexico. 

505^. Icterus cucullatus nelsoni Ridgw. 

Arizona Hooded Oriole. 

Icterus cucullatus nelsoni Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. VHL 
No. 2, April 20, 1885, 19. 



252 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ~ 

[B -, C -, R - C -.] 

Hab. Southern Arizona, west to San Diego, and soutli to Mazatlan 
and Cape St. Lucas. 

506. Icterus spurius (Linn.). 

Orchard Oriole. 

Oriolus spurius Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 162. 

Icterus spurius Bonap. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. III. 1823, 363. 

[B 414, C 2i5j R 270, C 324.] 

Hab. United States, west to the Plains, south, in winter, to Panama. 

Subgenus YPH ANTES Vieillot. 
YphantesVwMAa. Analyse, i8t6, 33. Type, Coracias galbula Linn. 

507. Icterus galbula (Linn.). 

Baltimore Oriole. 

Coracias galbula Linn. S. N. ed. 10, 1758, 108. 

Icterus galbula Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CI. V. 1880, 98. 

[B 415, C 216, R 271, C 326.] 

Hab. Eastern United States, west nearly to the RocHy Mountains. 

508. Icterus buUocki (Swains.). 

Bullock's Oriole. 

Xanthor7ius bullocki Swains. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 436. 
Icterus bullocki ^o^K?. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 29. 

[B416, C217, R 272, C 327.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky 
Mountains west to the Pacific coast. 

Genus SCOLECOPHAGUS Swainson. 

Scolecophagus Swains. F. B. A. II. 1831, 286. Type, Oriolus ferru- 
gineus Gmel. = Turdus carolinus Mull. 



ORDER PASSERES. 253 

509. Scolecophagus carolinus (Mull.). 

Rusty Blackbird. 

Turdus carolinus Muller, Syst. Nat. Suppl. 1776, 140. 
Scolecophagus carolinus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, SS^- 

[B417, C 221, R 273, C 331.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, west to Alaska and the Plains. 
Breeds from Northern New England northward. 

610. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus (Wagl.). 

Brewer's Blackbird. 

Psarocolius cyatiocephalus Wagl. Isis, 1829, 758. 
Scolecophagus cyanocephahcs Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1851, 193. 

[B 418, C 222, R 274, C 332.] 

Hab. Western North America, from the Plains to the Pacific, and 
from the Saskatchewan region south to the highlands of Mexico. 



Genus QUISCALUS Vieillot. 
Subgenus QUISCALUS. 
Quiscalus Vieill. Anal. 181 6, 36. Type, Gracula quiscula Linn. 

511. Quiscalus quiscula (Linn.), 

Purple Grackle. 

Gracula qtiiscula Linn. S. N. ed. 10, 1758, 109. 
Quiscalus quiscula Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 4, 1884, 93. 

[B 421, C 225, R 278, C 335.] 

Hab. Atlantic States, from Florida to Long Island. 

511 «. Quiscalus qniscula aglaeus (Baird). 

Florida Grackle. 

Quiscalus aglceus Baird, Am. Jour. Sci. & Arts, 1866, 84. 
Quiscalus quiscula aglceus Stejn. Auk, II. Jan. 1885, 43, foot-note. 

[B422, C— R278^, C336.] 

Hab. Florida. 



254 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

511^. Quiscalus qniscnla seneus (Ridgw.). 

Bronzed Grackle. 

Quiscalus ceneus Ridgw. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. June, 1869, 134- 
Quiscalus quisciila cEJieits Stejn. Auk, II. Jan. 1885, 43, foot-note. - 

[B— , C225^, R278^, C337.] 

Hab. From the Alleghanies and New England north and west to 
Hudson's Bay and the Rocky Mountains. 

Subgenus MEG AQUISC ALUS Cassin. 

Megaquiscalus Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 409. Type, Quis- 
calus major Vieill. 

512. Quiscalus macrourus Swains. 

Great-tailed Grackle. 

Quiscalus 7nacrourus Swains. Anim. in Menag. 1838, 299. 
[B419, C 223, R 275, C ZZZ''\ 
Hab. Eastern Texas, south to Central America. 

513. Quiscalus major Vieill. 

Boat-tailed Grackle. 

Quiscalus 777ajor Vieiia.. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXVIII. 1819, 487. 

[B 420, C 224, R 277, C 334.] 

Hab. Coast region of the South Atlantic and Gulf States, from 
North Carolina to Texas. 

Family FRINGILLID-^. Finches, Sparrows, etc. 

Genus COCCOTHRAUSTES Brisson. 

Coccothraustes Briss. Orn. III. 1760, 218. Type, Loxia cocco- 
thraustes Linn. 

Subgenus HESPERIPHONA Bonaparte. 

Hesperipko7ta Bonap. Compt. Rend. XXXI. Sept. 1850, 424. Type, 
FriTigilla vespertiTia Cooper. 



ORDER PASSERES. 255 

514. Coccothraustes vespertina (Coop.). 

Evening Grosbeak. 

FriJigilla vesperii7ia Coop. Ann. Lye. N. Y. I. ii. 1825, 220. 
Coccothraustes vespertina Sw. & Rich. F. B. A. II. 1831, 269, pi. dZ. 

[B 303, C 136, R 165, C 189.] 

Hab. Western North America, east to Lake Superior, and casually 
to Ohio and Ontario ; from the Fur Countries south into Mexico. 



Genus PINICOLA Vieillot. 

Pinicola Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, p. iv. Type, P. rubra 
ViEiLL. = Loxia enucleator Linn. 

515. Pinicola enucleator (Linn.). 

Pine Grosbeak. 

Loxia enucleator Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 171. 
Pinicola enucleator Qa.-^. Mus. Hein. I. 1851, 167: 

[B 304, C 137, R 166, C 190.] 

Hab. Northern portions of the Northern Hemisphere, breeding far 
north; in winter south, in North America, irregularly to the Northern 
United States. South in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and in 
the Sierra Nevada to California. 



Genus PYRRHULA Brisson. 
Pyrrhula Briss. Orn. III. 1760, 308. Type, Loxia pyrrhula Linn. 
[516.] Pyrrhula cassini (Baird). 

Cassin's BulUBlnch. 

Pyrrhula coccinea var. cassini Baird, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci. I. 

1869, 316. 
Pyrrhula cassini TKiS,TV.AM, Ibis, 1871, 231. 

[B— , C 138, R 167, C 191.] 

Hab. Alaska and Siberia. (Known as American only from a 
single specimen, taken at Nulato, Jan. 10, J867.) 



256 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Genus CARPODACUB Kaup. 

Carpodacus Kaup, Ent Eur. Thiervv. 1829, 161. Type, Loxia ery- 
tl^Hna Pall. 

617. Carpodacus purpureus (Gmel.). 

Purple Finch. 

Fringilla purpurea Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 923. 
Carpodacus purpureus Gray, Gen. B. II. 1844, 384. 

[B 305, C 139, R 168, C 194.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, from the Atlantic coast to the Plains. 
Breeds from the Middle States northward. 

517 d!. Carpodacus purpurens californicns Baird. 

California Purple Finch. 

Carpodacus californiciis Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 413. 
Carpodacus purpureus var. californicus B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. 
I. 1874,465, 

[B 306, C — , R 168 a, C — .] 

Hab. Pacific coast region, from British Columbia south to South- 
ern Cahfornia. 

518. Carpodacus cassini Baird. 

Cassin's Purple Finch. 

Carpodacus cassifii Baikd, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. June, 1854, 119. 

[B 307, C 140, R 169, C 195.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky- 
Mountains to the Pacific coast, and south over the plateau region of 
Mexico. 

519. Carpodacus frontalis (Say). 

House Finch. 

Fringilla frontalis Say, Long's Exp. II. 1824, 40. 
Carpodacus frontalis Gray, Gen. B. II. 1844, 384. 

[B 308, C 141, R 170, C 196.] 

Hab. Middle Province of the United States. 



ORDER PASSERES. 25/ 

510^. Carpodacns frontalis rliodocolpus (Cab.). 

Crimson House Finch. 

Carpodacns rhodocglpus Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 185 1, 166. 
Carpodacus frontalis van rhodocolpus RiDGW. Am. Jour. Sci, & Arts, 
V. Jan. 1873, 39. 

[B — , C 141 a, R 170^, C 197.] 

Hab. Pacific coast region, from Oregon to Cape St. Lucas. 

520. Carpodacus ampins Ridgw. 

Guadalupe House Finch. 

Carpodacus cMJiplus Ridgw. Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. II. 
No. 2, April I, 1876, 187. 

[B~ C- R171, C-.] 
Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 

Genus LOXIA Linn/eus. 

Loxia Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 171. Type, by elimination, Loxia 
ciirvirostra Linn. 

521. Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehm). 

American Crossbill. 

Cnicirostra 7ninor Brehm, Naumannia, 1853, 193. 

Loxia curvirostra ininor Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354. 

[B318, C 143, R 172, C 199.] 

Hab. Northern North America, resident sparingly south in the 
Eastern United States to Maryland and Tennessee, and in the Al- 
leghanies ; irregularly abundant in winter; resident south in the 
Rocky Mountains to Colorado. 

521^. Loxia curvirostra stricklandi Ridgw. 

Mexican Crossbill. 

Loxia curvirostra stricklandi Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 
1885, 354- 

[B 318 (7, C 143 ^, R 172 «, C 200.] 

Hab. Colorado, Southern Arizona, and highlands of Mexico. 

17 



25 8 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ~ 

522. Lozia leucoptera Gmel. 

White-Tvinged Crossbill. 

Loxia leztcoptcra Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 540. 

[B319, C 142, R173, C 198.] ' 

Hab. Northern parts of North America, south into the United 
States in winter. Breeds from Northern New England northward. 



Genus LEUCOSTICTE Swainson. 

Leiicosticte Swains. F. B. A. II. 1831, 265. Type, Linaria tephrocotis 
Swains. 

523. Leucosticte griseonucha (Brandt). 

Aleutian Leucosticte. 

Fringilla (^Lmarid) griseonucha Brandt, Bull. Ac St. Petersb. Nov. 

1841, 36. 
Leucosticte griseonucha Bonap. Consp. Av. I. 1850, 537. 

[B 323, C 144^, R 174, C 205.] 

Hab. Aleutian Islands, including Kadiak, Unalashka, Prybilof, 
and Commander Islands. 



524. Leucosticte tephrocotis Swains. 

Gray-crowned Leucosticte. 

Linaria (^Leucosticte') tephrocotis Swains. F. B. A. II. 1831, 255, pi. 50. 
Leucosticte tephrocotis Swains. F. B. A. II. 1S31, 494. 

[B322, C 144, R 175. C 203.] 

Hab. Interior of British America, south in winter throughout the 
entire Rocky Mountain region of the United States, but most abundant 
on the eastern slope. 

524^. Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis (Baird). 

Hepburn's Ijeucosticte. 

Leucosticte littoralis Baird, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci. I. i. 1869, 318, 

pi. 28, ^g' 'i.- 
Lcucosticte tephrocotis v:iX. littoralis Zo\5^'=>,Y^^y, iZ'j'i, [30. 



ORDER PASSERES. 259 

[B—C—R 175^,0204.] 

Hab. In summer, probably the interior mountainous regions of 
British Columbia ; in winter, northwest coast, from Kadiak southward, 
and eastward in the Rocky Mountain region to Colorado. 

525. Leucosticte atrata Ridgw. 

Black Leucosticte. 

Leucosticte atrata Ridgw. American Sportsman, July 18, 1874, 241 ; 
Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. 2d ser. No. 2, May 11, 
1875, 69. 

[B— , C— , R 176, C 201.] 

Hab. In. winter, mountains of Colorado and Utah ; summer range 
not known. 

526. Leucosticte australis (Allen). 

Brown-capped. Leucosticte. 

Leucosticte tepkrocotis var. australis "Allen, MS." Ridgw. Bull. 

Essex Inst. V. Dec. 1873, 197. 
Leucosticte australis Ridgw. Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. 

2d ser. No. 2, May 11, 1875, 79. 

[B— , C— , R177, C203.] 

Hab. Mountains of Colorado, breeding above timber-line, descend- 
ing into the valleys in winter ; New Mexico. 



Genus ACANTHIS Bechstein. 

Acanthis Bechst. Orn. Tasch. Deutschl. 1803, 125. Ty^Q, Fri7tgil la 
linaria Linn. 

527. Acanthis hornemannii (Hole.). 

Greenland Redpoll. 

Linota Jiorneutannii Holboll, Naturh. Tidskr. IV. 1843, 398. 
Acanthis hornemaiinii '^T'E.]^. Auk, I. April, 1884, 152. 

[B321, C— , R 178, C 209.] 

Hab. Greenland and Eastern Arctic America. 



260 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Ij21 a. Acanthis hornemannii exilipes (Coues). 

Hoary Redpoll, 

yEglotlnis exilipes Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 385. 
Acanthis hornemannii exilipes Stejn. Auk, I. April, 1884, ^52- 

[B— , C 146^, R 178^, C 210.] 

Hab. Arctic x-lmerica and Northeastern Asia. 

528. Acanthis linaria (Linn.). 

KedpoU. 

Fringilla linaria Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 182. 
Acanthis linaria Bonap. & Schleg.- Mon. Lox. 1850, 48. 

[B 320, C 146, 146^, R 179, C 207.] 

Hab. Northern portions of Northern Hemisphere, south irregularly 
in winter, in North America, to the Middle United States (Washing- 
ton, D. C, Kansas, Southeastern Oregon). 

528^. Acanthis linaria holboellii (Brehm). 

Holboell's Redpoll. 

Littaria holboellii Bv.^uu, Handb. Vog. Deutschl. 183 1, 280. 
Acanthis linaria ^. holbcrllii Dubois, Consp. Av. Europ. 1871, 18. 

[B — , C — , R 179 a, part, C 208, /^r/.] 

Hab. Northern portions of Northern Hemisphere, near the sea- 
coast. 

528/^. Acanthis linaria rostrata (Coues). 

Greater Redpoll. 

^giothns rostratus Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 378. 
Acanthis linaria rostrata Stejn. Auk, I. April, 1884, 153. 

[B — , C — , R 179 a, part, C 208,/^;-/.] 

Hab. Greenland and Northeastern North America, south irregu- 
larly in winter to New England, New York, and Northern Illinois. 

Genus SPINUS Koch. 
Spinus Koch, Bayr. Zool. 1 816, 233. Type, Fringilla spinus Linn. 



ORDER PASSERES. 261 

529. Spinus tristis (Linn.). 

American Goldfinch. 

Fringilla tristis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 181. 
Spinus tristis Stejn. Auk, L Oct. 1884, 362. 

[B313, C 149, R 181, C 213.] 

Hab. North America generally, breeding southward to the middle 
districts of the United States (to about the Potomac and Ohio Rivers, 
Kansas, and California), and wintering mostly south of the northern- 
boundary of the United States. 

530. Spinus psaltria (Say). 

Arkansas Goldfinch. 

Fringilla psaltria Say, Long's Exp. II. 1823,40. 
Spinus psaltria Stejn. Auk, II. Oct. 1884, 362. 

[B314, C 151, R 182, C 215.] 

Hab. Western LTnited States, from the Plains to the Pacific; and 
from Colorado and Utah southward to Sonora. 

530^. Spinus psaltria arizonse (Coues). 

Arizona Goldfinch. 

Chrysoniitris mexicaita var. arizonce CoUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 

1866, 82. 
Spinus psaltria arizonce Stejn. Auk, I. Oct. 1884, 3^2. 

[B — , C 151 ^, R 182 a, C 216.] 

Hab. Southern New Mexico and Southern Arizona, southward into 
Northern Mexico. 

530^. Spinus psaltria mexicanus (Swains.). 

Mexican Goldfinch. 

Carduelis ittexica7tus Swains. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 435. 
Spinus psaltria mexicanus Stejn. Auk. I. Oct. 1884, 362. 

[B315, C 159^, R 182/;, C 217.] 

Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, southward through 
Mexico and Central America to Panama. 



262 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

531. Spinus lawrencei (Cass.). 

Lawrence's Goldfincli. 

Carduelis lawrencei Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1851, 105, pi. v. 
Spinus lawrencei Stejn. Auk, II. Oct. 1884, 362. 

[B316, C 150, R 183, C 214.] 

Hab. California ; Arizona, in winter. 

[532.] Spinus notatus (DuBus). 
Black-headed Goldfincli, 

Carduelis notata DuBus, Bull. Ac. Brux. XIV. pt. 2, 1847, 106. 
Spinus notatus Stejn. Auk, I. Oct. 1884, 362. , 

[B310, C— , R 184, C 218.] 

Hab. Mexico ; accidental in Kentucky (Audubon). 

533. Spinus pinus (Wils.). 

Pine Siskin. 

Fringilla pinus Wils. Am. Orn. II. iSio, 133, pi. 17, fig. i. 
Spinus pinus Stejn. Auk, I. Oct. 1884, 362. 

[B317, C 148, R 185, C 212.] 

Hab. North America generally, breeding mostly north of the 
United States and in the Rocky Mountain region j in winter south 
to the Gulf States and Mexico. 



Genus PLECTROPHENAX Stejneger. 

Plectrophenax Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 5, 1882, 33. Type, 
Emberiza nivalis Linn. 

534. Plectrophenax nivalis (Linn.). 
Snowflake. 

Emberiza nivalis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 176. 

Plectrophenax nivalis STEjN.Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 5, 1882, 33. 

[B325, C152, R186, C219.] 



ORDER PASSERES. 263 

Hab. Northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere, breeding in the 
arctic regions ; in North America south in winter into the Northern 
United States, irregularly to Georgia, Southern Illinois, and Kansas. 

535. Plectrophenax hyperboreus Ridgw. 

McKay's Snowflake. 

Plectrophenax hyperboreus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. June 11, 
1884, (iZ. 

[B- C- R- C-.] 

Hab. Alaska. 

Genus CALCARIUS Bechstein. 

Calcarius Bechst. Taschb. Vog. Deutschl. 1803, 130. Type, Fringilla 
lapponica Linn. 

53G. Calcarius lapponicus (Linn.). 

Lapland Longspur. 

Fringilla lapponica Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 180. 

Calcarius lappotiicus Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 5, 1882, 33. 

[B326, C 153, R 187, C 220.] 

Hab. Northern portions of the Northern Hemisphere, breeding far 
north ; in North America south in winter to the Northern United 
States, irregularly to the Middle States, accidentally to South Carolina, 
and abundantly in the interior to Kansas and Colorado. 

537. Calcarius pictus (Swains). 

Smith's JLongspur. 

Etnberiza {Pleclrophaties) picta SwAixs. F. B. A. II 183 1, 250, pi. 49. 
Calcarius pictus Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 5, 1882, 33. 

[B327, C 154, R 188, C 221.] 

Hab. Interior of North America, from the Arctic coast to Illinois 
and Texas, breeding far north. 

538. Calcarius ornatus (Towns.). 

Chestnut-collared Lougspur. 

Plectrophanes ornafus Towns. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. 1837, 

189. 
Calcarius ornatus Stejx. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 5, 1882, 33. 



264 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B 328, 329, C 155, R 189, C 222.] 

Hab. Interior of North America, from tlie Saskatchewan Plains 
south to Texas. Rare west of the Rocky Mountains. Accidental in 
Massachusetts. 



Genus RHYNCHOPHANES Baird. 

Rhynchophanes Baird, B. N. Am. 1858,432 (in text). Type, Plectro- 
phaiies 7nccownii Lawr. 

539. Rhynchophanes mccownii (Lawr.). 

McCown's Longspur. 

Plectrophanes mccownii Lav^k. Ann. Lye. N. Y. V. 1851, 122. 
Rhy7ichophanes ifzaccowni Ridgw, Field & Forest, II. May, 1877, 197. 

[B330, C 156, R 190, C 223.] 

Hab. Interior of North America, from the Saskatchewan Plains 
south to Texas and Mexico ; breeds from about the northern border of 
Western Kansas northward. 



Genus POOC-ffiTEB Baird. 

PooccEtes Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 447. Type, Fringilla graminea 
Gmel. 

540. Poocaetes gramineus (Gmel.). 

Vesper Sparrow. 

Fri7igilla graminea Gmel. S- N. I. ii. 1788, 992. 
Pocccstes gramineus Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 447. 

[B 337^ /^^A C 161, R 197, C 232.] 

Hab. Eastern North America to the Plains, from Nova Scotia and 
Ontario southward ; breeds from Virginia, Kentuck}', and Missouri 
northward. 

540^. Poocaetes gramineus confinis Baird. 

Western Vesper SparroTV. 

• Pooccetes gramineus var. conjinis Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 448 (in 
text). 



ORDER PASSERES. 265 

[B337j/^^'^j C 161^, R 197^, C 232.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific, south 
into Mexico. 

Genus AMMODRAMUS Swainson. 

A7ninodramus Swains. Zool. Journ. III. 1827, 348. Type, Fringilla 
caudacut.a Wilson. 

Subgenus PASSERCULUS Bonaparte. 

Passerculus Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, i^. Type, Fringilla 
savajina WiLS. 

541. Ammodramus princeps (Mayn.). 

Ipswich Sparrow. 

Passercidus pri7icepsMKY^. Am. Nat. VI. 1872, 62)"]. 

A vimodramus 'princeps Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354. 

[B— C 158, R 192, C 225.] 

Hab. Atlantic coast, from Nova Scotia south, in winter, to Vir- 
ginia. 

542. Ammodramus sandwichensis (Gmel.). 

Sandwich Sparrow. 

Emberiza sandwichensis Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 875. 
A)nmodra77iits sandwichoisis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 
1885, 354- 

[B ZZ?>^ C 159 b, R 193, C 226.] 

Hab. Northwest coast, from the Columbia River to Unalashka. 

5 [-2^. Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna (Wils.). 

Savanna Sparrow. 

Fringilla savanna WiLS. Am. Orn, III. 1811, ^^, pi. 22, fig. 2. 
A77i77iodra7/ins sa7idwickc7isis savanna Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 
VIII. 1885, 354. 

[B 332, C 159, R 193 a, C 227.] 



266 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ' 

Hab. Eastern Province of North America, breeding from the North- 
ern United States to Labrador and Hudson's Bay Territory^ 

542/^. Ammodramus sandwichensis alaudinus (Bonap.). 

Western Savanna Sparrovs^. 

Passeratlus alatidinus Bonap. Compt. Rend. XXXVII. 1853, 918. 
Ammodraiims sandwichensis alaudimts Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 
VIII. 1885,354. 

[B335» C— , R 193^, C 229.] 

Hab. Vi^estern North America, from the Plains to the Pacific coast 
region, north to the Arctic coast. 

542^. Ammodramus sandwichensis bryanti Ridgw. 

Bryant's Marsli Sparrow. 

Passerculus sandwichensis bryanti Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. 

Jan. 19, 1885, 517. 
Am7nodra7nus sandwichensis bryanti Ridgw. Pr. U, S. Nat. Mus. 

VIII. 1885, 354. 

[B 334, /^/'A C \^<^ a, part, R 194, /(2;Y, C 228, /^r/.] 

Hab. Salt marshes about San Francisco Bay, probably south along 
the coast in winter. 

543. Ammodramus beldingi Ridgw. 

Belding's Harsli Sparrow. 

Passerculus beldingi Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI I. Jan. 19, 1885, 

516. 
Ammodramus beldingi V.mG\N . Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354. 

[B 334, /^^'A C \^(^a^part, R i()4r, part, C 22^^ part.'] 

Hab. Salt marshes of the Pacific coast, from Santa Barbara south 
to Todos Santos Island, Lower California. 

544. Ammodramus rostratus Cass. 

Liarge-billed Sparrow^. 

Emberiza rosfrata Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1852, 348. 
A7nmodromiis rostratus Cass. Illustr. B. Cal. Tex. etc. 1855, 226, 
pi. 38. 



ORDER PASSERES. 26/ 

[B 336, C 160, R 196, C 230.] 

Had. Coast of California, south in winter to Cape St. Lucas and 
Northwestern Mexico. 

544 «. Ammodramns rostratus guttatus (Lawr.). 

St. Lucas Sparrow. 

Passociihis guttatus Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. VI I L 1867, 473. 
Ammodrainits rost7'at2is guttatus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI I L 
1-35, 355- 

[B— , C \(yoa, R 195, C 231.] 

Hab. Lower Cahfornia. 



Subgenus CENTRONYX Baird. 
Centronyx Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 440. Type, Emberiza bairdii Aud, 

545. Ammodramus bairdii (Aud.). 

Baird's Sparrow. 

Emberiza bairdii A\jd. B. Am. VII. 1843, 359' P^- S^o- 
A77imodro7nus bairdi Giebel, Thes. Orn. I. 1872, 328. 

[B 331, C 157, 157 bis, R 191, C 224.] 

Hab. Interior of North America, from the plains of the Red River 
and Saskatchewan south to Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. 

Subgenus COTURNICULUS Bonaparte. 

Cotiirr.iculus Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 32. Type, Friiigilla 
passer ilia Wils. 

546. Ammodramus savannarum passerinus (Wils.). 

Grasshopper Sparrow. 

Fringilla passerina WiLS. Am. Orn. III. i8ri, '](i, pi 26, fig. 5. 
Ammodramus savannarum passerinus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 
VIII. 1885, 355. 

[B -^z^, C 162, R 198, C 234.] 

Hab. Eastern United States and Southern Canada to the Plains, 
south to Florida, Cuba, Porto Rico, and coast of Central America. 



268 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ' 

546^. Ammodramus savannarum perpallidus Ridgw. 

Western Grasshopper Sparrow. 

Cotumiailus passeriitus V2.x.pe7'pallidus " Ridgw. MS." Coues, Key, 

1872, 137. 
AmmodrajJiiis sav2n7iarum perpallidus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 

VIII. 1885,355. 

[B 338, /(^r/j C 162 (7, R igS a, C 235.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific coast, 
and the table lands of Mexico. 

547. Ammodramns henslowii (Aud.). 

Henslow's Sparrow. 

Einberiza henslowii Aud. Orn. Biog. I. 1831, 360, pi. ']^. 
A?n7jiodroinus henslozui Gray, Gen. B. II. June, 1849, 374. 

[B 339, C 163, R 199, C 236.] 

Hab. Eastern United States, west to the Plains, north to Southern 
New England and Ontario. 

548. Ammodramus ieconteii (Aud.). 

Lieconte's Sparrow. 

Emberiza leconteii A\]T>. B Am. VII. 1843, 338, pi. 488. 
Ainnwdronius Icconteii Gray, Gen. B. II. June, 1849, 374- 

[B 34O; C 164^ R 200, C 237.] 

Hab. From the Plains eastward to Illinois^ South Carolina, and 
Florida, and from Manitoba south to Texas. 

Subgenus AMMODRAMUS. 

Aimitodrauius Swains. Zool. Jour. III. 1827, 348. Type, Oriolus 
caudacutus Gmel. 

549. Ammodramus caudacutus (Gmel.). 

Sharp-tailed Sparrow^. 

Oriohis caudacutus Gmel. S. N. I. i. 1788, 394. 
Aininodramus caudacutus Swains. Classif. B. II. 1837, 289. 



ORDER PASSERES. 269 

[B 341, C 166, R 201, C 240.] 

Hab. Salt marshes of the Atlantic coast, from Prince Edward 
Island and Nova Scotia to the Gulf States. 

519^. Ammodramns caudacutus nelsoni Allen. 

Nelson's Sparroiv. 

A7?t77iod)'07mis caudactitus var. 7ieIso7ii Allen, Pr. Best. See. Nat. 
Hist. XVII. March, 1875, 93. 

[B — , C — , R 201 a, C 241.] 

Hab. Fresh marshes of the Mississippi Valley region (Illinois, 
Kansas, etc.), and the Atlantic coast in its migrations (Lower Hudson 
Valley to Charleston, S. C). 

550. Ammodramns maritimus (Wils.). 

Seaside Sparrow, 

Fri7igilla 77iariti7na Wils. Am Orn. VII. 181 1, 6Z^ pi. 24, fig. 2. 
A7n7nodra77ius 77zariti77ia Swains. Classif. B. II. 1837, 289. 

[B 342, C 165, R 202, C 238.] 

Hab. Salt marshes of the Atlantic coast, from Massachusetts south- 
ward, and along the Gulf coast to the Rio Grande. 

551. Ammodramus nigrescens Ridgw. 

Dusky Seaside Sparrovp^. 

A77t77iodro77itis 77ia}'-iti77itcs \2X . 7iigresce7zs Ridgw. Bull. Essex Inst. V. 

Dec. 1873, 198- 
A77t77^odi'a77ius 7iigrescens Ridsw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 

1880, 178. 

[B-, C 165^, R 203,0239.] 
Hab. Salt Lake, Southern Florida. 



Genus CHONDESTES Swainson. 

Chondestes Swains. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 435. Type, C. strigatus 
Swains. 



270 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

552. Ghondestes grammacus (Say). 

Lark Sparrow. 

Fringilla gra77i7naca Say, Long's Exp, IL 1823, 139. 
Chondestes grammaca Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 32. 

[B 344, /^r/, C iZ6,parf, R 204, C 281, ;^^r/.] 

Hab. Mississippi Valley region, from Ohio, Illinois, and Michigan to 
the Plains, south to Eastern Texas. Accidental near the Atlantic coast 
(Massachusetts, Long Island, New Jersey, and Washington, D. C). 

552^. Chondestes grammacns strigatns (Swains.). 

Western Lark Sparrow. 

Chondestes strigaUis Swains. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 435. 
Chondestes graminaca stt'igata Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 
24, 1880, 179. 

[B 344, /^r/, C i2>6,part, R 204*^, C 2^1, part.'] 

Hab. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific coast, 
south into Mexico. 



Genus ZONOTRICHIA Swainson. 

Zonoti'ichia Swains. F. B. A. II. 1831, 493. Type, by elimination, 
Einberiza leucophrys Forst. 

553. Zonotrichia querula (Nutt.). 

Harris's Sparrow. 

Friiigilla quenila Nutt. Man. I. 2d ed. 1840, 555. 
Zonotrichia querula Game. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 2d ser. I. 
1847, SI- 

[B 348, C 185, R 205, C 280.] 

Hab. Middle United States, from Missouri and Iowa west to Mid- 
dle Kansas and Dakota, and from Texas north to the Red River of 
the North. 

554. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst.). 

White-crow^ned Sparrow. 

Emberiza leucophrys Forst. Philos. Trans. LXII. 1772, 382^ 426. 
Z\o7iotrichia'] leucophrys Swains. F. B. A. II. 1831,493. 



ORDER PASSERES. 2/1 

[B 345, C 183, R 206, C 276.] 

Hab. North America at large, breeding chiefly in the Rocky Moun- 
tain region (including Sierra Nevada) and northeast to Labrador. 

555. Zonotrichia intermedia Ridgv/. 

Intermediate Sparrow. 

Zonotrichia lencopJirys var. intermedia Ridgw. Bull. Essex Inst. V. 

Dec. 1873, 198. 
Zonotrichia intermedia Ridgw. Field & Forest, May, 1877, 19S. 

[B 2,A^,pcirt, C 183^, R 207^, C 277.] 

Hab. Western North America, from the Rocky Mountains to the 
Pacific, and from Mexico to Alaska. Breeds, so far as known, only 
north of the United States. 

55Q. Zonotrichia gambeli (Nutt.). 

Ganibel's Sparrow. 

Fringi I la gambeli ^xjTT. Man. I. 2d ed. 1840, 556. 
Zonotrichia gainbeli Gamb. Journ. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila. 2d ser. I. 
1847, 50. 

[B 346, /^r/, C 183^, R 207, C 278.] 

Hab. Pacific coast region, from Oregon southward. 

557. Zonotrichia coronata (Pall.). 

Golden-crowned Sparrow, 

Emberiza corojtata Pall. Zoog. Rosso-As. II. 1826, 44. 
Zonotrichia coronata Baird. B. N. Am. 1858, 461. 

[B 347, C 184, R 208, C 279.] 

Hab. Pacific coast region, from Alaska to Southern California. 

558. Zonotrichia aibicoUis (Gmel.). 

White-tliroated Sparrow^. 

Fringilla albicollis Gmf.l. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 926. 
Zo7iotrichia albicoUis Swains. Classif. B. II. 1837, 288. 

[B 349, C 182, R 209, C 275.] 



2/2 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Hab. Eastern North America, west to the Plains, north to Lab- 
rador and the Fur Countries. Breeds in Northern Michigan, Northern 
New York, and Northern New England, and winters from the Middle 
States southward. 



Genus SFIZELLA Bonaparte. 

Spizella BoNAP. Saggio Distr. Met. 1832, 140. Type, Fringilla pii- 
silla WiLS. 

559. Spizella monticola (Gmel.). 

Tree Sparrow. 

Fi'ingilla 7nonticola Gmel. S N. I. ii. 1788, 912. 
Spizella mo7tticola Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 472. 

[B 357,/^;'/, C I'j'j^part, R 210, part, C 26Z, part.'] 

Hab. Eastern North America, westward to the Plains, and from the 
Arctic Ocean south, in winter, to the Carolinas, Kentucky, and East- 
ern Kansas. Breeds north of the United States, east of the Rocky 
Mountains. 

559^. Spizella monticola ochracea Brewst. 

Western Tree Sparrow. 

Spizella monticola ochracea Brewst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Oct. 
1882, 228. 

[B 357,/^^'/, C 1"] 'J, part, R 210, part, C 26Z, part.] 

Hab. Western North America, east to Dakota and Western Kan- 
sas, south in winter to New Mexico and Arizona, north to the arctic 
regions ; breeds in Alaska. 

560. Spizella socialis (Wils.). 

Chipping Sparrow^, 

Fringilla socialis Wils. Am. Orn. II. 1810, 127, pi. 16, fig. 5. 
Spizella socialis Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 33. 

[B 359,/^^/, C 178, R 211, C 269.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, west to the Rocky Mountains, north 
to Great Slave Lake, and south to Eastern Mexico. 



ORDER PASSERES. 273 

560^. Spizella socialis arizonse Coues. 

Western Chipping Sparrow. 

Spizella socialis var. arizoncs Coues, Key, 1872, 143. 

[B 359,/^^^) C 178^, R 211-^, C 270.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to the 
Pacific, south in winter to Middle and Western Mexico. 

561. Spizella pallida (Swains.). 

Clay-colored Sparrow^. 

Emberiza pallida Swains. F. B. A. II. 1831, 251. 
Spizella pallida Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, ■^'}>- 

[B360, C 180, R 212, C 272.] 

Hab. Interior of North America, from Illinois and Iowa west to 
the Rocky Mountains, Arizona, and Cape St. Lucas, and from Texas 
north to the Saskatchewan Plains. 

h^2. Spizella breweri Cass. 

Brewer's Sparrow. 

Spizella breweri Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Feb. 1856, 40. 

[B 361, C 180^, R 213, C 273.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky 
Mountains to the Pacific coast. Accidental in Massachusetts. 

563. Spizella pusilla (Wils.). 

Field Sparrow^. 

Fringilla pusilla WiLS. Am. Orn. II. 1810, 121, pi. 16, fig. 2. 
Spizella pusilla Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 33. 

[B358, C 179, R214, C 271.] 

Hab. Eastern United States and Southern Canada, west to the 
Plains. 

564. Spizella wortheni Ridgw. 

Worthen's Sparrow. 

Spizella wortheni Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VH. Aug. 22, 1884, 
259. 

18 



274 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS, ' 

LB _, C -, R -, C -.] 
Hab. New Mexico and Western Texas. 

565. Spizella atrigularis (Cab.). 

Black-cliiuued Sparrow, 

Spiniies atrigularis Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 185 1, 133. 
Spizella atrigularis Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 476. 

[B362, C 181, R215, C274.J 

Hab. Southern border of the United States, from Texas to Cali- 
fornia, south into Mexico. 



Genus JUNCO Wagler. 

Junco Wagler, I sis, 1831, 526. Type, /. phceonoius Wagl. = 
Fringilla cinerea Swains. 

066. Junco aikeni Ridgw. 

White-winged Junco. 

Junco hyemalis var. aikeni Ridgw. Am. Nat. VII. Oct. 1873, 612, 614. 
Junco aikeni Ridgw. Field & Forest, May, 1877, 198. 

[B — , C 174 <3!, R 216, C 262.] 

Hab. Colorado, north to the Black Hills, where it breeds. 

567. Junco hyemalis (Linn.). 

Slate-colored Junco. 

Fringilla hyemalis Linn S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 183. 
Junco hyetnalis Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, 7. 

[B354, C 174^ R 217, C 261.] 

Hab. North America at large, but chiefly east of the Rocky Moun- 
tains, breeding from the higher parts of the Alleghanies and Northern 
New York and Northern New England northward. South in winter 
to the Gulf States. 

567 «. Junco hyemalis oregonus (Towns.). 

Oregon Junco, 

Fringilla oregona Towns. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. 1837, 188. 
Junco hyemalis var. oregonus Ridgw. Am. Nat. VII. Oct. 1873, 612. 



ORDER PASSERES. 275 

[B352, C. 175, R 218, C 263.] 

Hab. Western United States, northward to Alaska, east to the 
Plains, south, in winter, to New Mexico, Arizona, and Southern Cali- 
fornia. Accidental in Michigan and Massachusetts. 

568. Junco annectens Baird. 

Pink-sided Junco. 

Junco annecte7is Baird, Orn. Cal. I. 1870, 564. 

[B— , C— , R 219, C 264.] 

Hab. Rocky Mountain region, from Arizona and New Mexico (in 
winter) north to Idaho and Montana. 

569. Junco caniceps (Woodh.). 

Gray-headed Junco. 

Struthus caniceps Woodh. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Dec. 1852, 202. 
Jimco caniceps Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 468. 

[B 353, C 176, R 220, C 265.] 

Hab. Rocky Mountain region, from the Black Hills to the Wah- 
satch and Uintah Mountains, south to New Mexico and Arizona. 

570. Junco cinereus palliatus Ridgw. 

Arizona Junco. 

Junco cinereus palliatus Ridgw. Auk, II. Oct. 1885, 364. 

[B z^Ojpart^ C — , R 222^ part, C 267, /^r/.] 

Hab. Mountains of Southern Arizona, and probably southward into 
Western Mexico, 

570 a. Junco cinereus dorsalis Henry. 

Red-backed Junco. 

Junco dorsalis Henry, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858, 117. 

Junco cinereus dorsalis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355. 

[B351, C— , R 221, C 266.] 

Hab. Mountains of New Mexico and Eastern Arizona. 



2/6 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

571. Junco bairdi Belding. 

Baird's Junco. 

Jtmco bairdi Bm^m^G, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI. Oct. 5, 1883, 155. 
[B- C-,R~,C~.] 
Hab. Lower California. 

672. Junco insularis Ridgw. 

Guadalupe Junco. 

Junco insularis Ridgw. Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. II. 
No. 2, April I, 1876, 188. ■ 

[B— C— R223, C-.] 

Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 



^;v,j> Genus AMFHI8FIZA Coues. 

AmpMspiza CouES, B. Northwest, 1875, 234. Type, Emberiza 
bilineata Cass. 

573. Amphispiza bilineata (Cass.). 

Black-throated Sparrow. 

Emberiza bilineata Cassin, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Oct. 1850, 104, 

pl- 3- 
Afnphispiza bilineata Coues, B. Northwest, 1875, 234. 

[B355, C 172, R 224, C 258.] 

Hab. Western United States, from Western Texas and the Indian 
Territory west to California, north throughout the Great Basin, and 
south into Mexico. 

574. Amphispiza belli (Cass.). 

Bell's Sparrow, 

Emberiza belli Cassin, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Oct. 1850, 104, pl. 4. 
Amphispiza bellii Coues, B. Northwest, 1875, 234. 

[B 356, C 173, R 225, C 259.] 

Hab. California. 



ORDER PASSERES. 2^^ 

574: a. Amphispiza belli nevadensis (Ridgw.). 

Sage Sparrow. 

Poospiza belli var. nevadensis Ridgw. Bull. Essex Inst. V. Nov. 

1873, 191. 
Amphispiza belliiv2x. nevadensis Coues, B. Northwest, 1875, 234. 

[B — , C 173 a, R 225 ^, C 260.] 

Hab. Southeastern Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada, south to Arizona 
and Mexico, and east to Colorado and New Mexico. 



Genus FEUC^A Audubon. 
Peuccea AuD. Synop. 1839, 112. Type, Fringilla bachtnani AXiU, 

575. Peucaea aestivalis (Light.). 

Pine-woods Sparrow^. 

Fringilla csstivalis Light. Verz. Doubl. 1823, 25. 
Peuccza cestivalis Cab. Mus. Hein. L 1850, 132. 

[B ^"jOjparf, C I'jo^part, R 226, C 251.] 

Hab. Florida and Southern Georgia. 

575 a. Peucsea aestivalis bachmanii (Aud.). 

Baclinian's Sparrow. 

Fringilla bachmanii Aud. Orn. Biog. IL 1834, 366, pi. 165. 
Peuccea cestivalis bachmani Brewst. Auk, IL Jan. 1885, 106. 

[B 370, /^r^, C I'jo^part, R 226 a, C 252.] 

Hab. South Carolina and Alabama, west to Texas, and north to 
Southern Illinois and Southern Indiana. 

576. Peucsea arizonse Ridgw. 

Arizona Sparrow. 

Peuccea cestivalis var. arizonce Ridgw. Am. Nat. VII. Oct. 1873, ^^S* 
Peuccea arizonce Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. I. Aug. 15, 1878, 127. 

[B— , C 170^, R227, C 253.] 

Hab. Southern Arizona and Sonora. 



278 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. - 

577. Feuceea mexicana (Lawr.). 

Mexican Sparrow. 

Coturniculus mexica7ms Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. VIII. May, 1867, 

474. (Mts. of Colima.) 
Peuccea 77texicana Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. No. 7, May 23, 

1885, 99. 

[B - C — R -, C — .] 

Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas south into Central 
and Western Mexico. 

578. Peucsea cassini (Woodh.). 

Cassin's Sparrow. 

Zonotrichia cassi7ii Woodh. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. April, 1852, 60. 
Peuccea cassini Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 458. 

[B 371, C I'jo bis^ R 228, C 254.] 

Hab. Plains of Kansas southward and westward, through Texas, 
New Mexico, and Arizona, into Mexico. 

579. Peucsea carpalis Coues. 

Rufous-winged Sparrow^. 

Peuccea carpalis Coues, Am. Nat. VII. June, 1873, 322. 

[B — , C I'jibis, R 229, C 257.] 
Hab. Arizona. 

580. Peucaea ruficeps (Cass.). 

Rufous-crowned Sparrow. 

A77Z77todro77zus r7ificeps Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Oct.- 1852, 184. 
Peuccea ruficeps Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 486. 

[B372, C 171, R230, C 255.] 

Hab. Coast of California, south to Cape St. Lucas. 

580^. Peucaea ruficeps boucardi (Scl.). 

Boucard's Sparrow^. 

Zo7iotrichia boucardi Sclater, P. Z. S. 1867, i, pi. i. 

Peuccea ruficeps boucardi Ridgw. Hist. N. Am. B. II. 1874, 38. 



ORDER PASSERES. 279 

[B— , C— , R230^, C256.] 

Hab. Southern New Mexico and Southern Arizona, south into 
Mexico. 

580^. Pencaea nificeps eremcEca Brown. 

Rock Sparrow. 

Peuccsa nificeps ere??t(rca Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CI. VII. Jan. 
1882, 26. 

[B -, C -, R -, C -.] 
Hab. Southwestern Texas, south into Eastern Mexico. 

Genus MELOSPIZA Baird. 

Melospiza Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 478. Type, Fringilla melodia 
WiLS. = F. fasciata Gmel. 

581. Melospiza fasciata (Gmel.). 

Song Sparrow. 

Fringilla fasciata Gmel. S. N. I. 1788, 922. 
Melospiza fasciata Scott, Am. Nat. X. 1876, 18. 

[B 363, C 169, R 231, C 244.] 

Hab. Eastern United States to the Plains, breeding from Virginia 
and the northern portion of the Lake States northward. 

581^. Melospiza fasciata fallax (Baird). 

Desert Song Sparrow^. 

Zonotrichia fallax Baird, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. June, 1854, 119 

(nee Melospiza fallax auctorum plurimorum !). 
Melospiza fasciata fallax Hensh. Auk, I. July, 1884, 224. 

[B 367, C i6()a,part^ R 231 a, part, C 2/^^, part.'] 

Hab. New Mexico and Arizona. 

581^. Melospiza fasciata montana Hensh. 

Mountain Song Sparrow^. 

Melospiza fasciata 7nontana Henshaw, Auk, I. July, 1884, 224. 



28o CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B — , C i6()a,part, R 231^,/ar/, C 245, /^r/.] 
Hab. Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and northward. 

581^. Melospiza fasciata heermanni (Baird). 

Heermann's Song Sparro"W. 

Melospiza heermaiuii Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 478. 
Melospiza fasciata S. heermanni Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. CI. III. 
April, 1878, 66. 

[B364, C 169^, R23i<^, C 248.] 

Hab. Interior of Southern California, east into Western Nevada. 

581^. Melospiza fasciata samuelis (Baird). 

Samuels's Song Sparrow. 

A?nmodi'07mis samuelis Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 455. 
Melospiza fasciata sai7iuelis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 
24, 1880, 180. 

[B 343, 365, C 169^, R 23 1 r, C 249.] 
Hab. Coast region of California. 

581^. Melospiza fasciata guttata (Nutt.). 

Rusty Song SparroWo 

Fringilla gtUtata Nuttall, Man. Orn. I. ed. 2, 1840, 581. 
Melospiza fasciata /3. guttata Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. CI. III. April, 
1878, 66. 

[B — , C 169 h, R 231 d, C 246.] 

Hab. Coast region of Oregon and Washington Territory, south in 
winter to San Francisco, California. 

581/. Melospiza fasciata rufina (Bonap.). 

Sooty Song SparroTV. 

Passerella rufina Bonap. Consp. Av. I. July 15, 1850, 477. 
Melospiza fasciata rufina Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 
1880, 180. 

[B 2i^6^ C 169 c^ R 231 ^, C 247.] 
•Hab. Coast region of British Columbia, north to Sitka. 



ORDER PASSERES. 28l 

582. Melospiza cinerea (Gmel.). 

Aleutian Song Sparrow. 

Fringilla cinerea Gimel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 922. 

Melospiza cinerea Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 1880, 180. 

[B— , C 169/ R 233, C 250.] 

Hab. Aleutian and Prybilof Islands, and east to Fort Kenai, 

Alaska. 

583. Melospiza lincolni (Aud.). 

Lincoln's SparroTV^. 

Fringilla lincolni Aud. Orn. Biog. II. 1834, 539^ pl- I93- 
Melospiza liiicolni Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 482. 

[B 368, C 167, R 234, C 242.] 

Hab. North America at large, breeding chiefly north of the United 
States and in the higher parts of the Rocky Mountains; south, in win- 
ter, to Guatemala. 

584. Melospiza georgiana (Lath.). 

Swamp Sparrow. 

Fringilla georgiana Lath. Ind. Orn, I 1790, 460. 

Melospiza georgiana Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355. 

[B 369, C 168, R 233, C 243.] 

Hab. Eastern North America to the Plains, accidentally to Utah, 
north to the British Provinces, including Newfoundland and Labrador. 
Breeds from the Northern States northward, and winters in the Mid- 
dle States and southward. 

Genus FASSERELLA Swainson. 

Passerella Swains. Classif. B. II. 1837, 288. Type, Fringilla iliaca 
Gmel. 

585. Passerella iliaca (Merr.). 

Fox Sparrow^. 

Fringilla iliaca Merrem, " Beitr. zur besond. Gesch. der Vogel, II. 

1786-87, 40, pl. X." 
Passerella iliaca Swains. Classif. B. II. 1837, 288. 



282 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B 374, C i88, R 235, C 282.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, west to the Plains and Alaska (val- 
ley of the Yukon to the Pacific), and from the Arctic coast south to 
the Gulf States. Breeds north of the United States ; winters chiefly 
south of the Potomac and Ohio Rivers. 

585 «. Passerella iliaca nnalascliceiisis (Gmel.). 

Townsend's Sparrow. 

E?nberiza tmalaschcensis Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 875. 

Passerella iliaca tmalascensis RiDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 

24, 1880, 181. 

[B375, C 189, R 235 ^,0283.] 

Hab. Pacific coast region, from Kadiak south, in winter, to South- 
ern California. Breeds north of the United States. 

585/^. Passerella iliaca megarhyncha (Baird). 

Thick-billed Sparrow, 

Passerella megarhyncha Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 925. 
Passerella iliaca megarhyitcha RiDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 
24, 1880, 181. 

[B376^, C— , R235^, C 285.] 

Hab. Sierra Nevada and Coast Range, California. 

585 <;. Passerella iliaca schistacea (Baird). 

Slate-colored Sparrow. 

Passerella schistacea Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 490. 

Passerella iliaca var. schistacea Allen, Bull. M. C. Z. III. 1872, 168. 

[B376, C 189^, R235r, C284.] 

Hab. Rocky Mountain region of the United States, east, in win- 
ter, to the Plains (Kansas), west to Nevada and California. 



Genus EMBERNAGRA Lesson. 

Embernagra Less. Traite, 1831, 465. Type, E. diunetonun Less. 
■=1 EiJtberiza platensis QwEi.. 



ORDER PASSERES. 283 

586. Embernagra rufivirgata Lawr. 

Texas Sparrow. 

E7nbeniagra rufivirgaia Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. V. May, 185 1, 112, 
pi. 5, fig. 2. 

[B 373^ C209, R 236, C 311.] 

Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas and Eastern 
Mexico. 

Genus PIPILO Vieillot. 

Pipilo ViEiLL. Analyse, 1816, 32. Type, Friiigilla erythrophthalma 

Linn. 

587. Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linn.). 

Towhee. 

Fringilla eTythrophthalma Linn. S. N, ed. 10, L 1758, 180. 
Pipilo erythrophthalmus Vieill. Gal. Ois. L 1824, 109, pi. 80. 

[B391, C 204, R 237, C 301.] 

Hab. Eastern United States and Soutliern Canada, west to the 
Plains. 

587^. Pipilo erythrophthalmus alleni Coues. 

White-eyed Towhee. 

Pipilo erythrophthahttus var, alleni Coues, Am. Nat. V. Aug. 187 1, 
366. 

[B — , C 204 (7, R 237 <3;, C 302.] 
Hab. Florida. 

588. Pipilo maculatus arcticus (Swains.). 

Arctic Towhee. 

Pyrgita {Pipilo') arctica Swains. F. B. A. IL 1831, 260, pis. 51, 52. 
Pipilo maculatus var. arcticus Coues, Key, 1872, 152. 

[B 393. C 205 a, R 238, C 304.] 

Hab. Plains of the Platte, Upper Missouri, Yellowstone, and Sas- 
katchewan Rivers, west to the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, 
south in winter to Kansas, Colorado, and Texas. 



284 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ~ 

588^. Pipilo macnlattis megalonyx (Baird). 

Spurred Towhee. 

Pipilo megalotiyx Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 515. 

Pipilo inaculatus var. megalonyx Coues, Key, 1872, 152. 

[B 394, C 205 b, R 238 a, C 305.] 

Hab. Rocky Mountain region of the United States, west to the 
Sierra Nevada and Southern California. 

588/^. Pipilo macnlatus oregonus (Bell). 

Oregon Towhee. 

Pipilo oregoims Bell, Ann. Lye. N. Y. V. 1852, 6. 
Pipilo 7na.ulat7is var. o) egoiius Coues, Key, 1872, 152. 

[B 392, C 205, R 238 I), C 303.] 

Hab. Pacific coast region, from Washington Territory south to San 
Francisco, California. 

589. Pipilo consobrinus Ridgw. 

Guadalupe Towhee. 

Pipilo maculatus consob7'i7ius Ridgw. Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. 

Surv. Terr. II. No. 2, April i, 1876, 189. 
Pipilo consobriims Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 11. July, 1877, 60. 

[B— , C— R238r, C— .] 

Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 

590. Pipilo chlorurus (Towns.). 

Green-tailed Tow^hee. 

Fringilla chlorura "Towns." Aud. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, ^d. 
Pipilo chloria^us Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 519. 

[B 398, C 208, R 239, C 310.] 

Hab. Interior Plateau region of the United States, from the west- 
ern border of the Plains to the Sierra Nevada, from about lat. 40° 
south into Mexico. 



ORDER PASSERES. 285 

591. Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus (Baird). 

Canon Towhee. 

Pipilo 7nesoleMcus Baird, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. June, 1854, 119. 
Pipilo fuscus w^,v. vtesoleucus Ridgw. Bull. Essex Inst. V. Nov. 1873. 
183: 

[B 397, C 206, R 240, C 306.] 

Hab. Southern border of the United States, from the valley of the 
Upper Rio Grande west to the valley of the Gila, south into Western 
Mexico. 

591 «. Pipilo fnsciis albignla (Baird). 

Saint Lucas Towhee. 

Pipilo albigula Baird, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Nov. 1859, Z'^S- 
Pipilo fuscus var. albigula Coues, Key, 1872, 152. 

[B — , C 206^, R 240^, C 307.] 

Hab. Lower California. 

591^. Pipilo fuscus crissalis (Vig.). 

Calif or nian Towhee. 

Fringilla crissalis Vig. Zool. Bios. 1839, 19. 
Pipilo f us czis var. cj'issalis Coues, Key, 1872, 153. 

[B 396, C 206^, R 240^, C 308.] 

Hab. California. 

592. Pipilo aberti Baird. 

Abert's Towhee. 

Pipilo aberti Baird, Stansbury's Rep. Exped. Utah, 1852, 325. 

[B395, C 207, R 241, C 309.] 

Hab. New Mexico and Arizona, north into Southern Colorado and 
Utah. 

Genus CARDINALIS Bonaparte. 

Cardinalis Bonap. P. Z. S. 1837, in. Type, C. virginianus BONAP. 
= Loxia cardinalis Linn. 



286 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

593. Cardinalis cardinalis (Linn.). 

Cardinal. 

Loxia cardinalis Linn. S. N. ed. lo, 1758, 172. 

Cardinalis cardinalis LiCHT. Nomencl. Mus. BeroL 1854, 44. 

[B 390, C 203, R 242, C 299.] 

Hab. Eastern United States, north to New Jersey and the Ohio 
Valley (casually farther), west to the Plains. 

593^5. Cardinalis cardinalis superbus Ridgw. 

Arizona Cardinal. 

Cardinalis cardinalis sicperbtis RiDGW. Auk, IT. Oct. 1883, 344. 
[B — , C 203 a, part, R 242 a, part, C 300, /dzr/.] 
Hab. Arizona and Western Mexico. 

593^. Cardinalis cardinalis igneus (Baird). 

Saint Lucas Cardinal. 

Cardijzalis igneus Baird, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, y^S' 
Cardinalis cardiiialis igjieus Stejn. Auk, I. 1884, 171. 

[B — , C 203 a, part, R 2^2 a, part, C ^00, part."] 

Hab. Lower California. 



Genus PYRRHULOZIA Bonaparte. 

Pyrrhuloxia Bonap. Consp. Av. I. 1850, 500. Type, Cardinalis 
sinuatus Bonap. 

594. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata Bonap. 

Texan Cardinal. 

Cardinalis sinuatus Bonap. P. Z. S. 1837, in. 
Pyrrhuloxia siituata Bonap. Consp. Av. I. 1850, 500. 

[B 389, C 202, R 243, C 298.] 

PIab. Southern border of the United States, from the valley of the 
Lower Rio Grande westward and southward. 



ORDER PASSERES. 28/ 

Genus HABIA Reichenbach. 

Habia Reich. Syst. Av. June i, 1850, pi. Ixxviii. Type, Guiraca 
melanocephala Swains. 

595. Habia ludoviciana (Linn.). 

Rose-breasted Grosbeak. 

Loxia ludoviciana Linn. S. N. ed. 12, L 1766, 306. 
Habia ludoviciana Stejn. Auk, L Oct. 1884, 367. 

[B 380, C 193, R 244, C 289.] 

Hab. Eastern United States and Southern Canada, west to the 
eastern border of the Plains, south, in winter, to Cuba, Central Amer- 
ica, and Northern South America. 

593. Habia melanocephala (Swains.). 

Black-headed Grosbeak. 

Guiraca melanocephala Swains. Philos. Mag. L 1827, 438. 
Habia melanocephala Stejn. Auk, L Oct. 1884, 367. 

[B 381, C 194, R 245, C 290.] 

Hab. Western United States, from Middle Kansas to the Pacific 
coast, and south into Mexico. 



Genus GUIRACA Swainson. 

Guiraca Swains. ZooL Jour. IIL Nov. 1827, 350. Type, Loxia 

ccerulea Linn. 

597. Guiraca casrulea (Linn.). 

Blue Grosbeak. 

Loxia ca:rulca Linn. S. N. ed. ip, L 1758, 175. 
Guiraca ccerulea Swains. Phil. Mag. L 1827, 438. 

[B382, C 195, R 246, C 291.] 

Hab. Southern half of the United States, from the Atlantic to the 
Pacific, south into Mexico. 



288 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 



Genus PASSERINA Vieillot. 

Passerina Vieill. Analyse, 1816, 30. Type, by elimination, Tanagra 
cyanea Linn. 

598. Passerina cyanea (Linn.). 

Indigo Bunting. 

Tanagra cyanea Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 315. 

Passerina cyanea Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXV. 1817, 7. 

[B 387, C 199, R 248, C 295.] 

Hab. Eastern United States, south in winter to Veragua. 

599. Passerina amoena (Say). 

Lazuli Bunting. 

E7nberiza amcena Say, Long's Exp. II. 1823, 47. 
Passerina ai?i(£na Gray, Handl. II. 1870, 97. 

[B 386, C 200, R 249, C 296.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific, south 
into Mexico. 

600. Passerina versicolor (Bonap.). 

Varied Bunting. 

Spiza versicolor Bonap. P. Z. S. 1837, 120. 
Passerina versicolor Gray, Handl. II. 1870, 97. 

[B 385, C 197, R 250, C 293.] 

Hab. From the valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas and 
Low^er California southward to Guatemala. Accidental in Southern 
Michigan. 

601. Passerina ciris (Linn.). 

Painted Bunting. 

Emberiza ciris Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 179. 

Passerina cij'isYmvLL. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXV. 1817, 17. 

[B384, C 196, R 251; C 292.] 

Hab. South Atlantic and Gulf States, north to North Carolina and 
Southern Hlinois, and south to Panama. 



ORDER PASSERES. 289 

Genus SPOROPHILA Cabanis. 
Sporophila Cabanis, Fauna Peruana, 1844, 211. 

602. Sporophila morelleti (Bonap.). 

Morellet's Seed-eater. 

SpermopJiila jnorelleli '^VxiCUY^RAii,'' Bonap. Consp. Av. I, 1850,497. 
Sporophila 7fiorelleii Cabahis, Mus. Hein. I. 185 1, 150. 

[B 388, C 200, R 252, C 296.] 

Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, south through 
Mexico to Costa Rica. 



Genus EITETHEIA Reichenbach. 

Euetheia Reich. Av. Syst. Nat. Knacker, "June i, 1850," pi. Ixxix. 
Type, Emberiza lepida Linn. 

603. Euetheia bicolor (Linn.). 

Grassquit. 

Fringilla bicolor Linn. S. N. ed. 12, L 1766, 324. 
Eiiethia bicolor Gundlach, J. f. O. XX IL 1874, 312. 

[B— , C 201, R 253, C 297.] 

Hab. West Indies. Accidental or casual in Southern Florida. 



Genus SPIZA Bonaparte. 

Spiza Bonap. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila, IV. i. Aug. 1824, 45. 
Type, E?Jiberiza americana Gmel. 

604. Spiza americana (Gmel.). 

Dickcissel. 

Emberiza a7nerica7ia Gmel. S. N. L ii. 1788, 872. 

Spiza americana RiDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. March 27, 1880, 3. 

[B378, C 191, R 254, C 287.] 

Hab. Eastern United States to the Rocky Mountains, north to 
Massachusetts, New York, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and south 
in winter through Central America to Northern South America. 

19 



290 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ^ 

Genus CALAMOSPIZA Bonaparte. 

Calamospiza BoNAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 30. Type, Fringilla 
bicolor Towns. = Calamospiza melanocorys Stejn. 

605. Calamospiza melanocorys Stejn. 

Lark Bunting. 

Calamospiza melanocorys Stejn. Auk, II. Jan. 1885, 49. 

[B377, C 190, R 256, C 286.] 

Hab. From the Plains of Dakota and Middle Kansas west to the 
Rocky Mountains, less commonly thence to the Pacific, and south 
to Northern Mexico and Lower California. Accidental in Massa- 
chusetts. 

Family TANAGRID-^. Tanagers. 

Genus EUPHONIA Desmarest. 

Ettphonza Desm. Hist. Nat. Tang. 1805, — . Type, Pipra musica 
Gmel. ? 

606. Euphonia elegantissima (Bonap.). 

Blue-headed Euphonia. 

Pipra elegantissima Bonap. P. Z. S. 1837, 112. 
Euphonia elegantissima Gray, Gen. B. App. 1849, I7- 

[B224, C— R 160, C— .] 

Hab. Eastern Mexico, and south to Veragua. Texas (Giraud). 

Genus PIRANGA Vieillot. 

Piranga Vieill. Gis. Am. Sept. I. 1807, p. iv. Type, Muscicapa 
rubra Linn. 

607. Piranga ludoviciana (Wils.). 

Louisiana Tanager. 

Tanagra ludoviciana Wils. Am. Orn. III. 18 11, 27, pi. 20, fig. I. 
Pyranga ludoviciatia Richardson, Rep. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci. V. 
1837, ^11' 



\ 



ORDER PASSERES. 291 

[B 223, C no, R 162, C 158.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the Great Plains to the Pacific. 
In winter south to Guatemala. 

608. Piranga erythromelas Vieill. 

Scarlet Tanager. 

Pyraiiga erythromelas Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXVIII. 
18 19, 293 (= Pyranga rubra AuCT., nee Fringilla rubra Linn.). 

[B 220, C 107, R 161, C 154.] 

Hab. Eastern United States, west to the Plains, and north to 
Southern Canada. In winter the West Indies, Central America, and 
Northern South America. 

609. Piranga hepatica Swains. 

Hepatic Tanager. 

Pyranga hepatica Swains. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 438. 
[B 222, C 109, R 163, C 157.] 
Hab. Southern New Mexico and Southern Arizona southward. 

610. Piranga rubra (Linn.). 

Summer Tanager. 

Fringilla rubra Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 181. 
Piranga rubra Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, p. iv. 

[B 221, C 108, R 164, C 155.] 

Hab. Eastern United States, to the Plains, north to Southern 
New Jersey and Southern Illinois, casually north to Connecticut and 
Ontario, and accidentally to Nova Scotia. In winter, Cuba, Central 
America, and Northern South America. 

610 rtr. Piranga rubra cooperi Ridgw. 

Cooper's Tanager, 

Pyranga cooperi Ridgw. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1869, 130. 
Piranga rubra cooperi Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mas. VIII. 1885, 354. 



292 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B — , C loSa, R 164^, C 156.] 
Hab. New Mexico and Arizona, south into Western Mexico. 

Family HIRUNDINID-^. Swallows. 

Genus PROGNE Boie. 
Progne Boie, Isis, 1826, 971. Type, Hirundo subis Linn. 

611. Progne subis (Linn.). 

Purple Martin. 

Hirmido sitbis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 192. 
Progne subis Baird, Rev. Am. B. I. May, 1865, 274. 

[B 231, C 117, R 152, C 165.] 

Hab. Temperate North America, south to Mexico. 

Genus PETROCHELIDON Cabanis. 

Petrochelidon Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 47. Type, Hirundo melano- 
gastra Swains. 

612. Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say). 

Cliff Swallow. 

Hirundo hmifrons Say, Long's Exp. II. 1823, 47. 
Petrochelidon hmifrons Baird, Rev. Am. B. I. May, 1865, 288. 

[B 226, C 114, R 153, C 162.] 

Hab. North America at large, and south to Brazil and Paraguay. 

Genus CHELIDON Forster. 

Chelidon Forst. Synop. Cat. Brit. B. 1817, 55. Type, Hirundo 
rustica Linn. 

613. Chelidon erythrogaster (Bodd.). 

Barn Swallow. 

Hirundo erythrogaster '^ODTy, Tabl. P. E. 1783, 45. 

Chelidon erythrogastra Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 5, 1882, 31. 



ORDER PASSERES. 293 

[B 225, C III, R 154, C 159.] 

Hab. North America in general, from the Fur Countries southward 
to the West Indies, Central America, and South America. 

Genus TACHYCINETA Cabanis. 

Tachycineta Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 48. Type, Hirundo thalassina 
Swains. 

614. Tachycineta bicolor (Vieill.). 

Tree Swallow. 

Hirundo bicolor Yi^WA.. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, 61, pi. 31. 
Tachycineta bicolor Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 48. 

[B 227, C 112, R 155, C 160.] 

Hab. North America at large, from the Fur Countries southward, 
in winter, to the West Indies and Central America. 

615. Tachycineta thalassina (Swains.). 

Violet-green Swallow^. 

Hirundo thalassinus Swains. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 366. 
Tachycineta thalassina Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 48. 

[B 228, C 113, R 156, C 161.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky 
Mountains to the Pacific, south to Guatemala. 

Genus CLIVICOLA Forster. 

Clivicola Forst. Synop. Cat. Brit. B. 181 7, 55. Type, Hirundo 
rip aria Linn. 

616. Clivicola riparia (Linn.). 

Bank Swallow. 

Hirundo riparia Linn. S. N, ed. 10, L 1758, 192. 
Clivicola riparia Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, 32. 

[B229, C 115, R 157, C163.] 

Hab. Northern Hemisphere ; in America, south to the West Indies, 
Central America, and Northern South America. 



294 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

Genus STELGIDOPTERYX Baird. 

Stelgidopteryx Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 312. Type, Hirundo serri- 
pennis AuD. 

617. Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Aud.). 

Kough-winged Swallow. 

Hirundo serripennis Aud. Orn. Biog. IV. 1838, 593. 
Stelgidopteryx serripennis Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 312. 

[B 230, C 116, R 158, C 164.] 

Hab. United States at large (in the Eastern States north to Con- 
necticut), south to Guatemala. 

Family AMPELID-^. Waxwings, etc. 
Subfamily AMPELIN^. Waxwings. 

Genus AMFELIB Linn^us. 

Ampelis Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 297. Type, by elimination, A. 
garrulus Linn. 

618. Ampelis garrulus Linn. 

Bohemian Waxwing. 

Laniiis garrulus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 95. 
A tnpelis garrulus Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 297, 

[B 232, C 118, R 150, C 166.] 

Hab. Northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere. In North 
America, south in winter, irregularly, to the Northern United States. 

619. Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.). 

Cedar Waxwing. 

Bombycilla cedrorum Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept, I. 1807, 88, pi. 57. 
Ampelis cedrorum Gray, Gen. B. I. 1846, 278. 



ORDER PASSERES. 295 

[B 233, C 119, R 151, C 167.] 

Hab. North America at large, from the Fur Countries southward. 
In winter south to Guatemala and the West Indies. 

Subfamily PTILIOGONATIN^. 

Genus PHAINOPEPLA Sclater. 

Phainopepla ScL. P. Z. S. 1858, 543. Type, Ptiliogoitys nitens 
Swains. 

620. Phainopepla nitens (Swains.). 

Phainopepla. 

Ptiliogonys nitens Swains. Anim. in Menag. 1838, 285. 
Phainopepla nitens ScL. P. Z. S. 1858, 543. 

[B 234, C 120, R 26, C 168.] 

Hab. Southwestern United States, from Southwestern Texas west- 
ward to California, north to Southern Utah and Nevada, and south 
into Mexico. 

Family LANIID-^. Shrikes. 



Genus LANIUS Linnaeus. 

Lanius Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 93. Type, by elimination, L. 
excubitor Linn. 

621. Lanius borealis Vieill. 

Northern Shrike. 

Lanius borealis Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, 90, pi. 50. 

[B 236, C 134, R 148, C 186.] 

Hab. Northern North America, south in winter to the middle por- 
tions of the United States (Washington, D. C, Kentucky, Kansas, 
Colorado, Arizona, Northern California). 



296 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

622. Lanius ludovicianus Linn. 

Loggerhead Shrike. 

Lanius ludovicianus Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 134. 
[B237, C 135. R 149. C 187.J 
Hab. Florida, the Carolinas, and the Gulf States east of Texas. 

622 d!. Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides (Swains.). 

White-rumped Shrike. 

Lanius excubitoridcs Swains. Fauna Bor. Am. II. 183 1, 115, pi. 34. 
Lanius ludovicianus var. excubitoroides Coues, Key, 1872, 125. 

[B 238, C 135 a, R 149 a, C 188.] 

Hab. Western United States, east to the Middle and New England 
States, breeding as far north as Northern New York and Northern 
New England. Rare or local east of the Alleghanies. 



Family VIREONIDiB. Vireos. 

Genus VIREO Vieillot. 

Subgenus VIREOSYLVA Bonaparte. 

Vierosylva Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 26. Type, Muscicapa 
olivacea Linn, 

[623.] Vireo altiloquus barbatulus (Cab). 

Black- whiskered Vireo. 

Phyllomanes barbatulus Cab. J. f. O. 1855, 467. 

Vireo altiloquus var. barbatulus Coues, Key, 1872, 120. 

[B 243, C 123, R 137, C 172.] 

Hab. Bahamas, Cuba, and Southern Florida. 

624. Vireo olivaceus (Linn.). 

Red-eyed Vireo. 

Muscicapa olivacea Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 327. 
Vireo olivaceus Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. Y. II. 1826, 71. 



ORDER PASSERES. 297 

[B 240, C 122, R 135, C 170.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, to the Rocky Mountains, north to 
the arctic regions. 

625. Vireo flavoviridis (Cass.). 

Yellow-green Vireo. 

Vireosylvia fiavoviridis Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. V. Feb. 185 1, 

152. 
Vireo flavov&idis Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 332. 

[B 241, C — R 136, C 171.] 

Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, southward to 
Panama. Accidental at Godbout, Province of Quebec. 

626. Vireo philadelphicus (Cass.). 

Philadelphia Vireo. 

Vireosylvia philadelphica Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. V. Feb. 

1851, 153, pi. 10, fig. 2. 
Vireo philadelphicus Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 335. 

[B 244, C 124, R 138, C 173.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, north to Hudson's Bay \ south, in 
winter, to Costa Rica. 

627. Vireo gilvus (Vieill.). 

Warbling Vireo. 

Muscicapa gilva Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, 65, pi. 34. 
Vireo gilvus Bonap. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci Phila. IV. 1824, 176. 

[B245, C 125, 125^, R 139, 139^, C 174, 175.] 

Hab. North America in general, from the Fur Countries to Mexico. 

Subgenus LANIVIREO Baird, 

La7tivireo Baird, Rev. Am. B. I. May, 1866, 345. Type, Vireo fla- 
vifrons Vieill. 

628. Vireo flavifrons Vieill. 

Yellow-throated Vireo, 

Vireo fiavifrons Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, 85, pi. 54. 



298 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ^ 

[B 252, C 126, R 140, C 176.] 
Hab. Eastern United States ; south, in winter, to Costa Rica. 

629. Vireo solitarius (Wils.). 

Blue-headed Vireo. 

Muscicapa solita7'ia Wils. Am. Orn. II. 1810, 43, pi. 17, fig. 6. 
Vireo solitarius NyeiiAu. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXXVI. 1819, 103. 

[B250, C 127, R 141, C 177.] 

Hab. Eastern United States to the Plains. In winter, south to 
Mexico and Guatemala. 

629^. Vireo solitarius cassinii (Xantus). 

Cassin's Vireo. 

Vireo cassiniH^K-^-Y. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858, 117. 
Vireo solitaries var, cassiiii Hensh. Rep. Orn. Spec. (Wheeler's 
Exp.), 1874, 105. 

[B 251, C— , R 141^2;, C 178.] 

Hab. Western United States ; confined to the Pacific slope during 
the breeding season. 

629 <^. Vireo solitarius plumbeus (Coues). 

Plumbeous Vireo. 

Vireo pliivibeus Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 74. 

Vireo solitarius vzx. plumbeus Allen, Bull. M. C. Z. III. 1872, 176. 

[B — , C 127 a^ R 141 by C 179.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky 
Mountains westward, south into Mexico in winter. 

Subgenus VIREO Vieillot. 

Vireo Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, 83. Type, V. musicus Vieill. 
= Muscicapa noveboracensis Gmel. 

630. Vireo atricapillus Woodh. 

Black-capped Vireo. 

Vireo atricapillus Woodh. Pr. Ac. Nat, Sci. Phila. 1852, 60. 
[B 427, C 133, R 142, C 185.] 
. Hab. Mexico and Texas, and north to Kansas. 






ORDER PASSERES. 299 

631. Vireo noveboracensis (Gmel.). 

White- eyed Vireo. 

Muscicapa noveboracensis Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 947. 
Vireo noveboracensis Bonap. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. IV. 1824, 
176. 

[B 248, C 129, R 143, C 181.] 

Hab. Eastern United States, west to the Rocky Mountains ; south, 
in winter, to Guatemala. Resident in the Bermudas. 

632. Vireo huttoni Cass. 

Hutton's Vireo. 

Vireo huttoni Cass, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1851, 150, pi. 10, fig. i. 
[B 249, C 130, R 144, C 182.] 
Hab. California. 

632^. Yireo huttoni stephensi Brewst. 

Stephens's Vireo. 

Vireo Jmttoiii stephensi Brewst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. July, 
1882, 142. 

[B- C- R- C-.] 
Hab. Arizona, Western Mexico, and Lower California. 

633. Vireo bellii Aud. 

Bell's Vireo. 

Vireo bellii Aud. B. Am. VII. 1844, 333, pl- 485. 

[B 246, C 131, R 145, C 183.] 

Hab. Middle portion of the United States, from Illinois and Iowa 
west to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, south into Mexico. 

633^. Vireo bellii pusilliis (Coues). 

Least Vireo. 

Vireo pusillus Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 76. 

Vireo bellii pusilhis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354. 



300 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. " 

[B — C 132, R 146, C 184.] 

Hab. Arizona and California, south to Cape St. Lucas, and through- 
out Western Mexico. 

634. Vireo vicinior Coues. 

Gray Vireo. 

Vireo vicinior CouES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 75. 

[B— , C 128, R 147, C 180.] 

Hab. Western Texas^ New Mexico, Arizona, and Southern Cali- 
fornia. 

Family CCEREBID^. Honey Creepers. 

Genus CERTKIOLA Sundevall. 
Certhiola Sund. Vet. Ak. Handl. Stockh. 1835, 99. Type, Certhia 

I 



flaveola Linn. 



635. Certhiola bahamensis Reich. 

Bahama Honey Creeper. 

Certhiola bahamensis Reich. Handb. I. 1853, 253. 
[B301, C 106, R 159, C 153.] 
Hab. Bahamas, and the Keys of the southeastern coast of Florida. 

Family MNIOTILTID^. Wood-Warblers. 

Genus MNIOTILTA Vieillot. 
Mniotilta Vieill. Analyse, 18 16, 45. Type, Motacilla varia Linn. 

636. Mniotilta varia (Linn.). 

Black and White Warbler. 

Motacilla varia Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 333. 

Mniotilta varia Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXI. 1818, 230. 

fB 167, C 57, R 74, 74^, C 91, 92.] 



ORDER PASSERES. 3OI 

Hab. Eastern United States to the Plains, north to Fort Simpson, 
south, in winter, to Central America and the West Indies. 



Genus PROTONOTARIA Baird. 
Protonotaria Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 239. Type, Motacilla ciirea 

BODD. 

637. Protonotaria citrea (Bodd.). 

Protlionotary Warbler. 

Motacilla citrea Bodd. Tabl. P. E. 1783, 44. 
Protonotaria citrea Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 239. 

[B 169, C 59, R 75, C 95.] 

Hab. Eastern United States, chiefly southward ; in winter, Cuba 
and Central America. 



Genus HELINAIA Audubon. 
Helinaia Aud. Synop. 1839, 66. Type, Sylvia swai?tsonii Aud. 

638. Helinaia swainsonii Aud. 

Swainson's Warbler. 

Sylvia swaifisonii A\j-d. Orn. Biog. II. 1834, 563, pi. 198. 
Helinaia swainsonii Aud. Synop. 1839, 66. 

[B 179, C 61, R 76, C 97.] 

Hab. Southeastern United States (South Carolina, Georgia, Flor- 
ida, Louisiana, Texas) and Jamaica. 



Genus HELMITHERUS Rafinesque. 

Helmitherus Rafin. Journ. de Phys. LXXXVIII. 1819, 417. Type, 
Motacilla vermivora Gmel. 

639. Helmitherus vermivorus (Gmel.). 

Worm-eating Warbler. 

Motacilla vermivora Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 951. 

Hebnitheros vermivora Bonap. Consp. Av. I. April 20, 1850, 314. 



302 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. " 

[B 178, C 60, R 77, C 96.] 

Hab. Eastern United States, north to Southern New York and 
Southern New England, south, in winter, to Cuba and Central 
America. 



Genus HELMINTHOPHILA Ridcway. 

Helminthophila Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan. 1882, ^t,. 
Type, Sylvia ruficapilla Wils. 

640. Helminthophila bachmani (Aud.). 

Bacliinan's Warbler. 

Sylvia bachyjtani Ajj-d. Orn. Biog. II., 1834, 483, pi. 183. 
Helminthophila bachmani Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan. 
1882, SZ- 

[B 182, C 64, R 78, C 103.] 

Hab. South Carolina and Georgia ; Cuba, in winter. No recent 
record of its occurrence. 

641. Helminthophila pinus (Linn.). 

Blue-winged Warbler. 

Certhia pinus Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 187. 

Helminthophila pinus Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan. 
1882, 53. 

[B 180, C 62, R 79, C 98.] 

Hab. Eastern United States, from Southern New York and South- 
ern New England southward. In winter, Mexico and Guatemala. 

642. Helminthophila chrysoptera (Linn.). 

Golden-winged Warbler. 

Motacilla chrysoptera LiNN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 333. 
Helminthophila chrysoptera Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan. 
1882, 53. 

[B 181, C dz, R81, C 102.] 
. Hab. Eastern United States ; Central America in winter. ° 



ORDER PASSERES. 303 

G43. Helminthophila lucise (Cooper). 

Lucy's Warbler. 

Helminthophaga lucicB Cooper, Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci. July, 1862, 120. 
Helminthophila lucicB Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan. 
1882, 54. 

[B— C65, R83, C 104.] 

Hab. Valleys of the Colorado and Gila Rivers in Arizona and 
California. 

644. Helminthophila virginise (Baird). 

Virginia's Warbler. 

Helminthophaga virginics Baird, B. N. Am. ed. i860, Atlas, p. xi. 

foot-note, pi. 79, fig. I. 
Helminthophila virgijiics Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan. 

1882, 54. 

[B — , C (i^, R 84, C 105.] 

Hab. Rocky Mountain region of the United States, from Colorado, 
Utah, and Nevada southward. 

645. Helminthophila ruficapilla (Wils.). 

Nashville Warbler. 

Sylvia rnficapilla Wils. Am. Orn. III. 181 1, 120, pi. 27, fig. 3. 
Helminthophila ruficapilla Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan. 
1882, 54. 

[B yZ-^, part, C 6'j,parf, R ^^,parf, C 106,/^^/.] 

Hab. Eastern North America to the Plains, north to the Fur Coun- 
tries, breeding from the Northern United States northward. Mexico 
in winter. 

645^. Helminthophila ruficapilla gntturalis Ridgw. 

Calaveras Warbler. 

Helminthophaga ruficapilla var. gutturalis Ridgw. in Hist. N. 

Am. B. I. Jan. 1874, 191. 
Helminthophila ruficapilla gutturalis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 

VIII. 1885, 354. 

[B \Zi,part, C G'j.part, K^^part, C 106, part.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to the 
Pacifiic. 



304 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ~ 

646. Helminthophila celata (Say). 

Orange-crowned Warbler. 

Sylvia celata Say, Long's Exp. I. 1823, 169. 

Helminthophila celata RiDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan. 
1882, 54. 

[B 184, /^r/, C 68, R 86, C 107.] 

Hab. Eastern North America (rare, however, in the Northeastern 
United States), breeding as far northward as the Yukon and Mac- 
kenzie River districts, and southward through the Rocky Mountains, 
and wintering in the South Atlantic and Gulf States and Mexico. 

646^. Helminthophila celata lutescens (Ridgw.). 

Lutescent Warbler. 

Helminthophaga celata var- lutescens Ridgw. Am. Jour. Sci. & Arts, 

1872, 457. 
Helminthophila celata lutescens Brewst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. 

April, 1882, %S' 

[B 184,/^r/, C 68^, R 86^, C 108.] 

Hab. Pacific coast of North America, eastward, during migrations, 
to the Rocky Mountains, and northward to Kadiak, Alaska. 

647. Helminthophila peregrina (Wils.). 

Tennessee Warbler. 

Sylvia peregrina Wils. Am. Orn. III. 181 1, 83, pi. 25, fig. 2. 
Helminthophila peregrina Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan. 
1882, 54. 

[B 185, C 69, R 87, C 109.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, breeding from Northern New York 
and Northern New England northward to Hudson's Bay Territory; 
Central America in winter. 



Genus COMPSOTHLYPIS Cabanis. 

Cojnpsothlypis Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 20. Type, P arus americanus 
Linn. 



ORDER PASSERES. 305 

648. Compsothlypis americana (Linn.). 

Parula Warbler. 

Parus ajnet'icamis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 190. 
Compsothlypis aniericana Cab. JMius. Hein. L 1850, 20. 

[B 168, C 58, R 88, C 93.] 

Hab. Eastern United States, west to the Plains, north to Canada, 
and south in winter to the West Indies and Central America. 

649. Compsothlypis nigrilora (Coues). 

Sennett's Warbler. 

Parula nigrilora Coues, Bull. U. S. Geo!. & Geog. Surv. Terr. IV. 

1878, IT. 
Compsothlypis nigrilora Stejn. Auk, L April, 1884, 170. 

[B — , C — , R 89 a, C 94.] 

Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas. 



Genus DENDROICA Gray. 

Subgenus PERISSOGLOSSA Baird. 

Perissoglossa Baird, Rev. Am. B. \. April, 1865, 180. Type, Mota- 
cilla tigrina Gmel. 

650. Dendroica tigrina (Gmel.). 

Cape May Warbler. 

Motacilla tigrina Gmel. S. N. L ii. 1788. 985. 
Dendroica tigrina Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 286. 

[B 206, C 85, R 90, C 126.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, north to Hudson's Bay Territory, 
west to the Plains. Breeds from Northern New England northward, 
and also in Jamaica ; winters in the West Indies. 

Subgenus PEUCEDRAMUS Coues. 

Peticedramus Coues, in Zool. Wheeler's Exp. 1876, 202. Type, 
Sylvia olivacea GiRAUD. 

20 



306 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ~ 

651. Dendroica olivacea (Giraud). 

Olive Warbler. 

Sylvia olivacea Giraud, Sixteen Sp. Tex. B. 1841, 29, pi. 7, fig. 2. 
Dendroica olivacea Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 305. 

[B— , C— R92, C no.] 

Hab. Southern New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico, and Guatemala. 
Texas (Giraud). 

Subgenus DENDROICA Gray. 

Dendroica Gray, List Gen. B. App. 1842, 8. Type, Motacilla coro- 
nata Linn. 

652. Dendroica sestiva (Gmel.). 

Yellow Warbler. 

Motacilla cestiva Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 996. 
Dendroica cestiva Baird, B. N, Am. 1858, 282. 

[B 203, C 70, R93, C III.] 

Hab. North America at large, south in winter to Central America 
and Northern South America. 

653. Dendroica bryanti castaneiceps Ridgw. 

Mangrove Warbler. 

Dendroica bryanti castaneiceps Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 
Sept. 2, 1885, 350- 

[B -, C -, R -, C -.] 

Hab. Western Mexico, and Cape St. Lucas, Lower California. 

654. Dendroica cssrulescens (Gimel.). 

Black-throated Blue Warbler. 

Motacilla cczridescens Gmel. S. N. I. 1788, 960. 
Dendroica cczrulescens Baird, Rev. Am. B. 1865, 186. 

[B193, C76, R94, C 117.] 

Hab. Eastern North America to the Plains, breeding from North- 
ern New England and Northern New York northward, and in the 
Alleghanies to Northern Georgia ; West Indies in winter. 



ORDER PASSERES. 30/ 

655. Dendroica coronata (Linn.). 

Myrtle Warbler. 

Motacilla coronata Linn. S. N. ed. 12, L 1766, 333. 
Dendroica coronata Gray, List Gen. B. App. 1842, 8. 

[B 194, C 78, R 95, C 119.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, chiefly, straggling more or less com- 
monly westward to the Pacific; breeds from the Northern United 
States northward, and winters from the Middle States and the Ohio 
Valley southward to the West Indies and Central America. 

^h^. Dendroica auduboni (Towns.). 

Audubon's Warbler. 

Sylvia aicdubo7ii Towi^s. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VIL 1837, 191. 
Dendroica audicbonii Baikd^ B. N. Am. 1858, 273. 

[B 195, C 79, R 96, C 120.] 

Hab. Western United States, east to the western border of the 
Plains ; south in winter to Guatemala. Accidental in Massachusetts. 

657. Dendroica maculosa (Gmel.). 

Magnolia Warbler. 

Motacilla maculosa Gmel. S. N. L ii. 1788, 984. 
Dendroica 7nacitlosa Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 284. 

[B 204, C 84, R 97, C 125.] 

Hab. Eastern North America to the base of the Rocky Mountains, 
breeding from Northern New England, Northern New York, and 
Northern Michigan, to Hudson's Bay Territory. In winter, Bahamas, 
Cuba, and Central America. 

658. Dendroica caerulea (Wils.). 

Cerulean Warbler. 

Sylvia ccerulea WiLS. Am. Orn. \\. 18 10, 141, pi. 17, fig. 5. 
Dendroica ccerulea Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 280. 

[B201, C 77, R98, C 118.] 

Hab. Eastern United States and Southern Canada to the Plains. 
Rare or casual east of Central New York and the Alleghanies. 
Cuba (rare) and Central America in winter. 



308 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

659. Bendroica pensylvanica (Linn.). 

Chestnut-sided Warbler. 

Motacilla pensylvanica Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 333. 
Dendroica pennsylvanica Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 279. 

[B 200, C 83, R 99, C 124.] 

Hab. Eastern United States and Southern Canada, west to the 
Plains, breeding southward to Central Hlinois and in the Appala- 
chian highlands probably to Northern Georgia. Visits the Bahamas 
and Central America in winter. 

660. Dendroica castanea (Wils.). 

Bay-breasted Warbler. 

Sylvia castanea Wils. Am. Orn. 11, 1810, 97, pi. 14, fig. 4. 
Dendroica castanea Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 276. 

[B 197, C 82, R 100, C 123.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, north to Hudson's Bay. Breeds 
from Northern New England and Northern Michigan northward ; win- 
ters in Central America. 

661. Dendroica striata (Forst.). 

Black-poll Warbler. 

Muscicapa striata Forst. Philos. Trans. LXII. 1772, 406, 428. 
Dendroica striata Baird, B. N. Am. 1858,280. 

[B 202, C 81, R loi, C 122.] 

Hab. Eastern North America to the Rocky Mountains, north to 
Greenland, the Barren Grounds, and Alaska, breeding from North- 
ern New England northward. South in winter to Northern South 
America. 

662. Dendroica blackburniee (Gmel.). 

Blackburnian Warbler. 

Motacilla blackbnrnicB Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 977. 
Dejzdroica blackktrnics Baird, B.N. Am. 1858, 274. 

[B 196, C 80, R 102, C 121.] 



ORDER PASSERES. 309 

Hab. Eastern North America to the Plains, breeding from the 
northern and more elevated parts of the Eastern United States north- 
ward ; in winter, south to the Bahamas, Central America, and North- 
ern South America. 

663. Dendroica dominica (Linn.). 

YelloTV-throated Warbler. 

Motacilla domiiiica Linn. S. N. ed. 12, L 1766, 334. 
Dendroica domzjiica Baird, Rev. Am. B. L 1865, 209. 

[B 20(), part, C d>d>, R 103, C 129.] 

Hab. Southeastern United States, north to the Middle States, and 
rarely to Southern New England j south to the West Indies. 

663^. Dendroica dominica albilora Baird. 

Sycamore Warbler. 

Dendroica dcminicavd,x. albilora "Baird," Ridgw. Am. Nat. VIL 
Oct. 1873, 606. 

[B 20(), part, C 88^, R 103 <^, C 130.] 

Hab. Mississippi Valley, west to the Plains, and north to Lake 
Erie and Southern Michigan ; in winter south to Southern Mexico, 
Hondurus, and Guatemala. Accidental in South Carolina. 

664. Dendroica graciae Coues. 

Grace's Warbler, 

Dendroica gracicB " CouES MSS." Baird, Rev. Am. B. L Apr. 1865, 
210. 

[B— , C 87, R 104, C 128.] 
Hab. Southern New Mexico and Arizona, and southward. 

660. Dendroica nigrescens (Towns.). 

Black-throated Gray Warbler. 

Sylvia nigrescens Towns. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VH, 1837, 191. 
Dendroica nigrescens Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 270. 

[B192, C75, R 105, C 116.] 

Hab. Western United States, north to Colorado and Oregon, mi- 
grating into Mexico in v/inter. 



310 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ' 

666. Dendroica chrysoparia Scl. & Salv. 

Golden-clieeked Warbler. 

Dendrosca chrysoparia Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. i860, 29S. 
[B— , C 74, R 106, C 115.] 
Hab. Southwestern Texas, and southward to Guatemala. 

667. Dendroica virens (Gmel.). 

Slack-throated Green Warbler. 

Motacilla virens Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 985. 
Dendroica virens Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 267. 

[B 189, C 71, R 107, C 112.] 

Hab. Eastern North America to the Plains, north to Hudson's 
Bay Territory, breeding from the Northern United States northward. 
In winter, south to Cuba and Panama. Accidental in Greenland and 
Europe. 

^^'^. Dendroica townsendi (Nutt.). 

Townsend's Warbler. 

Sylvia townsendi " Nutt." Towns. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. 

1837, 191. 
Dendroica townsendi Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 269. 

[B 191, C 73, R 108, C 114.] 

Hab. Western North America, east to Western Colorado, north to 
Sitka, south into Mexico, and in winter to Guatemala. Accidental 
near Philadelphia. 

669. Dendroica occidentalis (Towns.). 

Hermit Warbler. 

Sylvia occidentalis Towns. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. 1837, 190. 
Detid7'oica occidentalis Baird, B. N._ Am, 1858, 268. 

[B 190, C 72, R 109, C 113.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to the 
Pacific coast, and from Washington Territory southward ; in winter, 
to Guatemala. 



ORDER PASSERES. 31I 

670. Dendroica kirtlandi Baird. 

Kirtland's Warbler. 

Sylvicola kirtlandi Baird, Ann. Lye. N. Y. V. 1852, 216, pi. 6. 
Detidroica kirllandiBMKV), B. N. Am. 1858, 249. 

[B 205, C 89, R 110, C 131-] 

Hab. Eastern United States (Ohio, Missouri, Micliigan, Wiscon- 
sin), and the Bahamas in winter. 

671. Dendroica vigorsii (Aud.). 

Pine Warbler. 

Sylvia vigorsii A\jr>. Orn. Biog. I. 1832, 153, pi. 30. 
Deiid7-oica vigorsii Stejn. Auk, II. Oct. 1885, 343. 

[B 198, C91, R III, C 134.] 

Hab. Eastern United States, to the Plains, north to Ontario and 
New Brunswick, wintering in the South Atlantic and Gulf States, and 
the Bahamas. 

672. Dendroica palmarum (Gmel.). 

Palm Warbler. 

Motacilla pal}7iariiin Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 951. 
Deiidroica pal/uartun Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 288. 

[B 20Z, part, C C)0,part, R 113, C 132.] 

Hab. Northern interior to Great Slave Lake ; in winter and in 
migrations, Mississippi Valley and Gulf States, including Western and 
Southern Florida, and the West Indies. Casual in the Atlantic States. 

672^. Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea Ridgw. 

Yellow Palm Warbler. 

Dendrozca pabnartim hypocJuysea Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I. 
Nov. 1876, 85. 

[B 208, /<2r/, C C)0, part, R 113^, C 133-] 

Hab. Atlantic States, north to Hudson's Bay. Breeds from New 
Brunswick and Nova Scotia northward ; winters in the South Atlantic 
and Gulf States. 



312 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

673. Dendroica discolor (Vieill.). 

Prairie Warbler. 

Sylvia discolor Yysma.. Gis. Am. Sept. I. 1807, 37, pi. 98. 
Dendroica discolor Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 290. 

[B 210, C Z(y, R 114, C 127.] 

Hab. Eastern United States to the Plains, north to Michigan and 
Southern New England. Winters in Southern Florida and the West 
Indies. 

Genus SEIURUS SwainsOxN. 

Seinrus Swains. Phil. Mag. I. May, 1827, 369. Type, Motacilla 
aMrocapilla Linn. 

674. Seiurus aurocapillus (Linn.). 

Oven-bird. 

Motacilla aurocapilla Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 334. 
Seiurus aurocapillus Swains. Zool. Journ. III. 1827, 171. 

[B186, C92,Rii5, Ci3S.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, north to Hudson's Bay Territory 
and Alaska, breeding from Kansas, the Ohio Valley, and Virginia 
northward. In winter, Southern Florida, the West Indies, and Cen- 
tral America. 

675. Seiurus noveboracensis (Gmel.). 

Water-Thrusli. 

Motacilla noveboracensis Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 958. 
Seiurus noveboracensis: Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 21. 

[B \Z^,part, C ^Z^part, R 116, C 136.] 

Hab. Eastern United States to Illinois, and northward to Arctic 
America, breeding from the Northern United States northward. South 
in winter to the West Indies and Northern South America. 

675^. Seinrus noveboracensis notabilis (Grinn,). 

Grinnell's Water-Thrush. 

Seiurus ncBvius notabilis " Grinnell," Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 

II. 1880, 12. 
Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII I. 

1885, 354. 



ORDER PASSERES. 313 

[B i^'],part, C ^2>^part, R 116^:, C 137.] 

Hab. United States from Illinois westward to California, and north 
into Briiish America. Winters from the southern border of the United 
States southward to Northern South America. 

676. Seiurus motacilla (Vieill.). 

Louisiana Water-Tlirush. 

Turdus motacilla Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II. 1807, 9, pi. 65. 
Seiurics vwtacilla BoNAP. Consp. Av. I. 1850, 306. 

[B 188, C 94, R 117, C 138.] 

Hab. Eastern United States, north to Southern New England and 
Michigan, west to the Plains. In winter, West Indies, Southern Mex- 
ico, and Central America. 

Genus GBOTHLYPIS Cabanis. 
Subgenus OPORORNIS Baird. 
Oporomts Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 246. Type, Sylvia agilis WiLS. 

677. Geothlypis formosa (Wils.). 

Kentucky Warbler. 

Sylvia for V2 OS a Wils. Am. Orn. III. 18 11, 85, pi. 25, fig. 3. 
Geothlypis formosa Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354. 

[B 175, C 96, R 119, C 140.] 

Hab. Eastern United States, west to the Plains, and north to 
Southern New England and Southern Michigan. In winter, West 
Indies and Central America. 

678. Geothlypis agilis (Wils.). 

Connecticut Warbler. 

Sylvia agilis Wils. Am. Orn. V. 1812, 64, pi. 39, fig. 4. 
Geothlypis agilis Gregg, Pr. Elmira Acad. 1870, — (p. 7 of reprint). 

[B174, C95, R 118, C 139.] 

PIab. Eastern North America, breeding north of the United States. 



314 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. - 

Subgenus GEOTHLYPIS Cabanis. 

Geothlypis Cab. Wiegm. Archiv, 1847, i. 316, 349. Type, Turdus 
trichas LiNN. 

679. Geothlypis Philadelphia (Wils.). 

Mourning Warbler. 

Sylvia Philadelphia Wils. Am. Orn. II. 1810, loi, pi. 14, fig. 6. 
Geothlypis Philadelphia Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 243. 

[B 172, C 98, R 120, C 142.] 

Hab. Eastern North America to the Plains, breeding from the 
mountainous portions of Pennsylvania, New England, and New York, 
and Northern Michigan northward. Central America and Northern 
South America in winter. 

680. Geothlypis macgillivrayi (Aud.). 

Macgillivray's Warbler. 

Sylvia macgillivrayi KvD. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 75' P^- 399> figs. 4, 5. 
Geothlypis tnacgillivrayi Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 244. 

[B 173, C 99, R 121, C 143.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the eastern foothills of the 
Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast, north into British Columbia. 
Mexico and Central America in winter. 

681. Geothlypis trichas (Linn.). 

Maryland Yellow-throat. 

Turdus trichas Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 293. ^ 

Geothlypis tidchas Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 16, 

[B 1^0, part, C g'j^part, R 122, part ^ C 141,/^?'/.] 

Hab. Eastern United States, mainly east of the Alleghanies, north 
to Ontario and Nova Scotia, breeding from Georgia northward. In 
winter, South Atlantic and Gulf StateS; and the West Indies. 

681 <7. Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewst. 

Western Yellow^-throat. 

Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VIII. 
July, 1883, 159 



ORDER PASSERES. 31$ 

[B i']o, part, C (^-j^parf, R 122, part, C i/^\,part.'] 

Hab. United States, from the Mississippi Valley west to the Pacific 
coast, south, in winter, to Central America. 

682. Geothlypis beldingi Ridgw. 

Belding's Yellow-tliroat. 

Geothlypis beldingi Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. Sept. 5, 1882, 344. 
[B-, C- R- C-.] 
Hab. Lower California. 

Genus ICTERIA Vieillot. 

Jcteria Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, pp. iii., Z^. Type, Miiscicapa 
viridis Gmel. = Turdiis virens Linn. 

683. Icteria virens (Linn.). 

Yellow-breasted. Chat. 

Turdus vireJis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 171. 
Icteria virens Baird, Rev. Am. B. L 1865, 228. 

[B 176, C 100, R 123; C 144.] 

Hab. Eastern United States to the Plains,^ north to Ontario and 
Southern New England, south, in winter, to Eastern Mexico and 
Guatemala. 

683^. Icteria virens longicauda (Lawr.). 

Long-tailed Chat. 

Icteria longicatida Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. VI. 1853, 4. • 

Icteria virens var. longicauda Coues, Key, 1872, 108. 

[B 177, C \ooa, R 123 (^, C 145.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific, south 
into Mexico. 



Genus SYLVANIA Nuttall. 

Sylvania Nutt. Man. Land Birds, I. 1832, 290. Type, by elimina- 
tion, Mtiscicapa selbii AuD. := Motacilla mitrata Gmel. 



3l6 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ' 

684 Sylvania mitrata (Gmel.). 

Hooded Warbler. 

Motacilla 7?iitrata Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 977. 
Sylvania mitrata Nutt. Man. Land B. ed. 1840, 333. 

[B 211, C loi, R 124, C 146.] 

Hab. Eastern United States, west to the Plains, north and east to 
Michigan, Southern New York, and Southern New England. In win- 
ter, West Indies, Eastern Mexico, and Centra) America. 

^'^^. Sylvania pusilla (Wils.). 

Wilson's Warbler. 

Muscicapa pusilla Wils. Am. Orn. III. 181 1, 103, pi. 26, fig. 4. 
Sylva7iia pusilla Nutt. Man. Land B. ed, 1840, 335. 

[B 2i3,/(2;Y, C 102, R 125, C 147-] 

Hab. Eastern North America, west to and including the Rocky 
Mountains, north to Hudson's Bay Territory and Alaska. Breeds 
chiefly north of the United States, migrating south to Eastern Mexico 
and Central America. 

685^2:. Sylvania pnsilla pileolata (Pall.). 

Pileolated Warbler. 

Motacilla pileolata Pall. Zoog. Rosso-As. I. 1826, 497. 
Sylvania pusilla pileolata Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. IMus. VIII. 1885, 
354- 

[B 212), part, C 102 a, R 125 a, C 148.] 

Hab. Western North America, from the Great Basin to the Pacific, 
north to Alaska (Kadiak), and south, in winter, to Costa Rica. 

Q)^Q>. Sylvania canadensis (Linn.). 

Canadian Warbler. 

Mtiscicapa canade7isis LiXN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 327. 

Sylvania canadensis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. ]\Ias. VIII. 1885, 354. 

[B 214, 215, C 103, R 127, C 149.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, westward to the Plains, and north 
to Newfoundland, Southern Labrador, and Lake Winnipeg, south, in 
winter, to Central America and Northern South America. 



ORDER PASSERES. 317 

Genus SETOPHAG-A Swainson. 

Setophaga Swains. Phil. Mag. I. May, 1827, 368. Type, Motacilla 
rut ic ilia Linn. 

687. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.). 

American Redstart. 

Motacilla 7'uticilla Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 186. 
Setophaga ruticilla Swains. Phil. Mag. I. May, 1827, 368. 

[B217, C 104, R 128, C 152.] 

Hab. North America, north to Fort Simpson, west regularly to 
the Great Basin, casually to the Pacific coast, breeding from the 
middle portion of the United States northward. In winter, the West 
Indies, and from Southern Mexico through Central America to North- 
ern South America. 

688. Setophaga picta Swains. 

Painted Redstart. 

Setophaga picta Swains. Zool. Illustr. 2d sen I. 1829, pi. 3. 
[B218, C 105, R 129, C 151.] 
Hab. Southern Arizona, south through Mexico to Guatemala. 

[689.] Setophaga miniata Swains. 

Red-bellied Redstart. 

Setophaga miniata Swains. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 368. 
[B219, C— R 130, C— .] 
Hab. Mexico and Guatemala. Texas (Giraud). 



Genus CARDELLINA Du Bus. 

Cardellina Du Bus, Esq. Orn. 1850, pi. 25. Type, C. amicia Du Bus 
= Mnscicapa rubrifrons Giraud. 

690. Cardellina rubrifrons (Giraud). 

Red-faced Warbler. 

Mnscicapa rubrifrons Giraud, Sixteen Sp. Texas B. 1841, pi. 7, fig. i. 
Cardellina rubrifrons ScL. P. Z. S. 1855, 66. 



3l8 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ~ 

[B— C-, R131, C 150.] 

Hab. Southern Arizona, through Mexico, to Guatemala. Texas 
(Giraud). 

Genus ERGATICUS Baird. 

Ergaticus Baird, Rev. Am. B. I. May, 1865, 264 Type, Seiophaga 
rubra Swains. 

[691.] Ergaticus ruber (Swains.). 

Ked Warbler. 

Setophaga 7'ubra Swains. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 368. 
Ergaticus ruber Scl. & Sal. Nom. Neotr. 1873, 11. 

[B216, C— , R 132, C— .] 

Hab. Mexico. Texas (Giraud). 

Genus BASILEUTERUS Cabanis. 

Basileuterus Cab. in Schomb. Guiana, III. 1848, 666. Type, Sylvia 
verjnivora Vieill. =z Setophaga auricapilla Swains. 

[692.] Basileuterus culicivorus (Light.). 

Brasher's Warbler. 

Sylvia culicivora Light. Preis-Verzeich. 1830, no. 78. 
Basileuterus culicivorus Bonap. Consp. Av. I. 1850, 313. 

[B - C - R 133, C -.] 

Hab. Mexico and Central America. Texas (Giraud). 

[693.] Basileuterus belli (Giraud). 

Bell's Warbler. 

Mtiscicapa belli Giraud, Sixteen Sp. Texas B. 1841, pi. 4, fig. i. 
Basileuterus belli Sgl. P. Z. S. 1855, 6^- 

[B - C -, R 134, C -.] 

Hab. Mexico and Guatemala. Texas (Giraud). 



ORDER PASSERES. 319 

Family MOTACILLID^. Wagtails. 

Genus MOTACILLA Linn^us. 

Motacilla Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 184. Type, by elimination, M. 
alba Linn. 

[G94.] Motacilla alba Linn. 

White Wagtail. 

Motacilla alba Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 185. 

[B — C — R 69, C '^6?^ 

Hab. Northern Europe and Northern Asia, south, in winter, to 
North Africa and India. Accidental in Greenland. 

[695.] Motacilla ocularis Swinh. 

Swinlioe's Wagtail. 

Motacilla ocularis Swinh. Ibis, Jan. i860, 55. 

[B — C — , R — , C — .] 

Hab. Eastern Asia. Accidental in Lower California. Aleutian 
Islands ? 

Genus BUDYTES Cuvier. 
Btidytes Cuv. Regne An. L 181 7, 371. Type, Motacilla fiav a Linn. 

696. Budytes flavus leucostriatus (Hom.). 

Siberian Yellow Wagtail. 

Budytes leucostriatus Homeyer, J. f. O. 1878, 128. 

Budytes flavus leucostriatus Stejn. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1885, 280. 

[B -, C 54, R 70, C 87.] 

Hab. Alaska and Northern Siberia to China, wintering in the 
Moluccas. 

Genus ANTHUS Bechstein. 
Subgenus ANTHUS. 

Anthus Bechst. Gem. Naturg. Deutschl. III. 1807, 704. Type, by 
elimination, A. aquaticus =. Alajcda spinoletta Linn. 



320 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ~ 

697. Anthus pensilvanicns (Lath.). 

American Pipit. 

Alaitda pensilvanica Lath. Synop. Suppl. I. 1787, 287. 
Anthus pensilv aniens Thienem. Rhea, II. 1849, ^7^- 

[B165, C55, R71, C89.] 

Hab. North America at large, breeding in the higher parts of the 
Rocky Mountains and subarctic districts, and wintering in the Gulf 
States, Mexico, and Central America. Accidental in Europe. 

[698.] Anthus pratensis (Linn.). 

Meadow Pipit. 

Alauda pratensis Linn. S. N. ed. 10,. I. 1758, 166. 

Anthus pratensis Bechst. Gem. Naturg, Ueutschl. III. 1807, 732. 

[B— , C 55 <^/>, R 72, C 88.] 

Hab. Europe, straggling to Greenland (and Alaska.?). 

[699.] Anthus cervinus (Pallas). 
Red-throated Pipit. 

Motacilla cej'vina Pallas, Zoog. Rosso- As. I. 1826, 511. 
Ajtthus cervinus Keys. & Blas. Wirb. Eur. I. 1840, p. xlviii. 

[B -, C -, R -, C -.] 

Hab. Northern parts of the Old World. Accidental in Lower 
California. St. Michael's and Aleutian Islands, Alaska ? 

Subgenus NEOCORYS Sclater. 
Neocorys ScL. P. Z. S. 1857, 5. Type, Alauda spragucii h\5i>. 

700. Anthus spragueii (Aud.). 

Sprague's Pipit. 

Alauda spragueii A\jt). B. Am. VII. 1843, 335, pi. 486. 
Anthus spraguei Baird, Rev. Am. B. I. Oct. 1864, 155. 

[B 166, C 56, R 73, C 90.] 

Hab. Interior plains of North America, breeding from Central Da- 
kota northward to the Saskatchewan district, and from the Red River 



ORDER PASSERES. 321 

westward (probably to the Rocky Mountains). South in winter to 
Southern Mexico. 



Family OINOLID-^S. Dippers. 

Genus CINCLUS Bechstein. 

Cinclus Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. Deutschl. 1802, 205 Type, Siurnus 
cine his Linn. 

701. Cinclus mexicanus Swains. 

American Dipper. , 

Cinclus mexicanus Swains. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 368. 

[B 164, C 19, R 19, C 30.] 

Hab. The mountainous parts of Central and Western North Amer- 
ica, from the Yukon Valley and Unalashka to Guatemala ; east, in the 
United States, to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains. 



Family TROGLODYTID-^. Wrens, Thrashers, etc. 



Subfamily MIMIN-^. Thrashers. 



Genus OROSCOPTES Baird. 

Oroscoptes Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 346. Type, Orpheus montamis 
Towns. 

702. Oroscoptes montanus (Towns.). 

Sage Thrasher. 

Orpheus montanus Towns. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. 1837, 193. 
Oroscoptes monta7ms Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 347. 

[B 255, C 7, R 10, C 14.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the western part of the Plains 
to the Pacific. 

21 



322 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. - 

Genus MIMUS Boie. 
Mimus Boie, Isis, Oct. 1826, 972. Type, Turdus polyglottos Linn. 
703. Mimus polyglottos (Linn.). 

Mockingbird. 

Turdus ;polyglottos Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 169. 
Mimus polyglotiMs BoNAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 17. 

[^ 253, 253^, C8, R II, C 15.] 

Hab. United States, south into Mexico. Rare from New Jersey, 
the Valley of the Ohio, Colorado, and California northward. 



Genus GALEOSCOPTJJS Cabanis. 

Galeoscoptes Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 82. Type, Muscicapa caroli- 
nensis Linn. 

704. G-aleoscoptes carolinensis (Linn.). 

Catbird. 

Muscicapa carolinensis Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 328. 
Galeoscoptes carolinettsis Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 82. 

[B 254, C 9, R 12, C 16.] 

Hab. Eastern United States and British Provinces, west to and 
including the Rocky Mountains ; occasional on the Pacific coast. 
Winters in the Southern States, Cuba, and Middle America to Pan- 
ama. Accidental in Europe. 



Genus HARPORHYNCHUS Cabanis. 
Subgenus METHRIOPTERUS Reichenbach. 

Methriopterus Reich. Syst. Nat. 1850, pi. iv. Type, Turdus rufus 
Linn. 

705. Harporhynchus rufus (Linn.). 

Brown Thrasher. 

Turdus rufus Linn. S. N. ed! 10, I. 1758, 169. 
Harporhynchus rufus Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 82. 



ORDER PASSERES. 323 

[B 261, 261 a^ C 10, R 13, C 17.] 

Hab. Eastern United States, west to the Rocky Mountains, north 
to Southern Maine, Ontario, and Manitoba, south to the Gulf States, 
including Eastern Texas. Accidental in Europe. 

706. Harporhynchus longirostris (Lafr.). 

Liong-billed Thrasher. 

Orpheus longirostris Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1838, 55. 
Harporhynchus longirostris Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 81. 

[B 260, C 10^, R 13^, C 18.J 

Hab. Eastern Mexico, north to the Valley of the Rio Grande in 
Texas. 

707. Harporhynchus curvirostris (Swains.). 

Curve-billed Thrasher. 

Orpheus curvirostris Swains. Phil. Mag. III. 1827, 369. 
Harporhynchus curvirostris Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 81. 

[B 259, 259^, C — , R 15, C 19.] 

Hab. Eastern Mexico, extending into the southern bor'der of 
Texas and Eastern New Mexico. 

707^. Harporhynchus curvirostris palmeri Ridgw. 

Palmer's Thrasher. 

Harporhynchus curvirostris var. palmeri " RiDGW." COUES, Key, 
1872, 351. 

[B— , C II, R 15^, C 20.] 
Hab. Southern Arizona, south into Sonora (Guaymas). 

708. Harporhynchus bendirei Coues. 

Bendire's Thrasher. 

Harpo7'hynchus bendirei Coues, Am. Nat. VH. 1873, 330. 

[B — , C II bis^ R 14^, C 21.] 

Hab. Southern Arizona, south into Sonora (Guaymas), and north, 
at least casually, to Colorado (Colorado Springs). 



324 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

709. Harporhynchus cinereus Xantus. 

St. Lucas Thrasher. 

Harporhynchus cinereus Xantus, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 298. 
[B — , C 12, R 14, C 22.] 
Hab. Lower California. 

Subgenus HARPORHYNCHUS Cabanis. 

Harporhynchus Cab. Wiegm. Archiv, 1848, i. 98. Type, Harpes 
redivivus Gamb. 

710. Harporhynchus redivivus (Gamb.). 

Californian Thrasher. 

Harpes rediviva Gamb. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1845, 264. 
Harporhynchus redivivus Cab. Wiegm. Archiv, 1848, i. 98. 

[B 256, C 13, R 16, C 23.] 

Hab. Coast region of California, and Lower California. 

711. Harporhynchus lecontei (Lawr.). 

Lieconte's Thrasher. 

Toxostoma lecontei Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. V. 1852, 121. 
Harporhynchus lecontii'Qo'HKP. Notes Coll. Delattre, 1854, 39. 

[B 257, C 13^;, R 16 a, C 24.] 

Hab. Valleys of the Gila and Lower Colorado Rivers, south into 
Sonora. 

712. Harporhynchus crissalis (Henry). 

Crissal Thrasher. 

Toxostoina crissalis Henry, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858, 117. 
Harporhynchus crissalis Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 350. 

[B 258, C 14, R 17, C 25.] 

Hab. Southwestern United States, from New Mexico to Utah and 
Southern California. 



ORDER PASSERES. 325 

Subfamily TROGLODYTINu3E3. Wrens. 

Genus CAMPYLORHYNCHUS Spix. 

Campy lorhyitchus Spix, Av. Bras. I. 1824, ']']. Type, C. scolopaceus 
Spix = Tiirdus variegatus Gmel. 

713. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus (Lafr.). 

Cactus Wren. 

Picolaptes brunneicapillus Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1835, 61, pi. 47. 
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus Gray, Gen. B. I. 1847, 159. 

[B 262, c 43, R 56, c 6z^, 

Hab. Southern border of the United States, from Texas to South- 
ern California, and south into Northern Mexico. 

714. Campylorhynchus affinis Xantus. 

St. Lucas Cactus Wren. 

Campylorhy7ichus affinis Xantus, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 298. 
[B -, C 44, R 57, C 64.] 
Hab. Lower California. 

Genus SALPINCTES Cabanis. 

Salpinctes Cab. Wiegm. Archiv, 1847, i. 323. Type, Troglodytes 
obsoletus Say. 

715. Salpinctes obsoletus (Say), 

Rock Wren. 

Troglodytes obsoletus Say, Long's Exp. IL 1823, 4. 
Salpinctes obsoletus Cab. Wiegm. Archiv, 1847, i. 323. 

[B 264, C 45, R 58, C 65.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the western border of the Plains 
to the Pacific. 



326 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH x\MERICAN BIRDS. 

716. ^alpinctes guadeloupensis Ridgw. 

Guadalupe Rock Wren. 

Salpincies obsoleitis guadeloupejisis Ridgw. Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. 

Surv. Terr. II. No. 2, April, 1876, 185. 
Salpincies guadalupensis Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II. July, 

1877, 60. 

[B-,C-, RsS^, C-.] 
Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 



Genus CATHERPES Baird. 

Catherpes Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 357. Type, Thryothorus mexica- 
nus Swains. 

[717.] Catherpes mexicanus (Swains.). 

White-throated Wren. 

Thryothorus inexicanus Swains. Zool. 111. 2d ser. I. 1829, pi. 11. 
Catherpes mexicanus Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, -^^d. 

[B 263, C — R 59, C 66.] 

Hab. Mexico. Texas (Giraud). 

IM a. Catherpes mexicanus conspersus Ridgw. 

Canon Wren. 

Catherpes inexicanus var. conspersus Ridgw. Am. Nat. VII. Oct. 
1873, 602. 

[B 263, part, C 46, R 59 ^> C 67.] 

Hab. Southwestern United States, from Western Texas and Colo- 
rado to the Pacific. 



Genus THRYOTHORUS Vieillot. 



Subgenus THRYOTHORUS. 

Thryothorus NiYAiA.. Analyse, 18 16, 45. Type, Troglodytes arundi- 
naceus Vieill. = Sylvia ludoviciana Lath. 



ORDER PASSERES. 32/ 

713. Thryothorus ludovicianus (Lath.). 

CaroMna Wren. 

Sylvia ludoviciajia Lath. Ind. Orn. II. 1790, 548. 

Thryothorus ludovicianus Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, il. 

[B 265, C 47, R 60, C 68.] 

Hab. Eastern United States (rare toward the northern border), 
west to the Plains. Rare in Southern New England. 

718^. Thryothorus ludovicianus miamensis Ridgw. 

Florida Wren. 

Thryothorus hidovicianus var. miamensis Ridgw. Am. Nat. IX. Aug. 
1875, 469. 

[B 265, /^r/, C /["jjpart, R 60^, C 69.] 
Hab. Southern Florida. 

Subgenus THRYOMANES Sclater. 
Thryoinanes SCL. Cat. Am. B. 1861, 22. Type, Troglodytes bewickii 

AUD. 

719. Thryothorus bewickii (Aud.). 

Bewick's Wren. 

Troglodytes bewickii Aud. Orn. Biog. I. 1831, 96, pi. 18. 
Thriothorus bewickii Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 363. 

[B 267, C 48, R61, C 71.] 

Hab. Eastern LTnited States, to Eastern Texas and the eastern 
border of the Plains ; north to New Jersey and Minnesota. 

719^. Thryothorus bewickii spilurus (Vig.). 

Vigors's Wren. 

Troglodytes spilurus ViG. Zool. Voy. Bless. 1839, 18, pi. 4, fig. i. 
Thryothorus bewickii \'2X. spilurus Baird, Rev. Am. B. I. 1864, 126. 

[B— , C 48^, R 61 «, C 73.] 

Hab. Pacific coast region of North America, from British Columbia 
southward to Lower California and Western Mexico. 



328 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

719 <^. Thryothorus bewickii bairdi (Salv. & Godm.). 

Baird's Wren. 

Thryothorus bairdi Salv. & Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am. Aves, April, 

1880, 95. 
Thryothorus bewickii bairdi Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 

1885, 354- 

[B— , C 48^, R6i^, C 72.] 

Hab. Southern Texas and Arizona, north to Middle Kansas, Colo- 
rado, and Southern Utah, south into Mexico. 

720. Thryothorus brevicaudus Ridgw. 

Guadalupe Wren. 

Thryomanes brevicauda Ridgw. Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. 

II. No. 2, April I, 1876, 186. 
Thryothorus brevicaudus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354. 

[B — C — , R 62, C — .] 

Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 

Genus TROGLODYTES Vieillot. 
Subgenus TROGLODYTES. 

Trocrlodytes Vieill. Gis. Am. Sept. II. 1807, 52, Type, T. aedon 

ViEILL. 

721. Troglodytes aedon Vieill. 

House Wren. 

Troglodytes aedon Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II. 1807, 52, pi. 107. 

[B 270, 272, C 49, R (^z^ C 74.] 

Hab. Eastern United States, and Southern Canada west to In- 
diana and Louisiana. 

721^. Troglodytes aedon parkmanii (Aud. ). 

Parkman's Wren. 

Troglodytes parkmanii A\5T>. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 3^0. 
Troglodytes cedoji vzx. park ma?im CoUES, Key, 1872, Sj. 



ORDER PASSERES. 329 

[B 271, C 49^, R6sa,C 75.] 

Hab. Western North America, from Texas, Illinois, Minnesota, 
and Manitoba westward ; north to Great Slave Lake, south to Jalapa, 
Mexico, and Lower California. 

Subgenus ANORTHURA Rennie. 

Aiiorthiira Rennie, Mont. Orn. Diet. ed. 2, 1831, 570. Type, Mota- 
cilla troglodytes Linn. 

722. Troglodytes hiemalis Vieill. 

Winter Wren. 

Troglodytes hiemalis Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXXIV. 1819, 
514. 

[B 273, C 50, R 65, C 76.] 

Hab. Eastern North America generally, breeding from the north- 
ern parts of the United States northward, and wintering from about 
its southern breeding limit southward. 

722 a. Troglodytes hiemalis pacificus Baird. 

Western Winter Wren. 

Troglodytes hyemalis var. pacificus Baird, Rev. Am. B. I. Sept. 
1864, 145. 

[B 273, /^r/, C ^o.part, R 65 ^, C 77.] 

Hab. Pacific coast, from Sitka to Southern California \ south, in 
winter, to Mexico. 

723. Troglodytes alascensis Baird. 

Alaskan Wren. 

Troglodytes alascensis Baird, Trans. Chic. Ac. Sci. I. 1869, 3I5j pl- 
30, fig- 3- 

[B— , C 50^, R66, C 78.] 

Hab. Aleutian and Pribylof Islands, Alaska. 



Genus CISTOTHORUS Cabanis. 

Subgenus CISTOTHORUS. 

Cistothorus Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, "]"]. Type, Troglodytes stellaris 
Light. 



330 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ~ 

724. Cistothorus stellaris (Light.). 

Sliort-billed Marsh Wren. 

Troglodytes stellaris Light, in Naum. Vog. Deutschl. III. 1823, tab. 

ad p. 724. 
Cistothorus stellaris Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, jy. 

[B 269, C 52, R 68, C 81.3 

Hab. Eastern United States and Southern British Provinces, west 
to the Plains. Winters in the Gulf States and southward. 



Subgenus TELMATODYTES Cabanis. 
Telinatodytes Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1:850, 78. Type, Cerihia palustris 

WiLS. 

725. Cistothorus palustris (Wils.). 

Liong-billecl Marsh Wren. 

Certhia palustris Wils. Am. Orn. IT. 18 10, 58, pi. 12, fig. 4. 
Cistothorus {Telinatodytes) palustris Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 364. 

[B 268, C 51, R 67, 67 a, C 79, 80.] 

Hab. Southern British America and the United States, south, in 
winter, to Guatemala. 



Family CERTHIIDJE. Creepers. 

Genus CERTHIA Linnaeus. 

Certhia Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 118. Type, by elimination, 
C. faiJtiliaris Linn. 

726. Certhia familiaris americana (Bonap.). 

Brown Creeper. 

Certhia americana Bona?. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 11. 
Certhia familiaris var. americana Ridgw. Bull. Essex Inst. V. 
1873, 180. 

[B 275, C 42, R 55. C 62.] 

Hab. North America in general, breeding from the northern and 
more elevated parts of the United States northward, migrating south- 
ward in winter. 



ORDER PASSERES. 331 

726^. Certhia familiaris mexicana (Glog.). 

Mexican Creeper. 

Certhia ?nexicana Glog. Handb. 1834, 381. 

Certhia faiJiilia?' is var. mexicajia B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. I. 1874, 
128. 

[B276,C- R55^, C-.] 

Hab. Guatemala, Mexico, and Southern Arizona. 



Family PARID-^. Nuthatches and Tits. 

Subfamily SITTIN^aH. Nuthatches. 

Genus SITTA Linn^us. 
Sitta Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 115. Type, S. europcea Linn. 

727. Sitta carolinensis Lath. 

White-breasted Nuthatch. 

Sitta carolinensis Lath. Ind. Orn. L 1790, 262. 

[B277, C 38, R 51, C 57.] 

Hab. Southern British Provinces and Eastern United States to the 
Rocky Mountains. 

727^. Sitta carolinensis aciileata (Cass.). 

Slender-billed Nuthatch. 

Sitta aciileata Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Oct. 1856, 254. 
Sitta canadensis var. aculeata Allen, Bull. M. C. Z. II L No. 6, July, 
1872, 161. 

[B278, C38^, R5i^, C58.] 

Hab. Western North America, east to the Plains, and south into 
Mexico. 

728. Sitta canadensis Linn. 

Red-breasted Nuthatch. 

Sitta canadensis Linn. S. N. ed. 12, 1. 1766, 177. 



332 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B 279, C 39, R 52, C 59 ] 

Hab. North America at large, breeding mostly north of the United 
States, migrating south in winter, 

729. Sitta pusilla Lath. 

Brown-headed Nuthatch. 

Sitta pusilla Lath. Ind. Orn. I. 1790, 263. 

[B 280, C 40, R 53, C 60.] 

Hab. South Atlantic and Gulf States ; casual (?) in Ohio, Michigan, 
Missouri, etc. 

730. Sitta pygmasa Vig. 

Pygmy Nuthatch. 

Sitta pygtncea ViG. Zool. Beechey's Voy. 1839, 25, pi. 4. 

[B 281, C 41, R54, C 61.] 

Hab. Western United States, from New Mexico and Colorado to 
Southern California and Washington Territory. 

Subfamily PARIN-^. Titmice. 

Genus PARUS Linnaeus. 

Subgenus LOPHOPHANES Kaup. 

LopliGphanes Kaup, Entw. Gesch. Eur. Thierw. 1829, 92. Type, 
Parus cristatiLs Linn. 

731. Parus bicolor Linn. 

Tufted Titmouse. 

Parus bicolor Linn. S. N. ed. 12, L 1766, 340. 

[B285, C27, R36, C40.] 

Hab. Eastern United States to the Plains, but rare towards the 
northern border, being a straggler merely to Southern New England. 

732. Parus atricristatus Cass. 

Black-crested Titmouse. 

Parus atricristatus Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1850, 103, pi. 2. 



ORDER PASSERES. 333 

[B 286, C 29, R 37, C 42.] 
Hab. Southeastern Texas and Eastern Mexico. 

733. Parus inornatus Game. 

, Plain Titmouse. 

Parus inornattis Game. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Aug. 1845, 265. 
[B 287, /(^r/, C 22>,_part, R -^2)^ part ^ C 41, /^r/.] 
Hab. California and Western Oregon. 

733^. Parus inornatns griseus Ridgw. 

Gray Titmouse. 

Lophophanes i7iornatus griseus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. Sept. 5, 

1882, 344. 
Parus hwrjiatus griseus RiDG^. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885,354. 

[B 2Z'],part, C 2^, part, R 2>^, part, C ^i, part.'] 

Hab. New Mexico and Colorado to Arizona and Nevada. 

733^. Panis inornatus cineraceus Ridgw. 

Ashy Titmouse. 

Lophophanes inornatus cineraceus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI. 

Oct. 5, 1883, 154. 
Parus inornatus cineraceus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 

1885, 354. 

[B _, C - R -, C -.] 
Hab. Lower California. 

734. Parus woUweberi (Bonap.). 

Bridled Titmouse. 

Lopkophanes wollweberi Bonap. Compt. Rend. XXXI. Sept. 1850, 

478. 
Parus wollweberi Henry, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 309. 

[B 288, C 30, R 39, C 43.] 

Hab. Western Texas, Southern New Mexico, Southern Arizona, 
and southward. 



334 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ~ 

Subgenus PARUS Linn^us. 

Parus Linn. S. N. ed. lo, I. 1758, 189. Type, by elimination, P. 
major Linn. 

735. Parus atricapillus Linn. 

Chickadee. 

Parus atricapillus Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 341. 
[B290, C 31, R41, C 44.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, north of the Potomac and Ohio 

Valleys. 

735 rtr. Parus atricapillus septentrionalis (Harris). 

Long-tailed Chickadee. 

Parus septentrionalis Harris, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1845, 300. 
Parus atricapillus var. septentrionalis Allen, Bull. M. C. Z. III. 
1872, 174. 

[B 289, 289 a, C 31 ^, R 41 a, C 45.] 

Hab. Rocky Mountain Plateau region, east to Manitoba and the 
Plains. 

735^. Parus atricapillus occidentalis (Baird). 

Oregon Chickadee. 

Parus occidentalis Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 391. 

Par7is atricapillus var. occidentalis CoUES, Key, 1872, 81. 

[B 291, C 31 <:, R 41 b, C 46.] 

Hab. Pacific coast region of North America, from Northern Cali- 
fornia northward. 

736. Parus carolinensis Aud. 

Carolina Chickadee. 

Parus carolinensis Aud. Orn. Biog. II. 1834, 474, pi. 160. 

[B 293, 031^, R 42, C 47-] 

Hab. Southeastern States, north to New Jersey and Illinois, west 
to Missouri, the Indian Territory, and Eastern Texas. 



ORDER PASSERES. 335 

[737.] Parus meridionalis Scl. 

Mexican Chickadee. 

Parus meridio7ialis Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, 293. 

[B 292, C — R 43, C 879.3 
Hab. Mexico, north to Southern Arizona. 

738. Parus gambeli Ridgw. 

Mountain Chickadee. 

Parus gainbeli RiDGW. MS. 

[B 294, C 32, R 40, C 48.] 

Hab. Mountainous parts of the Western United States, from the 
Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada. 

739. Parus cinctus obtectus (Cab.). 

Siberian Chickadee. 

Parus {Pcecila) obtectus Cab. J. f. O. 1871, 237. 

Parus cinctus obtectus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354. 

[B - C - R 44, C 52.] 
Hab. Northern Alaska and Eastern Siberia. 

740. Parus hudsonicus Forst. 

Hudsonian Chickadee. 

Parus hudsonicus Forst. Phil. Trans. LXII, 1772, 383, 430. 

[B 296, C ^^, R 45, C 49.] 

Hab. Northern North America, from the more elevated parts of 
the Northern United States (Northern New England, Northern New 
York, Northern Michigan, etc.) northward. 

741. Parus rufescens Towns. 

Chestnut-backed Chickadee. 

Parus rufescens Towns. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. ii. 1837, 
190. 



336 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ' 

[B 295,/^/-/, C z\'>P<^rt, R 46, C 50.J 

Hab. Northwest coast of North America, from the Columbia River 
northward. 

741^. Parus rufescens neglectus Ridgw. 

Californian Chickadee. 

Parus rufescens /3. neglecius Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. I. April 25, 
1879, 485. 

[B 2()s,part, C ZA^part, R 46 ^, C 51.] 
Hab. Coast region of middle and southern portions of California. 

Subfamily CHAM^IN-^. Wren-Tits and Bush-Tits. 

Genus CHAMiEA Gambel. 

Chamcea Game. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1847, 154. Type, Parus 
fasciatus Game. 

742. Chamaea fasciata Game. 

Wren-Tit. 

Parus fasciatus Game. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Aug. 1845, 265. 
Chamcea fasciata Game. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1847, 154, 

[B 2']^,part, C 26 y part , R Z^^ part, C Z^.part^ 

Hab. Coast region of California. 

lA2a. Chamsea fasciata henshawi Ridgw. 

Pallid Wren-Tit. 

Cha77i(za fasciata henshawi Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 5, 
1882, 13. 

[B 2'j^ypart, C 26, part, R z^^part, C 39,/^^^.] 

Hab. Interior of California, including the western slope of the 
Sierra Nevada. 



Genus PSALTRIPARUS Bonaparte. 

Psaltriparus Bonap. Compt. Rend. XXXI. 1850, 478. Type, Parus 
melanotis Hartl, 



ORDER PASSERES. 33/ 

743. Psaltriparus minimus (Towns.). 

Bush-Tit. 

Parus mifiimus Towns. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. ii. 1837, 190. 
Psaltriparus minimus Bonap. Compt Rend. XXXVIII. 1854, 62. 

[B 298,/^;'/, C ZS^part, R \^,part, C 53, /^z-/-] 

Hab. Pacific coast region, from Northern California to Washing- 
ton Territory. 

743^. Psaltriparus minimiis californicus Ridgw. 

Californian Busli-Tit. 

Psaltriparus i7iinimits califortiictis Ridgw. Pr. Biol. See. Wash. II. 
April 10, 1884, 89. 

[B 298,/<ar;Y, C z^, part, R ^'j,parf^ C ^Z^ part.'] 

Hab. California, except the northern coast district. 

743^. Psaltriparus minimus grindae (Belding;. 

Grinda's Bush-Tit. 

Psaltriparus g7'i7idcE Beld. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI. Oct. 5, 1883, 155. 
Psaltriparus minijnus grindce Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 
1885, 354. 

[B_ C-, R-, C—] 
Hab. Lower California. 

744. Psaltriparus plumbeus Baird. 

Lead-colored Bush-Tit. 

Psaltria phwibea Baird, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. June, 1854, 118. 
Psaltriparus phiDibeus Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 398. 

[B 299, C z^, R 48, C 54.] 

Hab. New Mexico and Arizona, north to Eastern Oregon and 
Western Wyoming. 

[745.] Psaltriparus melanotis (Hartl.). 

Black-eared Bush-Tit. 

Parus melanotis Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1844, 216. 
Psaltriparus 7nela7iotis Bonap. Compt. Rend. XXXVIII. 1854, 62. 

22 



338 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. - 

[B 297, C - R 49, C 55.] 

Hab. Eastern Mexico and Guatemala, north to the Rio Grande 
Valley; East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada (?). 

Genus AURIPARUS Baird. 

Auriparus Baird, Rev. Am. B. I. July, 1864, Z^. Type, jEgithalus 
flaviceps Sund. 

746. Auriparus flaviceps (Sund.). 

Verdin. 

uEgithalus flaviceps Sund. Olv. Vet. Ak. Forh, VII. 1850, 129. 
Auriparus flaviceps Baird, Rev. Am. B. I. July, 1864, 85. 

[B 300, C 37, R 50, C 56.] 

Hab. Southern border of the United States, from the Valley of the 
R-io Grande to Arizona, Mexico, and Lower California. 



Family SYLVIID-ffi. Warblers, Kinglets, Gnatcatchers. 



Subfamily SYLVIIN^. Warblers. 

Genus PHYLLOPSEUSTES Meyer. 

Phyllopseustes Meyer, Vog. Lifl. Esd. 1815, 122, Type, Sylvia sibi- 
latrix Bechst. 

747. Phyllopseustes borealis (Blas.). 

Kennicott's Willow Warbler. 

Phyllopneuste borealis ^\.P^^\\^S^y^2Xi\Xi2.x\vS2i^ 1858, 313. 
Phyllopseustes borealis Meves, J. f. O. 1875, 429. 

[B — , C 20, R 34, C 32.] 

Hab. Northeastern Asia and Alaska. 



ORDER PASSERES. 339 



Subfamily REGULIN-^. Kinglets. 



Genus REGULUS Cuvier. 

Regulus Cuv. Leg. d'Anat. Comp. I. 1 799-1800, tab. ii. Type, Mota- 
cilia regulus Linn. 

748. Regulus satrapa Light. 

Golden-crowned Kinglet. 

Regulus satrapa Light. Verz. Doubl. 1823, 35. 

[B 162, part, C 22, part, R 2>Z^ C 34.] 

Hab. North America generally, breeding in the northern and ele- 
vated parts of the United States and northward, migrating south in 
winter to Guatemala. 

748^. Regulus satrapa olivaceus Baird. 

Western Golden-crowned Kinglet. 

Regulus satrapa var. olivaceus Baird, Rev. Am. B. L July, 1864, 65 
(in text under R. satrapa). 

[B 162^ part, C 22, part, R 33 ^, C 35.] 

Hab. Pacific coast region of North America, from California north- 
ward. 

749. Regulus calendula (Linn.). 

Ruby-crowned Kinglet. 

Motacilla calendula Linn. S. N. ed. 12, L 1766, 337. 
Regulus calendula Light. Verz. Doubl. 1823, 35. 

[B161, C21, R30, C33.] 

Hab. North America, south to Guatemala, north to the Arctic 
coast, breeding mostly north of the United States. 

750. Regulus obscurus Ridgw. 

Dusky Kinglet. 

Regulus calejtdtila obscurus Ridgw. Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. 

Terr. II, No. 2, April i, 1876, 184. 
Regulus obscurus Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II. July, 1877, 59. 



340 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. - 

[B-,C-, R31, C-.] 
Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California, 

Subfamily POLIOPTILIN-^. Gnatcatchers. 

Genus POLIOPTILA Sclater. 
Polioptila SCL. P. Z. S. 1855, 11. Type, Motacilla ccsrulea Linn. 

751. Polioptila caerulea (Linn.). 

Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. 

Motacilla ccerulea Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 337. 
Polioptila ccerulea Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, 11. 

[B 282, C 23, R 27, C z^.-\ 

Hab. Middle and southern portions of the United States, from 
the Atlantic to the Pacific, south, in winter, to Guatemala, Cuba, and 
the Bahamas; rare north toward the Great Lakes, Southern New 
York, and Southern New England, straggling north to Massachu- 
setts and Maine. 

752. Polioptila plumbea Baird. 

Plumbeous Gnatcatcher. 

Polioptila plumbea Baird, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. June, 1854, 118. 

[B 283, C 25, R 28, C 38.] 

Hab. Western Texas to Arizona and eastern coast of Lower Cali- 
fornia. 

753. Polioptila californica Brewst. 

Black-tailed Gnatcatclier. 

Polioptila californica Brewst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VI. April, 
1881, 103. 

[B284, C24, R29, C37.] 
. Hab. Southern California and Pacific coast of Lower California. 



ORDER PASSERES. 34 1 

Family TURDIDjE. Thrushes, Solitaires, Stonechats, 
Bluebirds, etc. 

Subfamily MYADESTIN-^. Solitaires. 

Genus MYADESTES Swainson. 

Myadestes Swains. Nat. Libr. XIII. Flycatchers, 1838, 132. Type, 
M. genibarbis Swains. 

754. Myadestes townsendii (Aud.), 

Townsend's Solitaire. 

Ptiliogo7iys townsendii AUD. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 206, pi. 419, fig. 2. 
Myiadestes townsendi Cab. Wiegm. Archiv, 1847, i. 208. 

[B235, C 121, R25, C 169.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the Plains westward to the 
Pacific coast. 

Subfamily TURDIN-^. Thrushes. 

Genus TURDXTS Linn^us. 

Subgenus HYLOCICHLA. Baird. 

Hylocichla Baird, Rev. Am. B. I, June, 1864, 12. Type, Turdus 
tnustelinus Gmel. ■ 

755. Turdus mustelinus Gmel. 

Wood Thrush. 

Turdus mustelinus Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 817. 

[B 148, C 3, R T, C 6.] 

Hab. Eastern United States to the Plains, north to Southern 
Michigan, Ontario, and Massachusetts, south, in winter, to Guatemala 
and Cuba. 



342 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

756. Tuidus fuscescens Steph. 

Wilson's Thrusli. 

Turdus fuscescens Steph. Gen. Zool. X. i. 1817, 182. 

[B 151, C 6, R 2, C 7.] 

Hab. Eastern United States to the Plains, north to Manitoba, On- 
tario, Anticosti, and Newfoundland. 

756 «. Turdus fuscescens salicicolus (Ridgw.). 

Willow Thrush. 

Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. IV. 

April 6, 1882, 374. 
Turdus fuscescens salicicola Coues, Key, ed. 2, 1884, 246. 

[B -, C - R -, C -.] 

Hab. Rocky Mountain region of the United States, east to Dakota. 

757. Turdus alicise Baird. 

Gray-cheeked Thrush. 

Turdus alicice Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 217. 

[B154, Cs^, R3, C 12.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, west to the Plains, Alaska, and East- 
ern Siberia, north to the Arctic coast, south, in winter, to Costa Rica. 
Breeds chiefly north of the United States. 

757^. Turdus alicise bicknelli (Ridgw.). 

Bicknell's Thrush. 

Hylocichla alicice bicknelli RiDGw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. IV. April 6, 

1882, 377. 
Turdus alicice bicknelli Coues, Key, ed. 2, 1884, 248. 

[B 154,/^^/, C ^a^part, R 2>^ part, C 12, /^r/.] 

Hab. In summer, mountainous parts of the Northeastern States 
(Catskills, White Mountains, etc.) and Nova Scotia, migrating south 
in winter. 



ORDER PASSERES. 343 

758. Turdus ustulatus (Nutt.). 

Russet-backed Thrush. 

Turdus Mstulatus Nutt. Man. Orn. Land B. ed. 2, 1840, 830 {cestu- 
latus, err. typ. p. 400). 

[B152, €5/^, R4, C II.] 

Hab. Pacific coast region of North America, from Alaska to Cali- 
•fornia, south in winter to Guatemala. 

758 d!. Turdus ustulatus swainsonii (Cab.). 

Olive-backed Thrush. 

Turdus swainsonii Zk^. Fauna Per. 1845-46, 187. 
Tm-dus ustulatus ^. swainsoni Ridgw. Field & Forest, II. May, 
1877, 195- 

[B 153; C 5, R4^, C 13.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, and westward to the Upper Colum- 
bia River and East Humboldt Mountains, straggling to the Pacific 
coast. Breeds mostly north of the United States. 

759. Turdus aonalaschkas Gmel. 

Dwarf Hermit Thrush. 

Turdus aonalaschkcB Gmel. S N. I. ii. 1788, 808. 

[B150, C4-^, R5, C8.] 

Hab. Pacific coast region, from Alaska to Lower California, east, 
during migrations, to Nevada and Arizona. Breeds from California 
northward. 

759^. Turdus aonalaschkae auduboni (Baird). 

Audubon's Hermit Thrush. 

Turdics auduboni Baird, Rev. Am. B. June, 1864, 16. 
Turdus aonalaschkcs audubo7ii Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 3, 
March 27, 1880, i. 

[B 149 ^, C 4^, R 5 <3;, C 9.] 

Hab. Rocky Mountain region, from near the northern border of 
the United States south into Mexico. 

759^. Turdus aonalaschkae pallasii (Cab.). 

Hermit Thrush. 

Turdus pallasii Cab. Wiegm. Archiv. 1847, i 205. 
Turdus aonalaschkce pallasi Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. 
March 27, 1880, i. 



344 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

[B 149, C 4, R 5 -^^ C 10.] 

Hab. Eastern North America, breeding from the Northern United 
States northward, and wintering from the Northern States south- 
ward. 

Subgenus TURDUS Linn^us. 

Turdus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 168. Type, by elimination 
T. vis civ or us Linn. 

[760.] Turdus iliacus Linn. 
Red-winged Thrush. 

Turdus iliacus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 16S. 

[B _ C - R 6, C 4.] 

Hab. Northern parts of the Old World ; accidental in Greenland. 

Genus MERULA Leach. 

Meriila Leach, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mam. & B. 181 6, 20. Type, Turdus 
rnerula Linn. 

761. Merula migratoria (Linn.). 

American Robin. 

Turdus Jitigratorius Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 292. 
Merula migratoria Swains. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 368. 

[B 155./^^^. C i,part, R 7, C i.] 

Hab. Eastern North America to the Rocky Mountains, including 
Eastern Mexico and Alaska. Breeds from near the southern border 
of the United States northward to the Arctic coast ; winters from 
Southern Canada and the Northern States (irregularly) southward. 

761^. Merula migratoria propinqiia Ridgw. 

Western Robin. 

T\urdus'\ propinquus Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II. Jan. 1877, 9. 
Merula migratoria propinqua Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 
24, 1880, 166. 



ORDER PASSERES. 345 

[B ^^^^ parf^ C i^ party R 7 ^, C 2.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky 
Mountains westward. 

TG2. Merula confinis (Baird). 

St. Lucas Robin. 

Turdus confinis Baird, Rev. Am. B. I. June, 1864, 29. 

Merula confinis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 1880, 166. 

[B — C I ^, R 8, C 3.] 

Hab. Lower California. 

Genus HESPEROCICHLA Baird. 

Hesperocichla Baird, Rev. Am. B. I. June, 1864, 12. Type, Turdus 
ncEvius Gmel. 

763. Hesperocichla nsevia (Gmel.). 

Varied Thrush. 

Turdus ncBvius Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 817. 

Hesperocichla ncEvia Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 
1880, 166. 

[B156, C2, R9, C5.] 

Hab. Pacific coast of North America, from Bering's Strait to Cali- 
fornia. Accidental in the Eastern States (New Jersey, Long Island, 
and Massachusetts). 

Genus CYANECULA Brehm. 
Cyanecula Brehm, I sis, 1828, 1280. Type, Motacilla suecica Linn. 

[764.] Cyanecula suecica (Linn.). 

Red-spotted Bluethroat. 

Motacilla suecica Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 187. 
Cyanecula suecica Brehm, I sis, 1828, 1280. 

[B— , C— R2o,C3i.] 

Hab. Northern parts of the Old World ; casual in Alaska. 



346 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ~ 

Genus SAZICOLA Bechstein. 

Saxicola Beckst. Orn. Taschb. 1803, 216. Type, Motacilla ccnan- 
the Linn. 

765. Saxicola cjenanthe (Linn.). 

Wheatear. 

Motacilla cenanthe Linn. S- N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 186. 
Saxicola (xnanthe Bechst. Orn. Taschb. 1803, 217. 

[B157, C15, R21, C26.] 

Hab. Europe, North Africa, Asia, Alaska, Greenland, and Lab- 
rador, straggling southward to Nova Scotia, Maine, Long Island, and 
the Bermudas. 

Genus SIALIA Swainson. 

Sialia Swains. Phil. Mag. I. May, 1827, 369. Type, Motacilla sialis 
Linn. 

766. Sialia sialis (Linn.). 

Bluebird. 

Motacilla sialis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 187. 
Sialia sialis Haldem. Trego's Geog. Penn. 1843, 77- 

[B 158, C 16, R 22, C 27.] 

Hab. Eastern United States to the eastern base of the Rocky 
Mountains, north to Manitoba, Ontario, and Nova Scotia, south, in 
winter, from the Middle States to the Gulf States and Cuba. Ber- 
mudas, resident. 

766^. Sialia sialis azurea (Swains.). 

Azure Bluebird. 

Sialia azurea Swains. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 369. 

Sialia sialis var. azurea B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. I. Jan. 1874, 62. 

[B _ C -, R -, C -.] 

Hab. Southern Arizona and Eastern Mexico. 

767. Sialia mexicana Swains. 

Western Bluebird. 

Sialia mexicana Swains. Fauna Bor. Am. U. 1831, 202. 



ORDER PASSERES. 34/ 

[B 159, C 17, R 23, C 28.] 

Hab. Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky- 
Mountains to the Pacific coast, south to Southern Mexico. 

768. Sialia arctica (Swains.). 

Mountain Bluebird. 

Erythaca {Sialia) arctica Swains. Fauna Bor. Am. II. 183 1, 209, 

pi. 39. 
Sialia arctica Nutt. Man. Land B. 1834, 573. 

[B 160, C 18, R 24, C 29.] 

Hab. Western North America (chiefly the interior), from the west- 
ern parts of the Plains to the Pacific, north to Great Slave Lake, 
south to Mexico. 



HYPOTHETICAL LIST/ 



Family PODICIPID^. 
1. iEchmophoms clarkii (Lawr,). 

Clark's Grebe. 

Podiceps clarkii Lawr. in Baird's B. N. Am. 1858, 895. 
^chmophorus clarkii Coues, Pr. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 229. 

[B 705, C 608^, R 730, C 846.] 

Probably the female of ^. occidentalis (Lawr.). (^Cf. Henshaw, 
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VI. 1881, pp. 214-218 ; B. B. & R., Water B. N. 
Am. IL p. 423 ; and especially Bryant, Auk, IL 1885, pp. 313, 314.) 



Family ALOID-ffi. 
2. Cepphus motzfeldi (Benick.). 

Black-'wiuged. Guillemot, 

Uria motzfeldi Benick. Isis, Aug. 1824, 889. 

Cepphus motzfeldi Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. Aug. 5, 1884, 210. 

[B _ C ~, R -, C -.] 

North American, but its specific validity not satisfactorily estab- 
lished. iCf. Stejn. /. c, and Water B. N. Am. IL 1884, pp. 497, 498). 

1 Consisting of species which have been recorded as North American, but whose 
status as North American birds is doubtful, either from lack of positive evidence of 
their occurrence within the prescribed limits of the present Check-List, or from ab- 
sence of satisfactory proof of their validity as species. 



350 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. - 

3. Cepphus carbo Pall. 

Sooty Guillemot. 

Cepphus carbo Pall. Zoog. Rosso-As. II. 1826, 350. 

[B 728, C 6zz. R 762, C 873.] 

No evidence of its occurrence in North America. {Cf. Stejn. Proc. 
U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. 1884, pp. 225-227.) 



Family LARID^. 
4. Xema (Creagrus) furcata (Neb.). 

Swallow-tailed Gull. 

Larus furcatus Neb. Voy. 'Venus,' Atlas, pi. 10 (1846). 
Xema furcatu77t Coues, Key, 1872, 317. 

[B 679, C 559, R 678, C 791.] 

In all probability erroneously accredited to North America. Only 
three examples are known, — the type, said to be from Monterey, Cal., 
one from the Galapagos, and one from the coast of Peru. 



Family PROOELLARIID^. 

5. PufSnus kuhlii (Boie). 

Cinereous Shearw^ater. 

Procellaria kuhlii Bote, Isis, 1835, 257. 
Puffinus kuhlii Bonap. Consp. II. 1856, 202. 

[B 651, C 596, R 708, C 831.] 

An Eastern Atlantic species, of which no American specimens are 
known to exist in collections. 

6. Oceanodroma hornbyi (Gray). 

Hornby's Petrel. 

Thalassidrojna hornbyi Grk^ , P. Z. S. 1853, 62. 
Oceanodro7na hornbyi Bo^AV. Consp. II. 1856, 195. 

[B 641, C 592, R 727, C 827.] 



HYPOTHETICAL LIST. 35 I 

A very distinct species, of which only one specimen has been ob- 
tained, the alleged locality being the " northwest coast of America." 



Family PHALACROCORACID-aS. 

7. Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Pall. 

Pallas's Cormorant. 

Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Pall. Zoog. Rosso-As. II. 1826, 305. 

[B 621, C 533, R 648, C 756.] 

Believed, on good evidence, to be now extinct, as it unquestionably 
is in the locality (Bering Island) where originally discovered. Only 
three specimens are known to exist in collections, — one each being 
in the St Petersburgh, Leyden, and British Museums. Even if exist- 
ing, it has no valid claim to a place in the North American fauna. 
{Cf. Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VL 1883, p. 65.) 

Family ANATID-^. 

8. Chen cssrulescens (Linn.). 

Blue Goose. 

Anas ccBrulescejis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 224. 

Chen ccerulescens Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 1880, 202. 

[B 564, C 479, R 590, C 694.] 

Possibly a race of C. hyperboreus (Pall.). (QC B. B. & R. Water 
B. N. Am. I. 1884, 437 ; Ridgw. Auk, I. 1884, 240.) 



Family ARDEID-ffi. 
9. Ardea wuerdemanni Baird. 

■Wiirdemaiin's Heron. 

Ardea wiirdejnanni Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 669. 

[B 488, C 450, R \Z(i,part, C 656, /^r/.] 



352 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. • 

Believed to be either the colored phase of A. oceidentalis Aud., or 
an abnormal specimen of A. wardi Ridgw. {Cf, Ridgw. Bull. U. S. 
Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. IV. No. i, 1878, pp. 229-236; Bull. Nutt. 
Orn. Club, VII. 1882, pp. 1-6 ; Auk, 1. 1884, pp. 161-163 ; Water B. 
N. Am. I. 1884, pp. 7-13.) 

10. Ardea (Dichromanassa) pealei Bonap. 

Peale's Egret. 

Ardea pealei '^O^KV. Ann. Lye. N. Y. II. 1826, 154. 

[B 482, C 355,/<2^A R /\.()i, party C 661, part.'] 

Supposed to be the white phase of A. rufa Bodd., but possibly enti- 
tled to recognition as a local or geographical race. 



Family SOOLOPACID^. 

11. Tringa (Actodromas) cooperi Baird. 

Cooper's Sandpiper. 

Tringa cooperi Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 716. 

[B 527, C 422, R 535, C 618.] 

Known only from the single specimen from which the species was 
originally described, taken on Long Island, in May, 1833, and still 
extant in the National Museum. The status of the species is in 
doubt. 

Family CATHARTID.S. 

Genus GYPAGUS Vieillot. 

Gypagus Vieill. Analyse, 1816, 21. Type, by elimination, Vultur 
papa Linn. 

12. Gypagus papa (Linn.). 

King Vulture. 

Vulttir papa Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 86. 

Gypagus papa Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist Nat. XXXVI. 1819, 456. 



[B _ C - R -, C -.] 



HYPOTHETICAL LIST. 353 

Recorded as occurring on the Rio Verde, Arizona, but its identity 
not satisfactorily determined. {Cf. Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VI. 
1881, p. 248.) 

13. Cathartes burrovianus Cass. 

Burroughs's Turkey Vulture. 

Cathartes burrovianus Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. IL 1845, 212. 

[B 4, C - R -, C -.] 

Hab. Mexico and Eastern South America. Reported as having 
been seen near Brownsville, Texas. {Cf. Dsesser, Ibis, 1865, p. 322.) 



Family FALCONIDiE. 

14. Buteo cooperi Cass. 

Cooper's Henhawk. 

Buteo cooperi Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VIIL 1856, 253. 

[B 29, C349, R437, C514.] 

Probably the light phase of B. harlani Aud. {Cf. Ridgw. Auk, 
I. 1884, pp. 253, 254; lb. II. 1885, pp. 165, 166.) 

15. Buteo fuliginosus Scl. 

Little Black Hawk. 

Buteo fuliginosus Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, 356. 

[B -, C - R ~, C -.] 

Hab. Tropical America; Florida (accidental?). Said to be the 
melanistic phase of B. brachyiirus Vieill. {Cf. Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. 
Orn. Club, VI. Oct. 1881, pp. 207-214.) 



Genus RHYNCHOPSITTA Bonaparte. 

Rhynchopsitta Bonap. Rev. et Mag. Zool. VI. 1854, 149. Type, Ma- 
crocercus pachyrhynchus Swains. 

23 



354 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

16. Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha (Swains.). 

Thick-biUed Parrot. 

Macrocercus pachyrhynchus Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827, 439. 
Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha BoNAP. Rev. et Mag. Zool. VI. 1854, 149. 

[B64, C- R39i,C— .] 

Hab. Mexico. There is said to be a specimen in " the collec- 
tion of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, labelled Rio 
Grande, Texas, J. W. Audubon," but there is doubt as to whether the 
specimen was really taken within the limits of the United States. {Cf. 
Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, p. 66, foot-note.) Its occurrence in Texas 
is not improbable. 



Family FRINGILLID-^. Finches, Sparrows, etc. 

17. Acanthis brewsterii (Ridgw.). 

Brewster's Linnet. 

uEgiothus {fiavirostris var.) brewsterii Ridgw. Am. Nat. July, 1872, 

433- 
Acanthis brewsterii Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354. 

[B— , C 147, R 180, C 211.] 

The type-specimen, taken at Waltham, Mass., remains unique. It 
cannot be identified with any known species, but may be a hybrid be- 
tween Acanthis linaria and Spinus pinus, {Cf, Brewst. Bull. Nutt. 
Orn. Club, VI. 1881, p. 225.) 

18. Spiza townsendii (Aud.). 

Townsend's Bunting. 

Emberiza townsendii Aud. Orn. Biog. II. 1834, 183. 

Spiza towttsendi Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 1880, 182. 

[B379, C 192, R 255, C 288.] 

The original specimen, taken May 11, 1833, in Chester County, Pa., 
by Mr. J. K. Townsend, remains unique. Its peculiarities cannot be 
accounted for by hybridism, nor probably by individual variation. 



HYPOTHETICAL LIST. 355 

Family VIREONID-ffi. Vireos. 

Genus HYLOPHILUS Temminck. 

Hylophilus Temm. PI. Col. III. Livr. 29, 1823, text, and pi. 173, fig. i. 
Type, H. thoracicus Temm. 

19. Hylophilus decurtatus (Bonap.). 

Short- winged Hylophilus. 

Sylvicola decurtaia Bonap. P. Z. S. 1837, 118. 
Hylophilus decurtatus Baird, Rev. Am. B. I. 1866, 380. 

[B _, C - R -, C -.] 

Hab. Mexico and Central America, to Isthmus of Panama. South- 
ern Texas ? (^Hclinai brevipennis Giraud, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1850, 40. 
" Mexico and Texas.") 



Family MNIOTILTID-^. Wood-Warblers. 

20. Helminthophila lawrencei (Herrick). 

Lawrence's Warbler. 

Helminthophaga lawrencei Herrick, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 

220, pi. 15. 
Helininthophila lawrencei Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan. 

1882, 53. 

[B — , C — , R 80, C 99.] 

Two specimens have been taken in New Jersey. Supposed to be a 
hybrid between H. pinus and H. chrysoptera. {Cf. Ridgw. Ibis, 1876, 
p. 169, and Brewst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VI. 1881, pp. 218-225.) 

21. Helminthophila leucobronchialis (Brewst.). 

Brewster's Warbler. 

Helminthophaga leucobronchialis Brewst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I. 

Jan. 1876, I, plate. 
Helminthophila leucobronchialis Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. 

Jan. 1882, 53. 



356 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS, 

[B ~, C — , R 82, C 100.] 

Known from numerous specimens, taken in Southern New England, 
Lower Hudson Valley, New Jersey, Virginia, Michigan, etc. Sup- 
posed to be a hybrid between H. pinus and H. chrysoptera^ but pos- 
sibly a distinct species. {Cf. Brewst. Bull. Nutt, Orn. Club, VI. 
1881, pp, 218-225 ; RiDGW. Auk, II. Oct. 1885; pp. 359-363.) 

22. Helminthophila cincinnatiensis (Langd.). 

Cincinnati Warbler, 

Helminthophaga cincinnatiensis Langd. Jour. Cine. See. N. H July, 

1880, 119, 120, pi. 4. 
Hebtmtthophila cincinnatiensis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 

1885, 354. 

[B— , C— , R— C loi.] 

One specimen taken near Cincinnati, Ohio. Probably a hybrid 
between H. pinus and Geothlypis (Oporornis) formosa. (Cf. Ridgw. 
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, V. 1880, p. 237.) 

23. Dendroica (Perissoglossa ?) carbonata (Aud.). 

Carbonated Warbler. 

Sylvia carbonata Aud. Orn. Biog. I. 1831, 308, pi. 60. 

Dendroica carbonata Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 287. 

Perissoglossa carbonata B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. I. Jan. 1874, 214. 

[B 207, C— , R91, C— .] 

Known only from Audubon's plate and description of two specimens 
killed near Henderson, Kentucky, in May, 181 1. 

24. Dendroica montana (Wils.). 

Blue Mountain Warbler. 

Sylvia 7nontana Wils. Am. Orn. V. 1812, 113, pi. 44, fig. 2. 
Dendroica montana Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 278. 

[B 199, C—, R 112, C—.] 

Known only from the works of Wilson and Audubon. Taken in 
the Blue Mountains of Virginia. Not as yet satisfactorily identified 
with any other species. 



HYPOTHETICAL LIST. 35/ 

25. Sylvania(?) microcephala Ridgw. 

Small-headed Warbler. 

Sylvaiiia microcephala Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354. 
(r= Miiscicapa 7ninuta WiLS. Am. Orn. VI. 181 2, 62, pi. i, fig. 5.) 
(Nee Gmel., 1788.) 

[B 212, C— , R 126, C~-.] 

Known only from the works of Wilson and Audubon. Claimed to 
have been taken in New Jersey and Kentucky. 



Family SYLVIID^. Warblers. 
26. Regnlus cuvieri Aud. 

Cuvier's Kinglet. 

Hegulus cuvieri A\JT>. Orn. Biog. I. 1832, 288, pi. 55. 

[B 163, C -, R 32, C -.] 

Known only from Audubon's description and figure of the original 
specimen, killed in June, 18 12, on the banks of the Schuylkill River, 
in Pennsylvania. 



THE 



FOSSIL BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA, 



A. -JURASSIC. 

1. Laopteryx priscus Marsh. 

Laopteryx prisciis Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. XXI. 1881, 341. 
Upper Jurassic beds of Wyoming. 

B. - CRETACEOUS.^ 



2. Apatornis celer Marsh. 

Ichthyornis celer Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. V. 1873, 74- 
Apatornis celer Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. V. 1873, 162. 

Middle Cretaceous of Western Kansas. 



3. Baptornis advenus Marsh. 

Baptornis advenus Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. XIV. 1877, 86. 

Cretaceous of Western Kansas, in the same beds with Odontornithes 
and Pteranodontia. 

1 The genera alphabetically arranged. 



2,60 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

4. Graculavus velox Marsh. 

Graculavus velox Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. III. 1872, 363. 

Greensand of the middle marl bed, or Upper Cretaceous, near Hor- 
nerstown, New Jersey. 

5. Graculavus pumilus Marsh. 

Graculavus pumilus Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. III. 1872, 364. 

Greensand of the middle marl bed, or Upper Cretaceous, near Hor- 
nerstovvn, New Jersey. 

6. Hesperornis regaHs Marsh. 

Hesperortiis regalis Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. III. 1872, 56. 
Pteranodon beds of Western Kansas. 

7. Hesperornis crassipes Marsh. 

Lestornis crassipes Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. XI. 1876, 509. 
Hesperornis crassipes Marsh, Odontornithes, 1880, 196, figs. 40 a~d^ 
pis. vii, xvii. 

Yellow chalk of the Pteranodon beds, Western Kansas. 

8. Hesperornis gracilis Marsh. 

Hesperornis gracilis Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. XI. 1876, 510. 
Yellow chalk of the Pteranodon beds, Western Kansas. 

9. Ichthyornis dispar Marsh. 

Ichthyornis dispar Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 344. 
Pteranodon beds, Middle Cretaceous, Northwestern Kansas. 

10. Ichthyornis agilis Marsh. 

Gractdavus agilis Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. V. 1873, 230. 
Ichthyornis agilis Marsh, Odontornidies, 1880, 197. 

Pteranodon beds. Middle Cretaceous, Western Kansas. 



FOSSIL BIRDS. 361 

11. Ichthyornis anceps Marsh. 

Graculavus aiiceps Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. III. 1872, 364. 
Ichthyornis anceps Marsh, Odontornithes, 1880, 198. 

Gray shale of the Middle Cretaceous, Smoky Hill River, Western 
Kansas. 

12. Ichthyornis lentus Marsh. 

Graadaviis lentus Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. XIV. 1877, 253. 
Ichthyornis lentus Marsh, Odontornithes, 1880, 198. 

Middle Cretaceous beds, near Fort McKinney, Texas. 

13. Ichthyornis tener Marsh. 

Ichthyornis te?ier Marsh, Odontornithes, 1880, 198, pi. xxx. fig. 8. 
Pteranodon beds, Middle Cretaceous, Wallace County, Kansas. 

14. Ichthyornis validus Marsh. 

Ichthyornis validus Marsh, Odontornithes, 1880, 198, pi. xxx. figs. 
11-14. 

Yellow chalk of the Middle Cretaceous, near Solomon River, North- 
western Kansas. 

15. Ichthyornis victor Marsh. 

Ichthyornis victor Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. XI. 1876, 511. 
Middle Cretaceous of Kansas, in various localities. 

16. Laornis edvardsianus Marsh. 

Laorjtis edvardsianus Marsh, Pr. Ac. Nat Sci. Phila. 1870, 5. 
Middle marl bed, Upper Cretaceous, Birmingham, New Jersey. 

17. PalsBOtringa littoralis Marsh. 

PalcEotringa littoralis Marsh, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 5. 
Greensand of the Upper Cretaceous, near Hornerstown, New Jersey. 



362, CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

18. PalsBOtringa vagans Marsh. 

PalcBotriiiga vagans Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. III. 1872, 365. 

Greensand of the Upper Cretaceous, near Hornerstown, New 
Jersey. 

19. PalsBOtringa vetus Marsh. 

Scolopax Morton, Syn. Organic Remains of the Cret. U. S. 1834, 32. 
Palceotringa vetus Marsh, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 5. 

Lower marl bed of the Cretaceous formation, near Arneytown, New 
Jersey. 

20. Telmatomis priscus Marsh. 

Telmaiornis priscus Marsh, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 5. 

Middle marl bed of the Upper Cretaceous, near Hornerstown, New 
Jersey. 

21. Telmatornis affinis Marsh. 

Tehnator7iis affiiiis Marsh, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 5. 

Middle marl beds of the Upper Cretaceous, near Hornerstown, New 
Jersey. 



a- TERTIARY. 
Subclass RATIT^. 



22. Gastornis giganteus (Cope). 

Diatryma gigantea Cope, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1876, 11. 
Gastornis giganteus CoUES, Key N. A. Birds. 2d ed. 1884, 825. 



Wahsatch Epoch, Eocene of New Mexico. 



FOSSIL BIRDS. 363 

Subclass CARINAT^. 
Order PYGOPODES. 



23. Uria antiqua (Marsh). 

Catarractes antiqua Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. XLIX. 1870, 213. 
Uria antiqua COUES, MS. 

Miocene of North Carolina. 



24. Uria affinis (Marsh). 

Catarractes affinis Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 259. 
Uria affinis Coues, MS. 

Post-pliocene of Maine. 

Order TUBINARES. 

25. PufBnus conradii Marsh. 

Puffinus conradii Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. XLIX. 1870, 212. 
Miocene of Maryland. 

Order STEGANOPODES. 

26. Sula loxostyla Cope. 

Sula loxostyla Cope, Tr. Amer. Philos. See. XIV. 1870, 236. 
Miocene of North Carolina. 

27. Phalacrocorax idahensis (Marsh). 

Graculus idahensis Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. XLIX. 1870, 216. 
Phalacrocorax idahensis CouES, Key N. A. Birds, 2d ed. 1884, 824. 

Pliocene of Idaho. 



364 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

28. Phalacrocorax micropus (Cope). 

Graculus micropus Cope, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. IV. No. 2, 

1878, 386. 
Phalacrocorax 7nicropus CouES, Key N. A. Birds, 2d ed. 1884, 824. 

Pliocene of Oregon. 



Order ANSERES. 

29. Cygnus paloregonus Cope. 

Cygiius paloregonus Cope, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. IV. No. 2, 

1878, 388. 



Pliocene of Oregon. 



30. Branta hypsibates (Cope). 

Anser hypsibates Cope, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. IV. No. 2, 

1878, 387. 
Branta hypsibates Coues, MS. 



Order PALUDICOL^.. 

31. Grus haydeni Marsh. 

Grus haydeni Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. XLIX. 1870, 214. 
Pliocene of Nebraska. 

32. Grus proavus Marsh. 

Grus proavus Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 261. 
Post-pliocene of New Jersey. 

33. Aletornis nobilis Marsh. 

Aleiornis nobilis Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 256. 
Eocene of Wyoming. 



FOSSIL BIRDS. 365 

34. Aletornis pernix Marsh. 

Aletornis pernix Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 256. 
Eocene of Wyoming. 

35. Aletornis venustus Marsh. 

Aletornis venustus Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 257. 
Eocene of Wyoming. 

36. Aletornis gracilis Marsh. 

Aletornis gracilis Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 258. 
Eocene of Wyoming. 

37. Aletornis bellus Marsh. 

Aletornis bellus Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 258. 
Eocene of Wyoming, 



Order LIMICOL.^. 

38. Charadrius sheppardianus Cope. 

Charadrius sheppat'dmius Cope, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. VI. 
No. I, 1881, Zz- 

(Formation and locality not given.) 

Order GALLING. 

39. Meleagris antiquus Marsh. 

Meleagris antiquus Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. II. 1871, 126. 
Miocene of Colorado. 



1^6 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 

40. Meleagris altus Marsh. 

Meleagr is alius Marsh, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 11. 
Post-pliocene of New Jersey. 

41. Meleagris celer Marsh. 

Meleagris celer Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. 1872, 261. 
Post- pliocene of New Jersey. 

Order RAPTORES. 



42. Palaeoborus umbrosus (Cope). 

Cathartes umbrosus Cope, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 151. 
PalcBoborus umbrosus Coues, Key N. A. Birds, 2d ed. 1884, 822. 

Pliocene of New Mexico. 



43. Bubo leptosteus Marsh. 

Bubo leptosteus Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. II. 1871, 126. 
Lower Tertiary of Wyoming. 

44. Aquila danana Marsh. 

Aquila danana Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. II. 1871, 125. 
Pliocene of Nebraska. 

Order COCCYGES. 

45. Uintornis lucaris Marsh. 

Uintorftis lucaris Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 259. 
Lower Tertiary formation of Wyoming. 



FOSSIL BIRDS. 367 



Order PASSERES. 

46. Palasospiza bella Allen. 

Palceospiza bella Allen, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. IV. No. 2, 
1878,443, pi. i. figs, I, 2. 

Insect-bearing shales of Florissant, Colorado. 



INDEX, 



ACANTHIS, 259. 

brewsterii, 354. 

hornemannii, 259. 

hornemannii exilipes, 260. 

linaria, 260. 

linaria holboellii, 260. 

linaria rostrata, 260. 
Accipiter, 186. 

atricapillus, 186. 

atricapillus striatulus, 186. 

cooperi, 186. 

velox, 186. 
Accipitrinae, 184. 
Actitis, 158. 

macularia, 158. 
Actochelidon, 92. 
Actodromas, 150, 352. 
/Echmophorus, 73. 

clarkii, 349. 

occidentalis, 73. 
^gialitis, i6r, 162. 

dubia, 162. 

hiaticula, 162. 

meloda, 162. 

meloda circumcincta, 163. 

mongola, 163. 

montana, 164. 

nivosa, 163. 

semipalmata, 162. 

vocifera, 161. 

wilsonia, 163. 
^salon, 195. 
^strelata, 102. 

fisheri, 103. 

gularis, 102. 

hasitata, 102. 
Agelaius, 249. 

gubernator, 249. 

phoeniceus, 249. 

tricolor, 249. 
Aix, 117. 



Aix sponsa, 118. 
Ajaja, 131. 

ajaja, 131. 
Alauda, 238. 

arvensis, 238. 
Alaudidae, 238. 
Albatross, Black-footed, 97. 

Short-tailed, 97. 

Sooty, 98. 

Yellow-nosed, 98. 
Alca, 83. 

torda, 8^. 
Alcedinidae, 209, 
Alcidae, 76, 349. 
Alcinas, 82. 
Alcyones, 209. 
Alectorides, 364. 
Aletornis bellus, 365. 

gracilis, 365. 

nobilis. 364. 

pernix, 365. 

venustus, 365. 
Alle, 84. 

alle, 84. 
Allinae, 84. 
^ Amazilia, 226. 
j cerviniventris, 227. 

fuscicaudata, 227. 
I Ammodramus, 265, 268. 
I bairdii, 267. 

beldingi, 266. 

caudacutus, 268. 

caudacutus nelsoni, 269. 

henslowii, 268. 

leconteii, 268. 

maritimus, 269. 

nigrescens, 269. 

princeps, 265. 

rostratus, 266. 

rostratus guttatus, 267. 

sandwichensis, 265. 



24 



370 



INDEX. 



Ammodramus sandwichensis alaudl- 
nus, 266. 
sandwichensis bryanti, 266. 
sandwichensis savanna, 265, 
savannarum passerinus, 267. 
savannarum perpallidus, 268. 
AmpeUdse, 294. 
Ampelinse, 294. 
Ampelis, 294. 

cedrorum, 294. 
garrulus, 294. 
Amphispiza, 276. 
belli, 276. 

belli nevadensis, 277. 
bilineata, 276. 
Anas, 114. 

americana, 116. 
boschas, 114. 
caroHnensis, 116. 
crecca, 1 16. 
cyanoptera, 117. 
discors, 1 16. 
fulvigula, 115. 
obscura, 115. 
penelope, 115. 
strepera, 115. 
Anatidae, 113, 351. 
Anatinae, 114. 
Ancylocheilus, 152. 
Anhinga, 108. 

anhinga, 108. 
Anhingid^, 108. 
Ani, 206. 

Groove-billed, 207. 
Anorthura, 329. 
Anous, 96 

stolidus, 96. 
Anser, 126. 

albifrons, 126. 
albifrons gambeli, 126. 
Anseres, 113, 364. 
Anserinae, 125. 
Anthus, 319. 

cervinus, 320. 
pensilvanicus, 320. 
pratensis, 320. 
spragueii, 320. 
Antrostomus, 219. 
caroHnensis, 219. 
vociferus, 219. 
vociferus arizonse, 219. 
Apatornis celer, 359. 
Aphelocoma, 242. 
ralifornica, 242. 
floridana, 242. 



Aphelocoma sieberii arizonae, 243, 

woodhousei, 242. 
Aphriza, 164. 

virgata, 164. 
Aphrizidae, 164. 
Aphrizince, 164. 
Aquila, 192. 

chrysaetos, 192. 
danana, 366. 
AramidcC, 139. 
Aramus, 139. 

giganteus, 139. 
Archibuteo, 191. 

ferrugineus, 191. 
lagopus, 191. 

lagopus sancti-johannis, 191. 
Arctonetta, 122. 

fischeri, 122. 
Ardea, 135. 

candidissima, 136. 
cinerea, 135. 
coerulea, 137. 
egretta, 136. 
.herodias, 135. 
occidentalis, 135. 
pealei, 352. 
rufa, 136. 

tricolor ruficollis, 137. 
virescens, 137. 
warci, 135. 
wuerdemanni, 351. 
Ardeidae, 134, 351. 
Ardeinae, 135. 
Ardetta, 134. 
Arenaria, 164. 

interpres, 165. 
melanocephala, 165. 
Arenariinae, 164. 
Arquatella, 149. 
Asio, 198. 

accipitrinus, 198. 
wilsonianus, 198. 
Astur, 186. 
Asturina, 191. 

plagia'ta, 191. 
Asyndesmus, 216. 
Atthis, 226. 
Auk, Great, 84. 

Razor-billed, 83. 
Auklet, Cassin's, 78. 
Crested, 79. 
Least, 79. 
Paroquet, 78. 
Rhinoceros, 78. 
Whiskered, 79. 



INDEX, 



Z7^ 



Auriparus flaviceps, 338. 
Avocet, American, 146. 
Aythya, 118. 

affinis, 119. 

americana, 118. 

collaris, 119. 

marila nearctica, 119. 

vallisneria, 118. 



Baldpate, 116. 

Baptornis advenus, 359. 
Bartramia, 157. 

longicauda, 157. 
Basileuterus, 318. 

belli, 318. 

culicivorus, 318. 
Basilinna, 227. 

xantusi, 227. 
Bird, Red billed Tropic, 107. 

Surf, 164. 

Yellow-billed Tropic, 106. 
Bittern, American, 134. 

Least, 134. 
Blackbird, Bicolored, 249. 

Brewer's, 253. 

Red- winged, 249. 

Rusty, 253. 

Tricolored, 249. 

Yellow-headed, 249. 
Bluebird, 346. 

Azure, 346. 

Mountain, 347. 

Western, 346. 
Bluethroat, Red-spotted, 34jj. 
Bobolink, 247. 

Western, 247. 
Bob-white, 167. 

Florida, 167. 

Grayson's, 168. 

Masked, 168. 

Texan, 167. 
Bonasa, 172. 

umbellus, 172. 

umbellus sabini, 173. 

umbellus togata, 172. 

umbellus umbelloides, 172. 
Booby, 107. 

Blue-faced, 107. 

Red-footlH, 108. 
Botaurinae, 134. 
Botaurus, 134. 

exilis, 134. 

lentiginosus, 134. 
Brachyramphus, 80. 



Brachyramphus craven, 81. 

hypoleucus, 81. 
kittlitzii, 81. 

marmoratus, 80, 
Brant, 127. 

Black, 128. 
Branta, 126. 

bernicla, 127. 

canadensis, 126. 

canadensis hutchinsii, 127. 

canadensis minima, 127. 

canadensis occidentalis, 127. 

hypsibates, 364- 

leucopsis, 128. 

nigricans, 128, 
Bubo, 202. 

leptosteus, 366. 

virginianus, 202. 

virginianus arcticus, 203. 

virginianus saturatus, 203. 

virginianus subarcticus, 202. 
Bubonidae, 198. 
Budytes, 319. 

flavus leucostriatus, 319. 
Bullfinch, Cassin's, 255. 
Bulweria, 103. 

bulweri, 103. 
Bunting, Indigo, 288. 

Lark, 290. 

Lazuli, 288. 

Painted, 288. 

Townsend's, 354. 

Varied, 288. 
Bush-Tit, 337. 

Black-eared, 337. 

Californian, 337. 

Grinda's, 337. 

Lead-colored, 337. 
Buteo, 187. 

abbreviatus, 189. 

albicaudatus, 189. 

borealis, 187. 

borealis calurus, 188. 

borealis kriderii, 188. 

borealis lucasanus, 188. 

brachyurus, 190. 

buteo, 187. 

cooperi, 353. 

fuliginosus, 353. 

harlani, 188. 

latissimus, 190. 

lineatus, 188. 

lineatus alleni, 189. 

lineatus elegans, 189. 

swainsoni, 189. 



372 



INDEX. 



Buteola, 190. 
Butorides, 137. 
Buzzard, European, 187. 



Calamospiza, 290. 

melanocorys, 290. 
Calcarius, 263. 

lapponicus, 263. 

ornatus, 263. 

pictus, 263. 
Calidris, 153. 

arenaria, 153. 
Callipepla, 169. 

californica, 169. 

californica vallicola, 169. 

gambeli, 170. 

squamata, 169. 

squamata castanogastris, i( 
Calothorax, 226. 
Calypte, 224. 
Campephilus, 210. 

principalis, 210. 
Camptolaimus, 121. 

labradorius, 121. 
Campylorhynchus, 325. 

affinis, 325. 

brunneicapillus, 325. 
Canachites, 171. 
Canvas-back, 118. 
Caprimulgi, 219. 
Capri mulgi das, 219. 
Caracara, Audubon's, 196. 

Guadalupe, 196. 
Cardellina, 317. 

rubrifrons, 317. 
Cardinal, 286. 

Arizona, 286. 

Saint Lucas, 286. 

Texan, 286. 
Cardinalis, 285. 

cardinalis, 286. 

cardinalis igneus, 286, 

cardinalis superbus, 286. 
Carinatae, 363. 
Carpodacus, 256. 

amplus, 257. 

cassini, 256. 

frontalis, 256. 

frontalis rhodocolpus, 257. 

purpureus, 256. 

purpureus californicus, 256. 
Catbird, 322. 
Catharista, 183. 

atrata, 183. 



Cathartes, 183. 

aura, 183. 

burrovianus, 353. 
Cathartid^e, 182, 352. 
Catherpes, 326. 

mexicanus, 326. 

mexicanus conspersus, 326. 
Centrocercus, 176. 

urophasianus, 176. 
Centronyx, 267. 
Centurus, 217. 
Ceophlceus, 215. 

pileatus, 215. 
Cepphi, -js- 
Cepphus, 81. 
■ carbo, 350. 

columba, 82, 

grylle, 81. 

iiiandtii, 82. 

motzfeldi, 349. 
Cerorhinca, 78. 

monocerata, ']Z. 
Certhia, 330. 

familiaris americana, 330. 

familiaris mexicana, 331. 
Certhiidas, 330. 
Certhiola, 300. 

bahamensis, 300. 
Ceryle, 209. 

alcyon, 209. 

cabanisi, 209. 
Chachalaca, 178. 
Chaetura, 222. 

pelagica, 222. 

vauxii, 222. 
Chaeturinae, 221, 
Chamaea, 336. 

fasciata, 336. 

fasciata henshawi, 336. 
Chamaeinas, 336. 
Charadriidas, 160. 
Charadrius, 160. 

apricarius, 160. 

dominicus, 161. 

dominicus fulvus, 161. 

sheppardianus, 365. 

squatarola, 160. 
Charitonetta, 120. 

albeola, 120. 
Chat, Long-tailed, 315. 

Yellow-breasted, 315. 
Chaulelasmus, 115. 
Chelidon, 292. 

erythrogaster, 292. 
Chen, 125. 



INDEX. 



373 



Chen caerulescens, 351. 

hyperborea, 125. 

hyperborea nivalis, 125. 

rossii, 126. 
Chickadee, 334. 

Californian, 336. 

Carolina, 334. 

Chestnut-backed, 335. 

Hudsonian, 335. 

Long-tailed, 334. 

Mexican, 335. 

Mountain, 335. 

Oregon, 334. 

Siberian, 335. 
Chloroceryle, 209. 
Chondestes, 269. 

grammacus, 270. 

grammacus strigatus, 270. 
Chordeiles, 220. 

virginianus, 220 

virginianus henryi, 221. 

virginianus minor, 221. 

texensis, 221. 
Chuck-will's-widow, 219. 
Ciceronia, 79. 
Ciconis, 133. 
Ciconiidse, 133. 
Ciconiinae, 133. 
Cinclidas, 321. 
Cinclus, 321. 

mexicanus, 321. 
Circus, 185. 

hudsonius, 185. 
Cistothorus, 329. 

palustris, 330. 

stellaris, 330. 
Clamatores, 228. 
Clangula, 120. 

hyemalis, 120. 
Clivicola, 293. 

rij^aria, 293. 
Coccothraustes, 254. 

vespertina, 255. 
Coccyges, 206, 366. 
Coccyginae, 207. 
Coccyzus, 207. 

americanus, 208. 

erythrophthalmus, 208. 

minor, 207. 
Coeligena, 223. 

clemencise, 223. 
Coerebidae, 300. 
Colaptes, 217. 

auratus, 217. 

cafer, 218. 



Colaptes cafer saturatior, 218. 

chrysoides, 218. 

rufipileus, 218. 
Colinus, 167. 

graysoni, 168. 

ridgwayi, 168. 

virginianus, 167. 

virginianus floridanus, 167. 

virginianus texanus, 167. 
Columba, 178. 

fasciata, 178. 

flavirostris, 179. 

leucocephala, 179. 
Columboe, 178. 
ColumbidtC, 178. 
Columbigallina, 181. 

passerina, 181. 
Colymbus, "j"^. 

auritus, 74. 

dominicus, 74. 

holbcelii, "j},. 

nigricollis californicus, 74. 
Compsohalieus, 110. 
Compsothlypis, 304. 

americana, 305. 

nigrilora, 305. 
Contopus, 233. 

borealis, 233. 

pertinax, 233. 

richardsonii, 234. 

virens, 234. 
Conurus, 205. 

carolinensis, 206. 
Coot, American, 144. 

European, 144. 
Cormorant, 109. 

Baird's, in. 

Brandt's, no. 

Double-crested, 109. 

Farallone, no. 

Florida, 109. 

Mexican, no. 

Pallas's, 351. 

Pelagic, III. 

Red-faced, in. 

Violet-green, in. 

White-crested, no. 
Corvidae, 240. 
Corvinae, 245. 
Corvus, 245. 

americanus, 245. 

americanus floridanus, 245. 

caurinus, 246, 

corax sinuatus, 245. 

cryptoleucus, 245. 



374 



INDEX. 



Corvus ossifragus, 246. 
Coturnicops, 142. 
Coturniculus, 267. 
Cowbird, 248. 

Bronzed, 248. 

Dwarf, 248. 
Cracidce, 178. 
Crake, Corn, 143. 

Spotted, 141. 
Crane, Little Brown, 139. 

Sandhill, 139. 

Whooping, 139. 
Creagrus, 350. 
Creciscus, 142. 
Creeper, Bahama Honey, 300. 

Brown, 330, 

Mexican, 331. 
Crex, 143. 

crex, 143. 
Crossbill, 257. 

American, 257. 

Mexican, 257. 

White- winged, 258. 
Crotophaga, 206. 

ani, 206. 

sulcirostris, 207. 
Crotophagin^, 206. 
Crow, American, 245. 

Fish, 246. 

Florida, 245. 

Northwest, 246. 
Crymophilus, 145. 

fulicarius, 145. 
Cuckoo, Black-billed, 208. 

Mangrove, 207. 

Yellow-billed, 208. 
Cuculi, 206. 
Cuculidae, 206. 
Curlew, Bristle-thighed, 159. 

Eskimo, 159. 

Hudsonian, 159. 

Long-billed, 158. 
Cyanecula, 345. 

suecica, 345. 
Cyanocephalus, 246. 

cyanocephalus, 246. 
Cyanocitta, 241. 

cristata, 241. 

cristata florincola, 241. 

stelleri, 241. 

stelleri frontalis, 241. 

stelleri macrolopha, 242. 
Cyclorrhynchus, 78. 

psittaculus, y8. 
Cygninae, 129. 



Cygnus paloregonus, 364. 
Cymodroma, 105. 

grallaria, 106. 
Cypseli, 221. 
Cypseloides, 221. 

niger, 222. 
Cyrtonyx, 170. 

montezumse, 170. 
Cyrtopelicanus, 112. 



Dafila, 117. 

acuta, 117. 
Daption, 103. 

capensis, 103. 
Dendragapus, 170. 

canadensis, 171. 

franklinii, 172. 

obscurus, 170. 

obscurus fuliginosus, 171. 

obscurus richardsonii, 171. 
Dendrocygna, 128. 

autumnalis, 129. 

fulva, 129. 
Dendroica, 305, 306. 

asstiva, 306. 

auduboni, 307. 

blackburniae, 308. 

bryanti castaneiceps, 306. 

casrulea, 307. 

caerulescens, 306. 

carbonata, 356. 

castanea, 308. 

chrysoparia, 310. 

coronata, 307. 

discolor, 312. 

dominica, 309. 

dominica albilora, 309. 

graciae, 309. 

kirtlandi, 311. 

maculosa, 307. 

montana, 356. 

nigrescens, 309. 

occidentalis, 310. 

olivacea, 306. 

palmarum, 311. 

palmarum hypochrysea, 311. 

pensylvanica, 308. 

striata, 308. 

tigrina, 305. 

townsendi, 310. 

vigorsii, 311. 

virens, 310. 
Dichromanassa, 136, 352. 
Dickcissel, 289. 



INDEX. 



375 



Diomedea, 97. 

albatrus 97. 

nigripes, 97. 
Diomedeidae, 97. 
Dipper, American, 32 t. 
Dolichonyx, 247. 

oryzivorus, 247. 

oryzivorus albinucha, 247. 
Dove, Ground, 181. 

Inca, 181. 

Mourning, 180. 

White-fronted, 180. 

White-winged, 180. 

Zenaida, 180. 
Dovekie, 84. 
Dowitcher, 148. 

Long-billed, 148. 
Dryobates, 210. 

borealis, 212. 

nuttallii, 212. 

pubescens, 211. 

pubescens gairdnerii, 211. 

scalaris, 212. 

scalaris lucasanus, 212. 

Strickland!, 213. 

villosus, 210. 

villosus audubonii, 211. 

villosus harrisii, 211. 

villosus leucomelas, 210. 
Duck, American Scaup, 119. 

Black, 115. 

Florida, 115. 

Harlequin, 121. 

Labrador, 121. 

Lesser Scaup, 119. 

Masked, 125. 

Ring-necked, 119. 

Raddy, 124. 

Rufous-crested, 118. 

Steller's, 121. 

Wood, 118. 
Dunlin, 151. 
Dysporus, 108. 
Dytes, 74. 



Eagle, Bald, 193. 

Golden, 192. 

Gray Sea, 192. 

Harpy, 192. 
Ectopistes, 179. 

migratorius, 



79- 

Egret, American, 136. 
Peale's, 352. 
Reddish, 136. 



Eider, 122. 

American, 122. 

King, 123. 

Pacific, 123. 

Spectacled, 122. 
Elanoides, 184. 

forficatus, 184. 
Elanus, 184. 

leucurus, 184. 
Embernagra, 282. 

rufivirgata, 283. 
Empidonax, 234 

acadicus, 235. 

difficilis, 234. 

fiaviventris, 234. 

fulvifrons, 236. 

fulvifrons pygmasus, 236. 

hammondi, 236. 

minimus, 235. 

obscurus, 236. 

pusillus, 235. 

pusillus traiilii, 235. 
Engyptila, 180. 

albifrons, 180. 
Eniconetta, 121. 

stelleri, 121. 
Ereunetes, 152. 

occidentalis, 153. 

pusillus, 153. 
Ergaticus, 318. 

ruber, 318. 
Erismatura, 124. 

rubida, 124. 
Euetheia, 289. 

bicolor, 289. 
Eugenes, 223. 

fulgens, 223. 
Euphonia, 290. 

elegantissima, 290. 
Euphonia, Blue-headed, 290. 
Eurynorhynchus, 152. 

pygmaeus, 152. 



Falco. 193. 

columbarius, 195. 
columbarius suckleyi, 195. 
fusco-ccerulescens, 195. 
islandus, 193. 
mexicanus, 194. 
peregrin us anatum, 194. 
peregrinus pealei, 194. 
richardsonii, 195. 
rusticolus, 193. 
rusticolus gyrfalco, 193. 



376 



INDEX. 



Falco rusticolus obsoletus, 194. 

sparverioides, 196. 

sparverius, 196. 
Falcon, Aplomado, 195. 

Peak's, 194. 

Prairie, 194. 
Falcones, 184. 
Falconidae, 184, 353. 
Falconinae, 193. 
Finch, California Purple, 256. 

Cassin s Purple, 256. 

Crimson House, 257. 

Guadalupe House, 257. 

House, 256. 

Purple, 256. 
Flamingo, American, 130. 
Flicker, 217. 

Gilded, 218. 

Guadalupe, 218. 

Northwestern, 218. 

Red-shafted, 218. 
Florida, 137. 
Flycatcher, Acadian, 235. 

Arizona Crested, 231. 

Ash-throated, 232. 

Baird's, 234. 

Beardless, 237. 

Buff-breasted, 236. 

Coues's, 233. 

Crested, 231. 

Derby, 230. 

Fork-tailed, 228. 

Fulvous, 236. 

Giraud's, 230. 

Hammond's, 236. 

Lawrence's, 232. 

Least, 235. 

Little, 235. 

Mexican Crested, 231. 

Olivaceous, 232. 

Olive-sided, 233. 

Ridgway's, 237. 

Scissor-tailed, 228. 

Sulphur-bellied, 231. 

Traill's, 235. 

Vermihon, 237. 

Wright's, 236. 

Yellow-bellied, 234. 
Fralercula, "]"] 

arctica, ']']. 

arctica glacialis, ']']. 

corniculata, 'JT. 
Fratercuhnae, 76. 
Fregata, 113. 

aquila, 113. 



Fregatidae, 113. 
FringilHdae, 254, 354. 
FuHca, 144. 

americana, 144. 

atra, 144. 
Fulicinae, 144. 
Fuligula, 119. 
Fulmar, 99. 

Giant, 98. 

Lesser, 99. 

Pacific, 99. 

Rodger's, 99. 

Slender-billed, 100. 
Fulmarus, 99. 

glacialis, 99. 

glacialis glupischa, 99. 

glacialis minor, 99. 

glacialis rodgersii, 99. 

glacialoides, 100. 



Gad WALL, 115. 
Galeoscoptes, 322. 

carolinensis, 322. 
GalHn^E, 167, 365, 
Gallinago, 147. 

delicata, 148. 

galHnago, 147. 
Gallinula, 144. 

galeata, 144= 
Gallinule, Florida, 144. 

Purple, 143. 
GaUinuHnee, 143. 
Gannet, 108. 
Garrulinae, 240. 
Garzetta, 136, 
Gastornis giganteus, 362. 
Gavia, 86. 

alba, 86. 
Gelochehdon, 92. 

nilotica, 92. 
Geococcyx, 207. 

cahfornianus, 207. 
Geothlypis, 313, 314. 

agilis, 313. 

beldingi, 315. 

formosa, 313. 
, macgillivrayi, 314. 

Philadelphia, 314. 

trichas, 314. 

trichas occidentalis, 314. 
Geotrygon, 181. 

martinica, 182. 
Glaucidium, 204. 

gnoma, 204. 



INDEX. 



377 



Glaucidium phalaenoides, 205. 
Glaucionetta, 119. 

clangula americana, 120. 

islandica, 120. 
Glottis, 155. 
Gnatcatcher, Black-tailed, 340. 

Blue-gray, 340. 

Plumbeous, 340. 
Godwit, Black- tailed, 154. 

Hudsonian, 154. 

Marbled, 153. 

Pacific, 154. 
Golden-eye, American, 120. 

Barrow's, 120. 
Goldfinch, American, 261. 

Arizona, 261. 

Arkansas, 261. 

Black-headed, 262. 

Lawrence's, 262. 

Mexican, 261. 
Goose, American White-fronted, 

Barnacle, 128. 

Blue, 351. 

Cackling, 127. 

Canada, 126. 

Emperor, 128. 

Greater Snow, 125. 

Hutchins's, 127. 

Lester Snow, 125. 

Ross's Snow, 126. 

White-cheeked, 127. 

White-fronted, 126. 
Goshawk, American, 186. 

Mexican, 191. 

Western, 186. 
Grackle, Boat-tailed, 254. 

Bronzed, 254. 

Horida, 253. 

Great-tailed, 254. 

Purple, 253. 
Graculavus pumilus, 360. 

velox, 360. 
Grassquit, 289. 
Grebe, American Eared, 74. 

Clark's, 349. 

Holboell's, 73. 

Horned, 74. 

Pied-billed, 75. 

St. Domingo, 74. 

Western, 73. 
Green-shank, 155. 
Grosbeak, Black-headed, 287. 

Blue, 287. 

Evening, 255. 

Pine, 255. 



26. 



Grosbeak, Rose-breasted, 287. 
Grouse, Canada, 171. 

Canadian Ruffed, 172. 

Columbian Sharp-tailed, 176. 

Dusky, 170. 

Franklin's, 172. 

Gray Ruffed, 172. 

Oregon Ruffed, 173. 

Prairie Sharp-tailed, 176. 

Richardson's, 171. 

Rufted, 172. 

Sage, 176. 

Sharp-tailed, 176. 

Sooty, 171. 
Grues, 138. 
Gruidae, 138. 
Grus, 138. 

americana, 139. 

canadensis, 139. 

haydeni, 364. 

mexicana, 139. 

proavus, 364. 
Guara, 131. 

alba, 131. 

rubra, 132. 
Guillemot, Black, 81. 

Black-winged, 349. 

Mandt's, 82. 

Pigeon, 82. 

Sooty, 350. 
Guiraca, 287. 

caerulea, 287. 
Gull, American Herring, 89. 

Bonaparte's, 91. 

California, 89. 

Franklin's, 91. 

Glaucous, 87. 

Glaucous-winged, 87. 

Great Black-backed, 88. 

Herring, 89. 

Heermann's, 90. 

Iceland, 87. 

Ivory, 86. 

KumHen's, 88. 

Laughing, 90. 

Mew, 90. 

Nelson's, 88. 

Pallas's, 89. 

Ring-billed, 90. 

Ross's, 91. 

Sabine's, 91. 

Short-billed, 90. 

Siberian, 89. 

Slaty-backed, 88. 

Swallow-tailed, 350. 



378 



INDEX. 



Gull, Western, 88. 
Gypagus, 352. 

papa, 352. 
Gyrfalcon, 193. 

Black, 194. 

Gray, 193. 

White, 193. 



Habia, 287. 

ludoviciana, 287. 

melanocephala, 287. 
Hasmatopodidce, 165. 
Haematopus, 165. 

bachmani, 166. 

ostralegus, 165. 

palliatus, 165. 
Haliplana, 95. 
Halocyptena, 103. 

microsoma, 104. 
Haliaeetus, 192. 

albicilla, 192. 

leucocephalus, 193. 
Harporhynchus, 322, 324. 

bendirei, 323. 

cinereus, 324. 

crissalis, 324. 

curvirostris, 323. 

curvirostris palmeri, 323. 

lecontei, 324. 

longirostris, 323. 

redivivus, 324. 

rufus, 322. 
Hawk, American Rough-legged, 191. 

American Sparrow, 196. 

Broad- winged, 190. 

Cooper's, 186. 

Cuban Sparrow,. 196. 

Duck, 194. 

Florida Red-shouldered, 189. 

Harlan's, 188. 

Harris's, 187. 

Krider's, 188. 

Little Black, 353. 

Marsh, 185. 

Mexican Black, 190. 

Pigeon, T95. 

Red-bellied, 189. 

Red-shouldered, 188. 

Red-tailed, 187. 

Rough-legged, 191. 

Sharp-shinned, 186. 

Short-tailed, 190. 

Swainson's, 189. 

White-tailed, 189. 



Hawk, Zone-tailed, 189. 
Helinaia, 301. 

swainsonii, 301. 
Helminthophila, 302. 

bachmani, 302. 

celata, 304. 

celata lutescens, 304. 

chrysoptera, 302. 

cincinnatiensis, 356. 

lawrencei, 355. 

leucobronchialis, 355. 

lucias, 303. 

peregrina, 304. 

pinus, 302. 

ruficapilla, 303. 

Tuficapilla gutturalis, 303. 

virginiae, 303. 
Helmitherus, 301. 

vermivorus, 301. 
Hen, Heath, 175. 

Lesser Prairie, 175. 

Prairie, 175. 
Henhawk, Cooper's, 353. 
Herodias, 136. 
Herodii, 134. 
Herodiones, 13T. 
Heron, Black-crowned Night, 138. 

European Blue, 135. 

Great Blue, 135. 

Great White, 135. 

Green, 137. 

Little Blue, 137. 

Louisiana, 139. 

Snowy, 136. 

Ward's, 135. 

Wiirdemann's, 351. 

Yellow-crowned Night, 138. 
Hesperiphona, 254. 
Hesperocichla, 345. 

naevia, 345. 
Hesperornis crassipes, 360. 

gracilis, 360. 

regalis, 360. 
Heteractitis, 156. 

incana, 156. 
Hierofalco, 193. 
Himantopus, 146. 

. mexicanus, 146. 
Hirundinidae, 292. 
Histrionicus, I2I. 

histrionicus, 121. 
Hummingbird, Allen's, 225. 

Anna's, 225. 

Black-chinned, 224. 

Blue-throated, 223. 



INDEX. 



379 



Hummingbird, Broad-billed, 227. 

Bvoad-tailed, 225. 

Buff-bellied, 227. 

Calliope, 226. 

Costa's, 224. 

Heloise's, 226. .. 

Lucifer, 226, 

Rieffer's, 227. 

Rivoli, 223. 

Ruby-throated, 224. 

Rufous, 225. 

Xantus's, 227. 
Hydranassa, 136. 
Hydrochelidon, 95. 

leucoptera, 96. 

nigra surinamensis, 96. 
Hylocichla, 341. 
Hylophilus, 355. 

decurtatus, 355. 
Hylophilus, Short-winged, 355. 



Iache, 227. 

latirostris, 227. 
Ibides, 131. 
Ibididae, 131. 
Ibis, Glossy, 132. 

Scarlet, 132. 

White, 131. 

White-faced Glossy, 132. 

Wood, 133. 
Ichthyornis agilis, 360. 

anceps, 361. 

dispar, 360. 

lentus, 361. 

tener, 361. 

validus, 361. 

victor, 361. 
Icteria, 315. 

virens, 315. 

virens longicauda, 315. 
IcteridcC, 247. 
Icterus, 250. 

audubonii, 251. 

bullocki, 252. 

cucullatus, 251. 

cucullatus nelsoni, 251. 

galbula, 252. 

icterus, 250. 

parisorum, 251. 

spurius, 252. 
Ictinia, 185. 

mississippiensis, 185. 
lonornis, 143. 

martinica, 143. 



JAEIRU, 133. 
Jacana, 166. 

gymnostoma, 166. 
Jacana, Mexican, 166. 
JacanidcC, 166. 
Jaeger, Parasitic, 85. 

Pomarine, 85. 

Long-tailed, S^. 
Jay, Alaskan, 244. 

Arizona, 243. 

Blue, 241. 

Blue-fronted, 241. 

California, 242. 

Canada, 243. 

Florida, 242. 

Florida Blue, 241. 

Green, 243. 

Labrador, 244, 

Long-crested, 242. 

Oregon, 244. 

Pinon, 246. 

Rocky Mountain, 244. 

Steller's, 241. 

Woodhouse's, 242. 
Junco, 274. 

aikeni, 274. 

annectens, 275. 

bairdi, 276. 

caniceps, 275. 

cinereus dorsah's, 275. 

cinereus palliatus, 275. 

hyemalis, 274. 

hyemalis oregonus, 274. 

insularis, 276. 
Junco, Arizona, 275. 

Baird's, 276. 

Gray-headed, 275. 

Guadalupe, 276. 

Oregon, 274. 

Pink-sicled, 275. 

Red-backed, 275. 

Slate-colored, 274. 

White-winged, 274. 



KiLLDEER, 161. 

Kingbird, 229. 

Arkansas, 229. 

Cassin's, 230. 

Couch's, 229. 

Gray, 229. 
Kingfisher, Belted, 209. 

Texan, 209. 
Kinglet, Cuvier's, 357. 

Dusky, 339. 



,8o 



INDEX. 



Kinglet, Golden-crowned, 339. 

Ruby-crowned, 339. 

Western Golden-crowned, 339. 
Kite, Everglade, 185. 

Mississippi, 185. 

Swallow-tailed, 184. 

White-tailed, 184. 
Kittiwake, 86. 

Pacific, 86. 

Red-legged, 87. 
Knot, 149. 



Lagopus, 173. 

lagopus, 173.^ 

lagopus alleni, 173. 

leucurus, 174. 

rupestris, 173. 

rupestris atkhensis, 174. 

rupestris nelsoni, 174. 

rupestris reinhardti, 174. 

welchi, 174. 
Laniidae, 295. 
Lanius, 295. 

borealis, 295. 

ludovicianus, 296. 

ludovicianus excubitorides, 296. 
Lanivireo, 297. 
Laopteryx prisons, 359. 
Laornis edvardsianus, 361. 
Lapwing, 160. 
Laridce, 86, 350. 
Larinae, 86. 
Lark, Desert Horned, 239. 

Horned, 238. 

Mexican Horned, 239. 

Pallid Horned, 238. 

Prairie Horned, 239. 

Ruddy Horned, 240. 

Streaked Horned, 240. 

Texan Horned, 239. 
Larus, 87. 

affinis, 89. 

argentatus, 89. ' 

argentatus smithsonianus, 89. 

atricilla, 90. 

brachyrhynchus, 90. 

cachinnans, 89. 

californicus, 89. 

canus, 90. 

delawarensis, 90. 

franklinii, 91. 

glaucescens, 87. 

glaucus, 87. 

heermanni, 90. 



Larus kumlieni, 88. 

leucopterus, S7. 

marinus, 88. 

nelboni, 88. 

occidentalis, 8S. 

Philadelphia, 91. 

schistisagus, 88. 
Leptopelicanus, 112. 
Leucosticte, 258. 

atrata, 259. 

australis, 259. 

griseonucha; 258. 

tephrocotis, 258. 

tephrocods littoralis, 258. 
Leucosticte, Aleutian, 258. 

Black, 259. 

Brown-capped, 259. 

Gray-crowned, 258. 

Hepburn's, 258. 
Limicol^, 145, 365. 
Limosa, 153. 

fedoa, 153. 

haemastica, 154. 

lapponica baueri, 154. 

limosa, 154. 
Limpkin, 140. 
Linnet, Brewster's, 354. 
Longipennes, 84. 
Longspur, Chestnut-collared, 263. 

Lapland, 263. 

McCown's, 264. 

Smith's, 263. 
Loon, 75. 

Black-throated, 76. 

Pacific, 76. 

Red-throated, 76. 

Yellow-billed, ys- 
Lophodytes, 114. 

cucullatus, 114. 
Lophophanes, 332. 
Lophortyx, 169. 
Loxia, 257. 

curvirostra minor, 257. 

curvirostra stricklandi, 257. 

leucoptera, 258. 
Lunda, 76. 

cirrhata, 77. 



Macrochires, 219, 
Macrorhamphus, 148. 

griseus, 148. 

scolopaceus, 148. 
Magpie, American, 240. 

Yellow-billed, 240. 



INDEX. 



381 



Mallard, 114 
Man-o'-War Bird, 113. 
Mareca, 115. 
Martin, Purple, 292. 
Meadowlark, 250. 

Mexican, 250. 

Western, 250. 
Megalestris, 84. 

skua, 85. 
Megaquiscalus, 254. 
Megascops, 200, 

asio, 200. 

asio bendirei, 201. 

asio floridanus, 200. v^~ 

asio kennicottii, 201. " \ 

asio maxvvellice, 201. 

asio mccallii, 201. 

asio trichopsis, 202. 

flammeolus, 202. 
Melanerpes, 216. 

aurifrons, 217. 

carolinus, 217. 

erythrocephalus, 216. 

formicivorus angustifrons, 216. 

formicivorus bairdi, 216. 

torquatus, 216. 

uropygialis, 217. 
Melanitta, 123. 
Meleagrinae, 177. 
Meleagris, 177. 

altus, 366. 

antiquus, 365. 

celer, 366. 

gallopavo, 177. 

gallopavo mexicana, 177. 
Melopelia, 180. 

leucoptera, 181 
Melospiza, 279, 

cinerea, 281. 

fasciata, 279. 

fasciata fallax, 279. 

fasciata guttata, 280, 

fasciata heermanni, 280. 

fasciata montana, 279. 

fasciata rufina, 280. 

fasciata samuelis, 280. 

georgiana, 281. 

lincolni, 281. 
Merganser, 113. 

americanus, 113. 

serrator, 114. 
Merganser, American, 113. 

Hooded, 114. 

Red-breasted, 114. 
Merginae, 113. 



Merlin, Black, 195. 

Richardson's, 195. 
Merula, 344. 

confinis, 345. 

migratoria, 344. 

migratoria propinqua, 344. 
Methriopterus, 222. 
Micrathene, 205. 

whitneyi, 205. 
Micropalama, 148. 

himantopus, 149. 
Micropodidae, 221. 
Micropodin^, 222. 
Micropus, 222. 

melanoleucus, 223. 
Milvulus, 228. 

forficatus, 228. 

tyrannus, 228. 
Miminse, 321. 
Mimus, 322, 

polyglottos, 322. 
Mniotilta, 300. 

varia, 300. 
Mniotiltidae, 300, 255' 
Mockingbird, 322. 
Molotbrus, 248. 

asneus, 248. 

ater, 248. 

ater obscurus, 248. 
Motacilla, 319. 

alba, 319. 

ocularis, 319. 
Motacillidae, 319. 
Murre, 82. 

Briinnich's, 83. 

California, 82. 

Pallas's, 83. 
Murrelet, Ancient, 80. 

Craveri's, 81. 

Kittlitz's, 81. 

Marbled, 80. 

Temminck's, 80. 

Xantus's, 81. 
Myadestes, 341. 

townsendii, 341. 
Myadestinas, 341. 
Mycteria, 133. 

americana, 133. 
Myiarchus, 231. 

cinerascens, 232. 

crinitus, 231. 

lavvrenceii, 232. 

lawrenceii olivascens, 232. 

mexicanus, 231. 

mexicanus magister, 231. 



382 



INDEX. 



Myiozetetes, 2,30. 

texensis, 230. 
Myiodynastes, 230. 

luteiventris, 231. 

Neocorys, 320. 
Netta, 118. 

rufina, 118. 
Netlion, ti6. 
Nighthawk, 220. 

Cuban, 221, 

Texan, 221. 

Western, 221. 
Noddy, 96. 
Nomonyx, 125. 

dominicus, 125. 
Numenius, 158. 

borealis, 159. 

hudsonicus, 159. 

longirostris, 158. 

phffiopus, 159. 

tahitiensis, 159. 
Nutcracker, Clarke's, 246. 
Nuthatch, Brown-headed, 332. 

Pygmy, 332. 

Red-breasted, 331. 

Slender-billed, 331. 

White-breasted, 331. 
Nyctala, 200. 

acadica, 200. 

tengmalmi richardsoni, 200. 
Nyctea, 203. 

nyctea, 203. 
Nyctherodius, 138. 
Nycticorax, 137. 

nycticorax nasvius, 138. 

violaceus, 138. 
Nyctidromus, 220. 

albicollis, 220. 

OCEANITES, 105. 

oceanicus, 105. 
Oceanitin^, 105. 
Oceanodroma, 104. 

furcata, 104. 

homochroa, 105. 

hornbyi, 350. 

leucorhoa, 104. 

melania, 105. 
Ochthodromus, 163. 
Odontoglossae, 130. 
Oidemia, 123. 

americana, 123. 

deglandi, 124. 



Oidemia fusca, 124. 

perspicillata, 124. 
Old-squaw, 120. 
Olor, 129. 

buccinator, 130. 

columbianus, 129. 

cygnus, 129. 
Oporornis, 313. 
Oreortyx, 168. 

pictus, 168. 

pictus plumiferus, 168. 
Oriole, Audubon's, 251. 

Arizona Hooded, 251. 

Baltimore, 252. 

Bullock's, 252. 

Hooded, 251. 

Orchard, 252. 

Scott's, 251. 
Crnithion, 237. 

imberbe, 237. 

imberbe ridgwayi, 237. 
Oioscoptes, 321. 

montanus, 321. 
Ortalis, 178. 

vetula maccali, 178. 
Oscines, 238. 
Osprey, American, 197. 
Ossifraga, 98. 

gigantea, 98. 
Otocoris, 238. 

alpestris, 238. 

alpestris arenicola, 239. 

alpestris chrysolaema, 239. 

alpestris giraudi, 239. 

alpestris leucolasma, 238. 

alpestris praticola, 239. 

alpestris rubea, 240. 

alpestris strigata, 240. 
Oven-bird, 312. 
Owl, American Barn, 197. 

American Hawk, 204. 

American Long-eared, 198. 

Arctic Horned, 203. 

Barred, 198. 

Burrowing, 204. 

California Screech, 20 r. 

Dusky Horned, 203. 

Elf, 205. 

Ferruginous Pygmy, 205. 

Flammulated Screech, 202. 

Florida Barred, 199. 

Florida Burrowing, 204. 

Florida Screech, 200. 

Great Cray, 199. 

Great Horned, 202. 



\ 



INDEX. 



383 



Owl, Hawk, 203. 

Kennicott's Screech, 201. 

Lapp, 199. 

Mexican Screech, 202. 

Pygmy, 204. 

Richardson's, 200. 

Rocky Mountain Screech, 201. 

Saw-whet, 200. 

Screech, 200. 

Short-eared, 198. 

Snowy, 203. 

Spotted, 199. 

Texan Screech, 201. 

Western Horned, 202. 
Oxyechus, 161. 
Oyster-catcher, 165. 

American, 165. 

Black, 166. 



Pal^oborus umbrosus, 366. 
Palceospiza bella, 367. 
Palceotringa littoralis, 362. 

vagans, 362. 

vetus, 362. 
Paludicolae, 138. 
Pandion, 197. 

haHaetus carolinensis, 197. 
Pandioninas, 197. 
Parabuteo, 187. 

unicinctus harrisi, 187. 
Parauque, 220. 
Paridae, 331. 
Parinae, 332. 
Paroquet, Carolina, 206. 
Parrot, Thick-billed, 354. 
Partridge, California, 169. 

Chestnut-belhed Scaled, 169. 

Gambel's, 170. 

Massena, 170, 

Mountain, 170. 

Plumed, 168. 

Scaled, 169. 

Valley, 169. 
Parus, 332, 334. 

atricapillus, 334. 

atricapillus occidentalis. 334. 

atricapillus septentrionalis, 334. 

atricristatus, 332. 

bicolor, 332. 

caroftnensis, 334. 

cinctus obtectus, 335. 

gambeli, 335. 

hudsonicus, 335. 

inornatus, 333. 



Parus inornatus cineraceus, 333. 

inornatus griseus, 333. 

meridionalis, 335. 

rufescens, 335. 

rufescens neglectus, 336. 

wollweberi, 333. 
Passerculus, 265. 
Passerella, 281. 

ihaca, 281, 

iliaca megarhyncha, 282. 

iliaca schistacea, 282. 

iliaca unalaschensis, 282. 
Passeres, 228, 367. 
Passerina, 288. 

amoena, 288. 

ciris, 288. 

cyanea, 288. 

versicolor, 288. 
Pavoncella, 157. 

pugnax, 157. 
Pediocaetes, 175. 

phasianellus, 176. 

phasianellus campestris, 176. 

phasianellus columbianus, 176. 
Pelagodroma, 106. 

marina, 106. 
Pelecanidae, 112. 
Pelecanus, 112. 

californicus, 112. 

erythrorhynchos, 1 12. 

fuscus, 1 12 
Pelican, American White, 112. 

Brown, 112, 

California Brown, 112. 
Pelidna, 151. 
Pelionetta, 124. 
Pendulinus, 251. 
Penelopes, 178. 
Penelopince, 178. 
Perdicinae, 167. 
Perisoreus, 243. 

canadensis, 243. 

canadensis capitalis, 244. 

canadensis fumifrons. 244. 

canadensis nigricapillus, 244. 

obscurus, 244. 
Perissoglossa, 305, 356. 
Petrel Ashy, 105. 

Black, 105. 

Black-capped, 102- 

Bulwer's, 103. 

Fisher's, 103. 

Fork-tailed, 104. 

Hornby's, 350. 

Leach's, 104. 



384 



INDEX. 



Petrel, Least, 104. 

Peak's, 102. 

Pintado, 103. 

Stormy, 104. 

White-bellied, 106. 

White-faced, 106. 

Wilson's, 105. 

Petrochelidon, 292. 

lunifrons, 292. 
Peucaea, 277. 

aestivalis, 277. 

aestivalis bachmanii, 277. 

arizonae, 277. 

carpalis, 278. 

cassini, 278. 

mexicana, 278. 

ruficeps, 278. 

ruficeps boucardi, 278. 

ruficeps eremoeca, 279. 
Peucedramus, 305. 
Pewee, Western Wood, 234. 

Wood, 234. 
Phaethon, 106. 

aethereus, 107. 

flavirostris, 106. 
Phaethontidae, 106. 
Phainopepla, 295. 

nitens, 295. 
Phalacrocoracidse, 109, 351. 
Phalacrocorax, 109. 

carbo, 109. 

dilophus, 109. 

dilophus albociliatus, no. 

dilophus cincinatus, no. 

dilophus floridanus, 109. 

idahensis, 363, 

mexicanus, no. 

micropus, 364. 

pelagicus, ni. 

pelagicus resplendens, ni. 

pelagicus robustus, ni. 

penicillatus, no. 

perspicillatus, 351. 

urile, 111. 
Phalaenoptilus, 220. 

nuttalli, 220. 
Phalarope, Northern, 145. 

Red, 145. 

Wilson's, 146. 
Phalaropodidae, 145. 
Phalaropus, 145. 

lobatus, 145. 

tricolor, 146. 
Phalerinae, 78. 
Phaleris, 79. 



Phasiani, 167. 
PhasianidcE, 177. 
Philacte, 128. 

canagica, 128. 
Philohela, 147. 

minor, 147. 
Phoebe, 232. 

Black, 233. 

Say's, 233. 
Phoebetria, 98. 

fuliginosa, 98. 
Phoenicopteridae, 130. 
Phoenicopterus, 130. 

ruber, 130. 
Phyllopseustes, 338. 

borealis, 338. 
Pica, 240. 

nuttalli, 240. 

pica hudsonica, 240. 
Pici, 210. 
Picidas, 210. 
Picoides, 213. 

americanus, 214. 

americanus alascensis, 214. 

americanus dorsalis, 214. 

arcticus, 213. 
Picicorvus, 246. 

columbianus, 246. 
Pigeon, Band-tailed, 178. 

Passenger, 179. 

Red-billed, 179. 

White-crowned, 179. 
Pinicola, 255. 

enucleator, 255. 
Pintail, n7. 
Pipilo, 283. 

aberti, 285. 

chlorurus, 284. 

consobrinus, 284. 

erythrophthalmus, 283. 

erythrophthalmus alleni, 283. 

fuscus albigula, 285. 

fuscus crissalis, 285. 
fuscus mesoleucus, 285. 

maculatus arcticus, 283. 

maculatus megalonyx, 284. 
maculatus oregonus, 284. 
Pipit, American, 320. 
Meadow, 320. 
Red-throated, 320. 
Sprague's, 320. 
Piranga, 290. 

erythromelas, 291. 
hepatica, 291. 
ludoviciana, 290. 



INDEX. 



385 



Piranga rubra, 291. 

rubra cooperi, 29T. 
Pitangus, 230. 

derbianus, 230. 
Plataleidae, 131- 
Plautus, 83. 

impenni's, 84. 
Plectrophenax, 262. 

hyperboreus, 263. 

nivalis, 262. 
Plegadis, 132. 

autumnalis, 132. 

guarauna, 132. 
Plover, American Golden, 161. 

Belted Piping, 163. 

Black-bellied, i6o. 

Golden, 160. 

Little Ring, 162. 

Mongolian, 163. 

Mountain, 164. 

Pacific Golden, 161. 

Piping, 162. 

Ring, 162. 

Semipalmated, 162. 

Snowy, 163. 

Wilson's, 163. 
Podasocys, 164. 
Podiceps, 74. 
Podicipedes, 73. 
Podicipidse, 73, 349. 
Podilymbus, 75. 

podiceps, 75. 
Polioptila, 340. 

caerulea, 340. 

californica, 340. 

plumbea, 340. 
Polioptilin^, 340. 
Polyborus, 196. 

cheriway, 196. 

lutosus, 196. 
Poocaetes, 264. 

gramineus, 264. 

gramineus confinis, 264. 
Poor-will, 220. 
Porzana, 141. 

Carolina, T42. 

jamaicensis, 142. 

jamaicensis coturniculus, 143. 

noveboracensis, 142. 

porzana, 141. 
Priocella, 100. 
Priofinus, 102. 
Procellaria, 104. 

pelagica, 104. 
Procellariidae, 98, 350. 



Procellariinae, 98. 
Progne, 292. 

subis, 292. 
Protonotaria, 301. 

citrea, 301. 
Psaltriparus, 336. 

melanotis, 337. 

minimus, 337. 

minimus californicus, 337. 

minimus grinclae, 337. 

plumbeus, 337. 
Pseudogryphus, 182. 

californianus, 183. 
Psittaci, 205. 
Psittacidas, 205. 
Ptarmigan, Allen's, 173. 

Nelson's, 174. 

Reinhardt's, 174. 

Rock, 173. 

Turner's, 174. 

Welch's, 174. 

White-tailed, 174. 

Willow, 173. 
Ptiliogonatinas, 295. 
Ptychoramphus, 78. 

aleuticus, y8. 
Puffin, yy. 

Horned, yy. 

Large-billed, yy. 

Tufted, 77. 
Puffinus, 100. 

auduboni, loi. 

borealis, 100. 

cinereus, 102. 

conradii, 363. 

creatopus, 10 1. 

gavia, loi. 

griseus, loi. 

kuhlii, 350. 

major, 100. 

puffinus, 100. 

Strickland i, 10 1. 

tenuirostris, 102. 
Pygopodes, 73, 363. 
Pyrocephalus, 237. 

rubineus mexicanus, 237. 
Pyrrhula, 255. 

cassini, 255. 
Pyrrhuloxia, 286. 

sinuata, 286. 



Quail-dove, Blue-headed, 182. 

Key West, 182. 
Querquedula, 116. 



386 



INDEX. 



Quiscalus, 253. 

macrourus, 254. 
major, 254. 
quiscula, 253. 
quiscula seneus, 253. 
quiscula aglaeus, 253. 



Rail, Belding's, 140. 

Black, 142. 

California Clapper, 140. 

Clapper, 141. 

Farallone, 143. 

King, 140. 

Louisiana Clapper, 141. 

Virginia, 141. 

Yellow, 142. 
Ralli, 139. 
Rallidae, 140. 
Railing, 140. 
Rallus, 140. 

beldingi, 140. 

elegans, 140. 

longirostris crepitans, 141. 

longirostris saturatus, 141, 

obsoletus, 140. 

virginianus, 141. 
Raptores, 182, 366. 
Raven. American, 245. 

White-necked, 245. 
Ratitae, 362. 
Recurvirostra, 146. 

americana, 146. 
Recurvirostridse, 146. 
Redhead, 118. 
Redpoll, 260. 

Greenland, 259. 

Greater, 260. 

Hoary, 260. 

Holbcell's, 260. 
Redstart, American, 317. 

Painted, 317. 

Red-bellied, 317. 
Red-tail, St. Lucas, 188. 

Western, 188. 
Regulinae, 339. 
Regulus, 339. 

calendula, 339. 

cuvieri, 357. 

obscurus, 339. 

satrapa, 339. 

satrapa olivaceus, 339. 
Rissa, 86. 
• brevirostris, 87. 

tridactyla, 86. 



Rissa tridactyla pollicaris, 86. 
Road-runner, 207. 
Robin, American, 344. 

St. Lucas, 345. 

Western, 344. 
Rostrhamus, 185. 

sociabilis, 185. 
Rough-leg, Ferruginous, 191. 
Ruff, 157. 
Rhodostethia, 91. 

rosea, 91. 
Rhyacophilus, 155. 
Rhynchodon, 194. 
Rhynchofalco, 195. 
Rhynchophanes, 264. 

■ mccownii, 264. 
Rhynchopsitta, 353. 

pachyrhynca, 354. 
Rynchbpidae, 96. 
Rynchops, 96. 

nigra, 97. 



Salpinctes, 325. 

guadeloupensis, 326. 

obsoletus, 325. 
Sanderling, 153. 
Sandpiper, Aleutian, 150. 

Baird's, 151. 

Bartramian, 157. 

Buff-breasted, 158. 

Cooper's, 352. 

Curlew, 152. 

Green, 156. 

Least, 151. 

Pectoral, 150. 

Prybilof, 150. 

Purple, 149. 

Red-backed, 152. 

Semipalmated, 153. 

Sharp-tailed, 150. 

Solitary, 156. 

Spoon-bill, 152. 

Spotted, 158. 

Stilt, 149. 

Western, 153. 

White-rumped, 151. 
Sapsucker, Red-breasted, 215. 

Red-naped, 215. 

Williamson's, 215. 

Yellow-bellied, 214. 
Sarcorhamphi, 182. 
Saxicola, 346. 

cenanthe, 346. 
Sayornis, 232. 



INDEX. 



3^7 



Sayornis nigricans, 233. 

phoebe, 232. 

saya, 233. 
Scardafella, 181. 

inca, 181. 
Scolecophagus, 252. 

carolinus, 253. 

cyanocephalus, 253. 
Scolopacidas, 147, 352. 
Scolopax, 147. 

rusticola, 147. 
Scoter, American, 123. 

Surf, 124. 

Velvet, 124. 

White- winged, 124. 
Seed-eater, Morellet's, 289. 
Seiurus, 312. 

aurocapillus, 312. 

motacilla, 313. 

noveboracensis, 312. 

noveboracensis notabilis, 312. 
Selasphorus, 225. 
Setophaga, 317. 

miniata, 317. 

picta, 317. 

ruticilla, 317. 
Shearwater, Audubon's, loi. 

Black-tailed, 102. 

Black-vented, loi. 

Cinereous, 350. 

Cory's, 100. 

Dark-bodied, loi. 

Greater, 100. 

Manx, 100. 

Pink-footed, loi. 

Slender-billed, 102. 

Sooty, loi. 
Shoveller, 117. 
Shrike, Loggerhead, 296. 

Northern, 295. 

White-rumped, 296. 
Sialia, 346. 

arctica, 347. 

mexicana, 346. 

sialis, 346. 

sialis azurea, 346. 
Simorhynchus, 79. 

cristatellus, 79. 

pusillus, 79. 

pygmaeus, 79. 
Siskin, Pine, 262. 
Sitta, 331. 

canadensis, 331. 

carolinensis, 331. 

caroiinensis aculeata, 331. 



Sitta pusilla, 332. 

pygmaea, 332. 
Sittinas, 331. 
Skimmer, Black, 97. 
Skua, 85. 
Skylark, 238. 
Snipe, European, 147. 

Wilson's, 148. 
Snovvflake, 262. 

McKay's, 263. 
Solitaire, Tovv^nsend's, 341. 
Somateria, 122. 

dresseri, 122. 

mollissima, 122. 

spectabilis, 123. 

V- nigra, 123. 
Sora, 142. 
Sparrow, Aleutian Song, 281. 

Arizona, 277. 

Bachman's, 277. 

Baird's, 267. 

Belding's Marsh, 266. 

Bell's, 276. 

Black-chinned, 274. 

Black-throated, 276. 

Boucard's, 278. 

Brewer's, 273. 

Bryant's Marsh, 266. 

Cassin's, 278. 

Chipping, 272. 

Clay-colored, 273. 

Desert Song, 279. 

Dusky Seaside, 269. 

Field, 273. 

Fox, 281. 

Gambel's, 271. 

Golden-crowned, 271. 

Grasshopper, 267. 

Harris's, 270. 

Heermann's, 280. 

Henslow's, 268. 

Intermediate, 271. 

Ipswich, 265. 

Large-billed, 266. 

Lark, 270. 

Leconte's, 268. 

Lincoln's, 281. 

Mexican, 278. 

Mountain Song, 279. 

Nelson's, 269. 

Pine-woods, 277. 

Rock, 279. 

Rufous-crowned, 278. 

Rufous-winged, 278. 

Rusty Song, 280. 



388 



INDEX. 



Sparrow, Sage, 277. 

St. Lucas, 267. 

Samuels's Song, 280. 

Sandwich, 265. 

Savanna, 265. 

Seaside, 269. 

Sharp-tailed, 268. 

Slate-colored, 282. 

Song, 279. 

Sooty Song, 280. 

Swamp, 281. 

Texas, 283. 

Thick-billed, 282. 

Townsend's, 282, 

Tree, 272. 

Vesper, 264. 

Western Chipping, 273. 

Western Grasshopper, 268. 

Western Lark, 270. 

Western Savanna, 266. 

Western Tree, 272. 

Western Vesper, 264. 

White-crowned, 270. 

White-throated, 271. 

Worthen's, 273. 
Spatula, 117. 

clypeata, 117. 
Speotyto, 204. 

cuniculara floridana, 204. 

cunicularia hypogaea, 204. 
Sphyrapicus, 214. 

ruber, 215. 

thyroideus, 215. 

varius, 214. 

varius nuchalis, 215. 
Spinus, 260. 

lawrencei, 262. 

notatus, 262. 

pinus, 262. 

psaltria, 261. 

psaltria arizonae, 261. 

psaltria mexicanus, 261. 

tristis, 261. 
Spiza, 289. 

americana, 289. 

townsendi, 354. 
Spizella, 272. 

atrigularis, 274. 

breweri, 273. 

monticola, 272. 

monticola ochracea, 272. 

pallida, 273. 

pusilla, 273. 

socialis, 272. 

sociahs arizonae, 273, 



Spizella wortheni, 273. 
Spoonbill, Roseate, 131. 
Sporophila, 289. 

morelleti, 289. 
Squatarola, i6o. 
Starling, 247. 
Starnoenas, 182. 

cyanocephala, 182. 
Steganopodes, 106, 363. 
Steganopus, 145. 
Stelgidopteryx, 294. 

serripennis, 294. 
Stellula, 226. 
Stercorariidse, 84. 
Stercorarius, 85. 

"longicaudus, 8$. 

parasiticus, 85. 

pomarinus, 85. 
Sterna, 92, 93. 

aleutica, 94. 

an^ethetus, 95. 

antillarum, 95, 

dougalli, 94. 

elegans, 93, 

forsteri, 94. 

fuHginosa, 95. 

hirundo, 94. 

maxima, 93. 

paradisaea, 94. 

sandvicensis acuflavida, 93. 

trudeaui, 93. 

tschegrava, 92. 
Sterninse, 92. 
Sternula, 95. 
Stilt, Black-necked, 146. 
Streptoceryle, 209. 
Striges, 197. 
Strigidae, 197. 
Strix, 197. 

pratincola, 197. 
Sturnella, 250. 

magna, 250. 

magna mexicana, 250. 

magna neglecta, 250. 
Sturnidae, 247. 
Sturnus, 247. 

vulgaris, 247. 
Sula, 107. 

bassana, 108. 

cyanops, 107. 

loxostyla, 363. 

piscator, 108. 

sula, 107. 
Sulidae, 107. 
Surnia, 203. 



INDEX. 



389 



Surnia ulula, 203. 

ulula caparoch, 204. 
Swallow, Bank, 293. 

Barn, 292. 

Cliff, 292. 

Rough-winged, 294. 

Tree, 293. 

Violet-green, 293. 
Swan, Trumpeter, 130. 

Whistling, 129. 

Whooping, 129. 
Swift, Black, 222. 

Chimney, 222. 

Vaux's, 222. 

White-throated, 223. 
Sylvania, 315. 

canadensis, 316. 

microcephala, 356. 

mitrata, 316. 

pusilla, 316. 

pusilla pileolata, 316. 
Sylviidae, 338, 357. 
Sylviinae, 338. 
Symphemia, 156. 

semipalmata, 156. 
Synthliboramphus, 80. 

antiquus, 80. 

wumizusume, 80. 
Syrnium, 198. 

nebulosum, 198 

nebulosum alleni, 199. 

occidentale, 199. 



Tachycineta, 293. 

bicolor, 293. 

thalassina, 293. 
Tanager, Cooper's, 291. 

Hepatic, 291. 

Louisiana, 291. 

Scarlet, 291. 

Summer, 291. 
Tanagridae, 290. 
Tantalinae, 133. 
Tantalus, 133. 

loculator, 133. 
Tatler, Wandering, 156. 
Teal, Blue-winged, 116. 

Cinnamon, 117. 

European, 116. 

Green-winged, 116. 
Telmatodytes, 330. 
Telmatornis affinis, 362. 

priscus, 362. 
Tern, Aleutian, 94. 



Tern, Arctic, 94. 

Black, 96. 

Bridled, 95. 

Cabot's, 93. 
•Caspian, 92. 

Common, 94. 

Elegant, 93. 

Forster's, 94. 

Gull-billed, 92. 

Least, 95. 

Roseate, 94. 

Royal, 93. 

Sooty, 93. 

Trudeau's, 93. 

White -winged Black, 96. 
Tetraonidce, 167. 
Tetraoninae, 170. 
Thalasseus, 92. 
Thalassogeron, 97. 

culminatus, 98. 
Thrasaetus, 192. 

harpyia, 192. 
Thrasher, Bendire's, 323. 

Brown, 322, 

Californian, 324. 

Crissal, 324. 

Curve-billed, 323. 

Leconte's, 324. 

Long-billed, 323. 

Palmer's, 323. 

Sage, 321. 

St. Lucas, 324. 
Thrush, Audubon's Hermit, 343. 

Bicknell's, 342. 

Dwarf Hermit, 343. 

Gray-cheeked, 342. 

Hermit, 343. 

Olive-backed, 343. 

Red-winged, 344. 

Russet-backed, 343. 

Varied, 345. 

Willow, 342. 

Wilson's, 342. 

Wood, 341. 
Thryomanes, 327. 
Thryothorus, 326. 

bewickii, 327. 

bewickii bairdi, 328. 

bewickii spilurus, 327. 

brevicaudus, 328. 

ludovicianus, 327. 

ludovicianus miamensis, 327. 
Tinnunculus, 196. 
Titmouse, Ashy, 333. 

Black-crested, 332. 



390 



INDEX. 



Titmouse, Bridled, 333. 

Gray, 333. 

Plain, 333. 

Tufted, 333. 
Totanus, 154. 

flavipes, 155. 

melanoleucus, 155. 

nebularius, 155. 

ochropus, 156. 

solitarius, 156. 
Towhee, 283. 

Abert's, 283. 

Arctic, 283. 

Californian, 285. 

Canon, 285. 

Green-tailed, 284. 

Guadalupe, 284. 

Oreo^on, 284. 

Saint Lucas, 285. 

Spurred, 284. 

White-eyed, 283. 
Tree-duck, Black-bellied. 129. 

Fulvous, 129. 
Tringa, 149. 

acuminata, 150. 

alpina, 151. 

alpina pacifica, 152. 

bairdii, 151. 

canutus, 149. 

cooperi, 352. 

couesi, 151. 

ferruginea, 152. 

fuscicollis, 151. 

maculata, 150. 

maritima, 149. 

minutilla, 151. 

ptilocnemis, 150. 
Trochili, 223. 
Trochilidse, 223. 
Trochilus, 224. 

alexandri, 224. 

alleni, 225. 

anna, 225. 

calliope, 226. 

colubris, 224. 

costae, 224. 

heloisa, 226. 

lucifer, 226. 

platycercus, 225. 

rufus, 225. 
Troglodytes, 328. 

aedon, 328. 

aedon paikmanii, 328. 

alascensis, 329. 

hiemalis, 329. 



Troglodytes hiemalis pacificus, 329. 
Troglodytidse, 321. 
Troglodytinae, 325. 
Trogon, 208. 

ambiguus, 208. 
Trogon, Coppery-tailed, 208. 
Trogones, 208. 
Trogonidae, 208. 
Troupial, 251. 
Tryngiles, 157. 

subruficollis, 158. 
Tubinares, 97, 363. 
Turdidae, 341. 
Turdince, 341. 
Turdus, 341, 344. 
• alici^, 342. 

aliciae bicknelli, 342. 

aonalaschkae, 343. 

aonalaschkas auduboni, 343. 

aonalaschkae pallasi, 343. 

fuscescens, 342. 

fuscescens sahcicolus, 342. 

iliacus, 344. 

mustelinus, 341. 

ustulatus, 343. 

ustulatus swainsoni, 343. 
Turkey, Mexican, 177. 

Wild, 177. 
Turnstone, 165. 

Black, 165 
Tympanuchus, 175. 

americanus, 175. 

cupido, 175. 

pallidicinctus, 175. 
Tyrannidas, 228. 
Tyrannus, 228. 

dominicensis. 229. 

melancholicus couchii, 229. 

tyrannus, 229. 

verticalis, 229. 

vociferans^ 230. 



UiNTORNis lucaris, 366. 
Ulula, 199. 

cinerea, 199. 

cinerea lapponica, 199. 
Uria, 82. 

affinis, 363. 

antiqua, 363. 

lomvia, 83. 

lomvia arra, 83. 

troile, 82. 

troile californica, 82. 
Urile, III. 



INDEX. 



391 



Urinator, 75. 

adamsii, 75. 

arcticus, 76. 

imber, 75. 

lumme, 76. 

pacificus, 76. 
Urinatoridce, 75- 
Urubitinga, 190. 

anthracina, 190. 



Vanellus, 160. 

vanellus, 160. 
Verdin, 338. 
Vireo, 296, 298. 

altiloquus barbatulus, 296. 

atricapillus, 298. 

bellii, 299. 

bellii pusillus, 299. 

flavifrons, 297. 

flavoviridis, 297. 

gilvus, 297. 

huttoni, 299. 

huttoni Stephens!, 299. 

noveboracensis, 299. 

olivaceus, 296. 

philadelphicus, 297. 

solitarius, 298. 

solitarius cassinii, 298. 

solitarius plumbeus, 298. 

vicinior, 300. 
Vireo, Bell's, 299. 

Black-capped, 298. 

Black-whiskered, 296. 

Blue-headed, 298. 

Cassin's, 298. 

Gray, 300. 

Hut'ton's, 299. 

Least, 299. 

Philadelphia, 297. 

Plumbeous, 298. 

Red-eyed, 296. 

Stephens's, 299. 

Warbling, 297. 

White-eyed, 299. 

Yellow-green, 297. 

Yellow-throated, 297. 
Vireonidae, 296. 355. 
Vireosylva, 296. 
Vulture, Black, 183. 

Burroughs's Turkey, 353. 

California, 183. 

King, 352. 

Turkey, 183. 



Wagtail. Siberian Yellow, 319. 

Swinhoe's, 319. 

White, 319. 
Warbler, Audubon's, 307. 

Bachman's, 302. 

Bay-breasted, -308. 

BelFs, 318. 

Black and White, 300. 

Blackburnian, 308. 

Black-poll, 308. 

Black-throated Blue, 306. 

Black-throated Gray, 309. 

Black-throated Green, 310. 

Blue Mountain, 356. 

Blue-winged, 302. 

Brasher's, 318. 

Brewster's, 355. 

Calaveras, 303. 

Canadian, 316. 

Cape May, 305. 

Carbonated, 356. 

Cerulean, 307. 

Chestnut-sided, 308. 

Cincinnati, 356. 

Connecticut, 313. 

Golden-cheeked, 310. 

Golden-winged, 302. 

Grace's, 309. 

Hermit, 310, 

Hooded, 316. 

Kennicott's Willow, 338. 

Kentucky, 313. 

Kirtland's, 311. 

Lawrence's, 355. 

Lucy's, 303. 

Lutescent, 304. 

Macgillivray's, 314. 

Magnolia, 307. 

Mangrove, 306. 

Mourning, 314. 

Myrtle, 307. 

Nashville, 303. 

Olive, 306. 

Orange-crowned, 304. 

Palm, 311. 

Parula, 305. 

Pileolated, 316. 

Pine, 311. 

Prairie, 312. 

Prothonotary, 301. 

Red, 318. 

Red-faced, 318. 

Sennett's, 305. 

Small-headed, 356. 

Swainson's, 301. 



392 



INDEX. 



Warbler, Sycamore, 309 

Tennessee, 304. 

Townsend's, 310. 

Virginia's, 303. 

Wilson's, 316. 

Worm-eating, 301. 

Yellow, 306. 

Yellow Palm, 311. 

Yellow-throated 
Water-Thrush, 312. 

Grinnell's, 312. 

Louisiana, 313. 



309. 



294. 



Waxwing, Bohemian, 

Cedar, 294. 
Wheatear, 346. 
Whimbrel, 159. 
Whip-poor-will, 219. 

Stephens's, 219. 
Widgeon, 115. 
Willet, 156. 
Woodcock, American, 147. 

European, 147. 
Woodpecker, AlaskanThree-toed, 214. 

Alpine Three-toed, 214. 

American Three-toed, 214. 

Arctic Three-toed, 213. 

Calif ornian, 216. 

Downy, 211. 

Gairdner's, 211. 

Gila, 217. 

Golden-fronted, 217. 

Hairy, 210. 

Harris's, 211. 

Ivory-billed, 210. 

Lewis's, 216. 

Narrow-fronted, 216. 

Northern Hairy, 210. 

Nuttall's, 212. 

Pileated, 215. 

Red-belHed, 217. 

Red-cockaded, 212. 

Red-headed, 216. 

Saint Lucas, 212. 

Southern Hairy, 211. 

Strickland's, 213. 

Texan, 212. 

White-headed, 213. 

Williamson's, 215. 
Wren, Alaskan, 329. 

Baird's, 328. 



Wren, Bewick's, 327. 

Cactus, 325. 

Canon, 326. 

Carolina, 327. 

Florida, 327. 

Guadalupe, 328. 

Guadalupe Rock, 326. 

House, 328. 

Long-billed Marsh, 340. 

Parkman's, 328. 

Rock, 325. 

St. Lucas Cactus, 325. 

Short-billed Marsh, 330. 

Vigors's, 327. 

White-throated, 326. 

Winter, 329. 

Western Winter, 329. 
Wren-Tit, 336. 

Pallid, 336. 



Xanthocephalus, 248. 

xanthocephalus. 249. 
Xanthoura, 243. 

luxucsa, 243. 
Xema, 91. 

furcata, 350. 

sabinii, 91. 
Xenopicus, 213. 

albolarvatus, 213. 



Yellow-legs, 155. 

Greater, 155. 
Yellow-throat, Belding's, 315. 

Maryland, 314. 

Western, 314. 
Yphantes, 252. 



Zenaida, 180. 

zenaida, 180. 
Zenaidura, T79. 

macroura, 180. 
Zonotrichia albicollis, 271. 

coronata, 271. 

gambeli, 271. 

intermedia, 271. 

leucophrys, 270. 

querula, 270. 



University Press : John Wilson & Son, Cambridge. 



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